healthy social relationships. Family-based, dyadic interventions for young AAs may incorporate sh... more healthy social relationships. Family-based, dyadic interventions for young AAs may incorporate shared activities (both routine and leisure) to promote healthy behaviors, although further research to explore mechanisms and directionality of influence is needed to inform action.
Objectives Online grocery services hold potential to reduce physical barriers to equitable health... more Objectives Online grocery services hold potential to reduce physical barriers to equitable healthy food procurement, particularly among low-income families who often live far from groceries stores. During COVID-19, the USDA authorized the use of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits online in some retailers across the US. We aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality of online grocery purchases among SNAP-eligible families. Methods Itemized receipt data was analyzed from a larger mixed methods study of online grocery shopping behaviors of SNAP-eligible families in Maryland. Of the 310 participants who completed the survey, 39 submitted grocery receipts. Of those, 19 participants submitted receipts with complete data for nutritional analysis on total amount spent, number of items purchased and units, weight (oz), and % of expenditure on fruits, vegetables, and sugar sweetened beverages (SSB). Nutritional analysis compared purchases of propensity score matched s...
Objectives Asian Americans (AAs) experience a complex and growing non-communicable disease burden... more Objectives Asian Americans (AAs) experience a complex and growing non-communicable disease burden linked with dietary behaviors. Dietary norms, which significantly contribute to eating behaviors, face a complex set of Western and Asian socio-ecological influences in AA communities. However, little is known of how dietary norms (such as definitions of a “healthy diet”) are transmitted, intersect, and differ in a multigenerational family environment. Methods AA young adults and family members were recruited to participate in dyadic, 60-minute Zoom interviews (Jun - Dec 2021). Young adults and family members were interviewed separately on their respective eating behaviors, including perceived definition of a healthy diet. Recordings were inductively analyzed to identify themes related to different facets of a conceptualized healthy diet. Results A total of 41 AAs were interviewed (76% female, 61% US-born, age 19–69), including 20 young adults and 21 family members (10 parents, 9 siblin...
Objectives Online grocery shopping has grown in popularity among low-income households. Yet, few ... more Objectives Online grocery shopping has grown in popularity among low-income households. Yet, few studies have explored how this service can equitably promote healthy food access and reduce food insecurity and nutritional inequities. Thus, this study explores community-identified recommendations for enhancing online grocery shopping to promote equitable food access. Methods Primary food purchasers of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligible, low-income households with children under 8 years old were recruited via Facebook to participate in audio-recorded focus groups and interviews as part of a larger mixed-methods study (Nov 2020 – March 2021). Participants were asked about their experiences with online grocery shopping, SNAP, and specific recommendations on how both programs could be improved to reduce inequities in food access. Recordings were transcribed and analyzed using an equity-oriented obesity prevention framework centered on 1) increasing healthy options, ...
Objectives South Asians comprise most of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population and face a com... more Objectives South Asians comprise most of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population and face a complex non-communicable disease (NCD) burden linked with dietary behaviors. While past research has focused on disease risk factors of first-generation migrant workers, little is known on the dietary behaviors of the South Asians born or socialized within the UAE, who similarly face a growing NCD burden yet a distinct set of social forces relevant to health. Methods 18–25-year-old UAE-based South Asians who spent at least 10 years of their life in the country were recruited via social media to participate in a mixed methods study. Participants first completed a survey to identify and rank factors contributing to their diet, including the strength (from 1 to 10) of the connection between different factors in jointly influencing eating behaviors. Descriptive and social network analysis (SNA) methods were used to analyze the factor data; all participants with contact details were invited for ...
Background Sexual violence is a growing issue faced across diverse South Asian American communiti... more Background Sexual violence is a growing issue faced across diverse South Asian American communities under the backdrop of a distinct religious and cultural environment that intersects with the ability to prevent and manage this public health crisis. There is also growing attention on sexual violence experienced by younger or second-generation South Asian Americans, although little is known on the prevalence of this violence and its impact on health outcomes. Using data from a community-driven sexual violence survey, this study describes the experience of sexual violence and related help seeking behaviors and mental health outcomes among 18–34-year-old South Asian Americans living near the New York (NY) State region. Methods Participants were recruited via social media to participate in an anonymous survey developed in partnership with an advisory board of South Asian young adult representatives. Data was analyzed descriptively and through adjusted logistic regression models. Results...
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority (LGB+) South Asian Americans represent a dispro... more Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority (LGB+) South Asian Americans represent a disproportionately underserved and often invisible community in the United States. While issues of sexual violence have been documented in the South Asian American community, little is known on its impact among LGB+ individuals. This study explores the experience of sexual violence, related attitudes, and mental health outcomes among LGB+ South Asian Americans. A community-informed online survey of 18–34-year-old South Asian Americans living near the New York State region, recruited from online social media platforms, was conducted. Study design, implementation, and evaluation occurred in partnership with an advisory board of South Asian young adult representatives; data was analyzed both descriptively and through multivariable logistic regression models. Of the 385 participants who reported their sexuality, LGB+ participants comprised 24.1% (n = 93) of the sample. LGB+ participants were more ...
South Asian Americans (SAAs) face a growing non-communicable disease burden, however the behavior... more South Asian Americans (SAAs) face a growing non-communicable disease burden, however the behavioral contributors to health disparities experienced by second-generation South Asians remain under-explored. The aim of this study was to identify major drivers of the foods typically eaten by second-generation SAAs. Between October-November 2020, second-generation SAAs aged 18–29 years old were recruited to conduct virtual video-conferencing-based interviews using a novel qualitative methodology which integrated free-listing and ranking, mind-mapping, and discussion-based exercises. Ranked free-lists were quantitatively analyzed to identify salient drivers of eating behaviors, while the USDA socio-ecological model was used to inform a semi-inductive thematic analysis of interview transcripts. A network analysis was conducted by quantifying connections made across participant mind-maps. Overall, 32 participants (53% female, 22.4 mean age) were interviewed in the study. Thirty-five distinct...
The USDA is partnering with retailers to authorize online EBT card use to increase grocery store ... more The USDA is partnering with retailers to authorize online EBT card use to increase grocery store access and promote healthy eating. We examined online grocery shopping behaviors among households with children (< age 8), including SNAP recipients and SNAP-eligible non-recipients (income < 130% of federal poverty level). Mixed-methods data were collected between Nov 2020-Jan 2021. A survey (n = 300; Qualtrics) assessed attitudes, social norms, barriers, perceived behavior control (4-point Likert scale, validated), and frequency of food purchases online and in-store. Descriptive statistics (mean and %) were analyzed using Stata. Using random sampling, respondents participated in in-depth interviews (n = 10) and focus group discussions (n = 50, 5 groups). All interviews were transcribed and analyzed using MAXQDA. Participants were predominantly female (88%), 20–39 years old (42%), 30% Non-Hispanic Black, 78% received SNAP. Among online shoppers (58%), 48% had paid with an EBT card...
In the United States, Black communities face a complex mental health burden, with growing attenti... more In the United States, Black communities face a complex mental health burden, with growing attention on addressing these disparities through the lens of holistic wellbeing. Given the dearth of research on faith-based interventions focused on mental health through the lens of holistic wellbeing, this study evaluates the impact of a spirituality-based, peer-led one-group pre-test post-test pilot intervention in a sample of Black individuals in the Bronx, New York City. The eight-session creating healthy culture curriculum, focused on improving mental health and spiritual wellbeing, was collaboratively developed through community partnerships. Post-intervention results indicated significantly reduced odds of moderate to severe depression (AOR:0.20), and increased sense of community, social support, role of religion in health, flourishing, and reduced trouble sleeping. In-depth interviews with participants further highlighted the interconnected role between psychosocial and mental health indicators. Findings support importance of holistically developing, implementing, and evaluating spirituality-based mental health interventions in Black communities.
Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed both a health and economic crisis in the US, with ... more Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed both a health and economic crisis in the US, with growing concerns on how eating behaviors and food security (risk factors of non-communicable disease) have changed. This study examines changes in food insecurity and eating behaviors during the early months of the pandemic among US adults. Methods A nationwide survey of US adults was conducted in April 2020 through social-media advertisement-based recruitment to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Food insecurity was measured using a six-item validated USDA Household Food Security instrument. Eating behaviors were assessed by asking participants how their eating has changed since the pandemic (“Much More” to “Much Less”). Sociodemographic differences in food behaviors were assessed with chi-square tests, and an adjusted logistic regression model evaluated the association between food insecurity and eating behaviors. Results Overall, 5256 participants had data on eating behaviors...
Injury remains a major public health problem globally, but 90% of all trauma deaths occur in Low-... more Injury remains a major public health problem globally, but 90% of all trauma deaths occur in Low-and-Middle-Income-Countries (LMICs), where resources to deal with this crisis are inadequate. Characterization of injury severity is an important pillar of scientific research to measure and compare the outcomes, in order to improve the quality of care. Although no single injury measure is considered the best or the most comprehensive, many have been formulated over time with a wide range of methodologies and are being used in both high-income-countries and LMICs. We conducted the following study to summarize the evidence on performance of injury severity measures based on empirical validation analysis and their applicability in LMIC settings. A systematic search of PubMed, Global Health, and EMBASE on literature published in LMICs from January 2006 through June 2016 was undertaken. We conducted a detailed literature review to assess the application and performance of injury severity measures to predict in-hospital mortality. Studies that applied one or more global injury severity measure(s) on all types of injuries were included, except for those that focused only on war injuries, poisoning, drowning, and ocular trauma. Out of 3862 non-duplicate citations, 597 studies from fifty-four LMICs were listed as eligible studies. Full text review revealed 37 studies describing performance of injury severity measures for outcome prediction. Twenty-five articles from thirteen LMICs assessed the validity of at least one injury severity measure for in-hospital mortality. ISS was the most commonly validated measure in LMICs, with a wide range of performance (AUROC between 0.9–0.65). TRISS validation studies reported AUROC between 0.80 and 0.98. Empirical studies from LMICs frequently utilize injury severity measures, however, no single injury severity measure has shown a consistent result in all settings or populations and thus warrants further validation studies.
IntroductionCharacterisation of injury severity is an important pillar of scientific research to ... more IntroductionCharacterisation of injury severity is an important pillar of scientific research to measure and compare the outcomes. Although majority of injury severity measures were developed in high-income countries, many have been studied in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We conducted this study to identify and characterise all injury severity measures, describe how widely and frequently they are used in trauma research from LMICs, and summarise the evidence on their performance based on empirical and theoretical validation analysis.MethodsFirst, a list of injury measures was identified through PubMed search. Subsequently, a systematic search of PubMed, Global Health and EMBASE was undertaken on LMIC trauma literature published from January 2006 to June 2016, in order to assess the application and performance of injury severity measures to predict in-hospital mortality. Studies that applied one or more global injury severity measure(s) on all types of injuries we...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018
This research aimed to identify systemic housing-level contributions to infectious disease transm... more This research aimed to identify systemic housing-level contributions to infectious disease transmission for Indigenous Australians, in response to the Government program to ‘close the gap’ of health and other inequalities. A narrative literature review was performed in accordance to PRISMA guidelines. The findings revealed a lack of housing maintenance was associated with gastrointestinal infections, and skin-related diseases were associated with crowding. Diarrhoea was associated with the state of food preparation and storage areas, and viral conditions such as influenza were associated with crowding. Gastrointestinal, skin, ear, eye, and respiratory illnesses are related in various ways to health hardware functionality, removal and treatment of sewage, crowding, presence of pests and vermin, and the growth of mould and mildew. The research concluded that infectious disease transmission can be reduced by improving housing conditions, including adequate and timely housing repair and...
The research was conducted to analysis the soil and banana leaves for NPK concentration of Thatta... more The research was conducted to analysis the soil and banana leaves for NPK concentration of Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan. Thirty three composite soil samples at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths and same number of leave samples were collected from the banana field of the said district. The samples were analyzed for the concentration of N, P, K + , Ca ++ , Mg ++ , Zn ++ , Mn ++ and Cl -1 contents. It was observed the surface and sub-surface soil of district Thatta were heavy in texture, non-saline, medium alkaline and moderately calcareous in nature. Medium to adequate in Organic Matter (OM), medium in total nitrogen, medium to optimum in available phosphorus, medium to high in exchangeable potassium and deficient in available zinc at both tested depths. The analysis of soluble anions indicated that the carbonates were absent and chlorides were dominant as compared to bicarbonates. Nitrogen and zinc concentrations of banana leaves of district Thatta were below the critical level. Whereas, P, K, Mn ++ and chloride ion concentration were above the critical levels. Whereas the relative percentages for K + , Ca ++ and Mg ++ were 57.72 to
healthy social relationships. Family-based, dyadic interventions for young AAs may incorporate sh... more healthy social relationships. Family-based, dyadic interventions for young AAs may incorporate shared activities (both routine and leisure) to promote healthy behaviors, although further research to explore mechanisms and directionality of influence is needed to inform action.
Objectives Online grocery services hold potential to reduce physical barriers to equitable health... more Objectives Online grocery services hold potential to reduce physical barriers to equitable healthy food procurement, particularly among low-income families who often live far from groceries stores. During COVID-19, the USDA authorized the use of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits online in some retailers across the US. We aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality of online grocery purchases among SNAP-eligible families. Methods Itemized receipt data was analyzed from a larger mixed methods study of online grocery shopping behaviors of SNAP-eligible families in Maryland. Of the 310 participants who completed the survey, 39 submitted grocery receipts. Of those, 19 participants submitted receipts with complete data for nutritional analysis on total amount spent, number of items purchased and units, weight (oz), and % of expenditure on fruits, vegetables, and sugar sweetened beverages (SSB). Nutritional analysis compared purchases of propensity score matched s...
Objectives Asian Americans (AAs) experience a complex and growing non-communicable disease burden... more Objectives Asian Americans (AAs) experience a complex and growing non-communicable disease burden linked with dietary behaviors. Dietary norms, which significantly contribute to eating behaviors, face a complex set of Western and Asian socio-ecological influences in AA communities. However, little is known of how dietary norms (such as definitions of a “healthy diet”) are transmitted, intersect, and differ in a multigenerational family environment. Methods AA young adults and family members were recruited to participate in dyadic, 60-minute Zoom interviews (Jun - Dec 2021). Young adults and family members were interviewed separately on their respective eating behaviors, including perceived definition of a healthy diet. Recordings were inductively analyzed to identify themes related to different facets of a conceptualized healthy diet. Results A total of 41 AAs were interviewed (76% female, 61% US-born, age 19–69), including 20 young adults and 21 family members (10 parents, 9 siblin...
Objectives Online grocery shopping has grown in popularity among low-income households. Yet, few ... more Objectives Online grocery shopping has grown in popularity among low-income households. Yet, few studies have explored how this service can equitably promote healthy food access and reduce food insecurity and nutritional inequities. Thus, this study explores community-identified recommendations for enhancing online grocery shopping to promote equitable food access. Methods Primary food purchasers of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligible, low-income households with children under 8 years old were recruited via Facebook to participate in audio-recorded focus groups and interviews as part of a larger mixed-methods study (Nov 2020 – March 2021). Participants were asked about their experiences with online grocery shopping, SNAP, and specific recommendations on how both programs could be improved to reduce inequities in food access. Recordings were transcribed and analyzed using an equity-oriented obesity prevention framework centered on 1) increasing healthy options, ...
Objectives South Asians comprise most of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population and face a com... more Objectives South Asians comprise most of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population and face a complex non-communicable disease (NCD) burden linked with dietary behaviors. While past research has focused on disease risk factors of first-generation migrant workers, little is known on the dietary behaviors of the South Asians born or socialized within the UAE, who similarly face a growing NCD burden yet a distinct set of social forces relevant to health. Methods 18–25-year-old UAE-based South Asians who spent at least 10 years of their life in the country were recruited via social media to participate in a mixed methods study. Participants first completed a survey to identify and rank factors contributing to their diet, including the strength (from 1 to 10) of the connection between different factors in jointly influencing eating behaviors. Descriptive and social network analysis (SNA) methods were used to analyze the factor data; all participants with contact details were invited for ...
Background Sexual violence is a growing issue faced across diverse South Asian American communiti... more Background Sexual violence is a growing issue faced across diverse South Asian American communities under the backdrop of a distinct religious and cultural environment that intersects with the ability to prevent and manage this public health crisis. There is also growing attention on sexual violence experienced by younger or second-generation South Asian Americans, although little is known on the prevalence of this violence and its impact on health outcomes. Using data from a community-driven sexual violence survey, this study describes the experience of sexual violence and related help seeking behaviors and mental health outcomes among 18–34-year-old South Asian Americans living near the New York (NY) State region. Methods Participants were recruited via social media to participate in an anonymous survey developed in partnership with an advisory board of South Asian young adult representatives. Data was analyzed descriptively and through adjusted logistic regression models. Results...
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority (LGB+) South Asian Americans represent a dispro... more Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority (LGB+) South Asian Americans represent a disproportionately underserved and often invisible community in the United States. While issues of sexual violence have been documented in the South Asian American community, little is known on its impact among LGB+ individuals. This study explores the experience of sexual violence, related attitudes, and mental health outcomes among LGB+ South Asian Americans. A community-informed online survey of 18–34-year-old South Asian Americans living near the New York State region, recruited from online social media platforms, was conducted. Study design, implementation, and evaluation occurred in partnership with an advisory board of South Asian young adult representatives; data was analyzed both descriptively and through multivariable logistic regression models. Of the 385 participants who reported their sexuality, LGB+ participants comprised 24.1% (n = 93) of the sample. LGB+ participants were more ...
South Asian Americans (SAAs) face a growing non-communicable disease burden, however the behavior... more South Asian Americans (SAAs) face a growing non-communicable disease burden, however the behavioral contributors to health disparities experienced by second-generation South Asians remain under-explored. The aim of this study was to identify major drivers of the foods typically eaten by second-generation SAAs. Between October-November 2020, second-generation SAAs aged 18–29 years old were recruited to conduct virtual video-conferencing-based interviews using a novel qualitative methodology which integrated free-listing and ranking, mind-mapping, and discussion-based exercises. Ranked free-lists were quantitatively analyzed to identify salient drivers of eating behaviors, while the USDA socio-ecological model was used to inform a semi-inductive thematic analysis of interview transcripts. A network analysis was conducted by quantifying connections made across participant mind-maps. Overall, 32 participants (53% female, 22.4 mean age) were interviewed in the study. Thirty-five distinct...
The USDA is partnering with retailers to authorize online EBT card use to increase grocery store ... more The USDA is partnering with retailers to authorize online EBT card use to increase grocery store access and promote healthy eating. We examined online grocery shopping behaviors among households with children (< age 8), including SNAP recipients and SNAP-eligible non-recipients (income < 130% of federal poverty level). Mixed-methods data were collected between Nov 2020-Jan 2021. A survey (n = 300; Qualtrics) assessed attitudes, social norms, barriers, perceived behavior control (4-point Likert scale, validated), and frequency of food purchases online and in-store. Descriptive statistics (mean and %) were analyzed using Stata. Using random sampling, respondents participated in in-depth interviews (n = 10) and focus group discussions (n = 50, 5 groups). All interviews were transcribed and analyzed using MAXQDA. Participants were predominantly female (88%), 20–39 years old (42%), 30% Non-Hispanic Black, 78% received SNAP. Among online shoppers (58%), 48% had paid with an EBT card...
In the United States, Black communities face a complex mental health burden, with growing attenti... more In the United States, Black communities face a complex mental health burden, with growing attention on addressing these disparities through the lens of holistic wellbeing. Given the dearth of research on faith-based interventions focused on mental health through the lens of holistic wellbeing, this study evaluates the impact of a spirituality-based, peer-led one-group pre-test post-test pilot intervention in a sample of Black individuals in the Bronx, New York City. The eight-session creating healthy culture curriculum, focused on improving mental health and spiritual wellbeing, was collaboratively developed through community partnerships. Post-intervention results indicated significantly reduced odds of moderate to severe depression (AOR:0.20), and increased sense of community, social support, role of religion in health, flourishing, and reduced trouble sleeping. In-depth interviews with participants further highlighted the interconnected role between psychosocial and mental health indicators. Findings support importance of holistically developing, implementing, and evaluating spirituality-based mental health interventions in Black communities.
Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed both a health and economic crisis in the US, with ... more Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed both a health and economic crisis in the US, with growing concerns on how eating behaviors and food security (risk factors of non-communicable disease) have changed. This study examines changes in food insecurity and eating behaviors during the early months of the pandemic among US adults. Methods A nationwide survey of US adults was conducted in April 2020 through social-media advertisement-based recruitment to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Food insecurity was measured using a six-item validated USDA Household Food Security instrument. Eating behaviors were assessed by asking participants how their eating has changed since the pandemic (“Much More” to “Much Less”). Sociodemographic differences in food behaviors were assessed with chi-square tests, and an adjusted logistic regression model evaluated the association between food insecurity and eating behaviors. Results Overall, 5256 participants had data on eating behaviors...
Injury remains a major public health problem globally, but 90% of all trauma deaths occur in Low-... more Injury remains a major public health problem globally, but 90% of all trauma deaths occur in Low-and-Middle-Income-Countries (LMICs), where resources to deal with this crisis are inadequate. Characterization of injury severity is an important pillar of scientific research to measure and compare the outcomes, in order to improve the quality of care. Although no single injury measure is considered the best or the most comprehensive, many have been formulated over time with a wide range of methodologies and are being used in both high-income-countries and LMICs. We conducted the following study to summarize the evidence on performance of injury severity measures based on empirical validation analysis and their applicability in LMIC settings. A systematic search of PubMed, Global Health, and EMBASE on literature published in LMICs from January 2006 through June 2016 was undertaken. We conducted a detailed literature review to assess the application and performance of injury severity measures to predict in-hospital mortality. Studies that applied one or more global injury severity measure(s) on all types of injuries were included, except for those that focused only on war injuries, poisoning, drowning, and ocular trauma. Out of 3862 non-duplicate citations, 597 studies from fifty-four LMICs were listed as eligible studies. Full text review revealed 37 studies describing performance of injury severity measures for outcome prediction. Twenty-five articles from thirteen LMICs assessed the validity of at least one injury severity measure for in-hospital mortality. ISS was the most commonly validated measure in LMICs, with a wide range of performance (AUROC between 0.9–0.65). TRISS validation studies reported AUROC between 0.80 and 0.98. Empirical studies from LMICs frequently utilize injury severity measures, however, no single injury severity measure has shown a consistent result in all settings or populations and thus warrants further validation studies.
IntroductionCharacterisation of injury severity is an important pillar of scientific research to ... more IntroductionCharacterisation of injury severity is an important pillar of scientific research to measure and compare the outcomes. Although majority of injury severity measures were developed in high-income countries, many have been studied in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We conducted this study to identify and characterise all injury severity measures, describe how widely and frequently they are used in trauma research from LMICs, and summarise the evidence on their performance based on empirical and theoretical validation analysis.MethodsFirst, a list of injury measures was identified through PubMed search. Subsequently, a systematic search of PubMed, Global Health and EMBASE was undertaken on LMIC trauma literature published from January 2006 to June 2016, in order to assess the application and performance of injury severity measures to predict in-hospital mortality. Studies that applied one or more global injury severity measure(s) on all types of injuries we...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018
This research aimed to identify systemic housing-level contributions to infectious disease transm... more This research aimed to identify systemic housing-level contributions to infectious disease transmission for Indigenous Australians, in response to the Government program to ‘close the gap’ of health and other inequalities. A narrative literature review was performed in accordance to PRISMA guidelines. The findings revealed a lack of housing maintenance was associated with gastrointestinal infections, and skin-related diseases were associated with crowding. Diarrhoea was associated with the state of food preparation and storage areas, and viral conditions such as influenza were associated with crowding. Gastrointestinal, skin, ear, eye, and respiratory illnesses are related in various ways to health hardware functionality, removal and treatment of sewage, crowding, presence of pests and vermin, and the growth of mould and mildew. The research concluded that infectious disease transmission can be reduced by improving housing conditions, including adequate and timely housing repair and...
The research was conducted to analysis the soil and banana leaves for NPK concentration of Thatta... more The research was conducted to analysis the soil and banana leaves for NPK concentration of Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan. Thirty three composite soil samples at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths and same number of leave samples were collected from the banana field of the said district. The samples were analyzed for the concentration of N, P, K + , Ca ++ , Mg ++ , Zn ++ , Mn ++ and Cl -1 contents. It was observed the surface and sub-surface soil of district Thatta were heavy in texture, non-saline, medium alkaline and moderately calcareous in nature. Medium to adequate in Organic Matter (OM), medium in total nitrogen, medium to optimum in available phosphorus, medium to high in exchangeable potassium and deficient in available zinc at both tested depths. The analysis of soluble anions indicated that the carbonates were absent and chlorides were dominant as compared to bicarbonates. Nitrogen and zinc concentrations of banana leaves of district Thatta were below the critical level. Whereas, P, K, Mn ++ and chloride ion concentration were above the critical levels. Whereas the relative percentages for K + , Ca ++ and Mg ++ were 57.72 to
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