International Journal of Finance & Economics, Aug 3, 2020
The structural change is largely proliferated to adjust the momentous growth in tourism and energ... more The structural change is largely proliferated to adjust the momentous growth in tourism and energy demand, which is regulated by sound financial and business oriented measures in order to sustained economic profit. The objective of the study is to examine the impact of financial factors and business regulatory measures on energy and tourism demand in a group of seven (G-7) countries, by using a consistent time series data from 1995-2015. The results of panel fixed effect regression confirm that financial and business regulatory measures increase energy and tourism demand. The panel causality results confirmed the unidirectional relationship running from finance to tourism and from energy to business regulatory measures that establish the finance-led tourism growth and energy-led business regulation hypothesis, while there is feedback relationship between energy and tourism, and energy and finance, which encourages the implementation of energy expansionary policies for long-run sustained finance and international tourism across countries.
Information Management and Business Review, Dec 30, 2014
The study emphasized on the role of hierarchy of effects model in advertisement and reviewed its ... more The study emphasized on the role of hierarchy of effects model in advertisement and reviewed its historical background along with different phases. This study clarified the early development phase, modern development phase, some challenges and defenses, and digital phase of the model in detail. The study highlighted different steps of hierarchy of effects model and how it effectively influence customers mind in advertisement. The study mentioned the steps of awareness, interest, desire, action which is also known as AIDA model. The study anticipated that AIDA is the oldest acronym of marketing. It is best, will never change and can be applied to print, social, mobile, online and digital advertising.
Material pricing is the viable sustainable policy instrument through which the United Nations sus... more Material pricing is the viable sustainable policy instrument through which the United Nations sustainable development agenda, COP24 agreement and Paris protocol for convention of climate change largely be achieved with advancement in clean energy technologies. This study is in line with the stated theme and examined the role of material pricing, ores & metal exports, and natural resource rents in the environmental sustainability agenda for low (L), middle (M), high (H) income countries, and world (W) aggregated countries data set, for a period of 1975-2017. The study further assessed the role of material pricing in mitigation of carbon emissions, achieving energy efficiency and amplify World per capita income for the next 10 years time period. This would be helpful to devise resource conservation policies across the globe. The results show that material pricing increases carbon emissions and decreases energy efficiency that negatively effect on World income, while ores & metal exports achieved energy efficiency via the channel of mitigating global carbon emissions. Mineral rents, oil rents, and natural gas rents verified the 'carbon-resource curse' hypothesis under materials pricing. The income per capita, FDI inflows, and trade liberalization policies support to achieve energy efficiency on the cost of high carbon emissions, which verified the 'pollution haven' hypothesis across the globe. The study verified the longrun and inter-temporal relationship between the candidate variables for the next 10 years time period. The study concludes that material pricing and emissions trading system both policies are imperative in resource constraint environment to mitigate carbon emissions stock. The advancement in clean energy technologies is the key to regulate environmental policies for promoting sustainable production and consumption across the globe.
Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, Nov 1, 2020
During the past decade, the schoolchildren faced many disasters and emergencies originating from ... more During the past decade, the schoolchildren faced many disasters and emergencies originating from natural and man-made sources. The safety of schoolchildren rests with school management and teachers. This study aimed to assess teachers' awareness with regard to disaster prevention and health, safety, security, and environment (HSSE) policies at primary schools in Pakistan. In addition, it explores the suitability of teachers to perform as emergency handlers in the absence of school nurses and resource officers (SROs). The study involved a qualitative study, based on open-ended interviews from a sample of 25 school teachers. Methodology triangulation was applied to reduce bias. Results revealed that the majority of teachers do not know about national policies related to school safety and security. Most of the teachers had been assigned additional roles as safety officers at the school, though they lack relevant training. Moreover, neither safety nor security aspects are incorporated into national educational policy. This study was the first study on Pakistani teachers' roles as emergency first responders. With the highest rate of attacks on educational institutions globally, the region still lacks a coherent policy structure. The study found numerous inconsistencies in public policies. It seeks to contribute to the literature to better understand the educational safety environment at both the ground and policy levels.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Oct 3, 2020
Maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) has remained an ever-concerning area for hospital mana... more Maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) has remained an ever-concerning area for hospital management and researchers throughout the world. Nevertheless, in the literature, less attention is paid to developing countries. The current study identifies the problems faced by maternal newborn and child health projects at each phase. We obtained data on MNCH projects via interviews from district project managers and extracted various themes for each phase of the MNCH project. The results indicated the most significant problems faced by the MNCH project emanate from the inefficient bureaucratic structure, lack of realistic planning, weak working environment, political interference, and inefficient knowledge acquisition. The current study found that project managers experience various problems from the initiation stage of the project to its closure. Additionally, they find themselves to be poorly equipped to manage such problems. We proposed various strategies such as implementing a bottom-up management approach, more decentralization, establishing patient feedback systems, giving more authority to the project managers, and so forth.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, May 1, 2011
Fiscal federalism is a controversial issue in Pakistan. Because the major heads of the revenue co... more Fiscal federalism is a controversial issue in Pakistan. Because the major heads of the revenue collection are in the federal government control, from divisible pool, these resources are then distributed between federal government and provinces. Over time, federal government has taken most of the functions that were earlier assigned to provincial governments. This hunger of power has created the controversy between federal government and provincial governments and also among the provinces over distribution of resources. Present study analyzes this issue by using the provincial data of the revenue and expenditure. Study finds that Punjab the most populous province enjoys fiscal decentralization, followed by Sindh. However, the other two smaller provinces Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and Balochistan are dependent on the central government because of their relatively small population and hence they get low revenue share from the divisible pool. It is suggested that smaller provinces should enhance their efforts to further stimulate the provincial revenue collection; moreover, the federal government should give more control over the natural resources to the provinces.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Oct 10, 2020
The wind or solar, a renewable energy source, is not depleted when used. The current study examin... more The wind or solar, a renewable energy source, is not depleted when used. The current study examined the relationship of renewable energy products (solar panels and related equipment) and customer purchase intentions with a mediating role of customer's concern for the environment and perceived risk involved in buying such products. A cross-sectional, quantitative, and explanatory design is used by sampling 354 male and female customers on convenience basis. Structural equation modeling is applied through AMOS software for hypotheses testing. The results revealed that customers product related knowledge, environmental concern and even risk involved helped customers develop their purchase intentions regarding purchase of renewable energy products. This study used a cross-sectional design and used a single segment of products that are solar panels (renewable energy technology/ product). It is recommended that future studies must use other research designs with diverse samples and products. Single aspect of risk is used in the study that was physical risk related to product other types of risk may bring interesting insights. The effort is made to know the customer intentions for purchasing renewable energy products for environmental protection. Greater the knowledge higher will be the propensity of developing purchase intentions. Marketers must focus on reducing risks and enhance confidence by educating them for increased purchase intentions, particularly when it is about renewable energy products. The study examined the linkages between knowledge, risk and environmental concern shaping the purchase intentions that have not been examined earlier in the context of energy deficient country-Pakistan and highlighted the need for renewable energy use.
Emigrants possess knowledge of host and sending countries' cultures and social environments that ... more Emigrants possess knowledge of host and sending countries' cultures and social environments that can help strengthen the economic relationship between them. We find this to be true for Pakistan and its selected Middle East trading partners for whom the data are available. Gravity model estimates suggest that each Pakistani emigrant contributed $422 to exports. This increase in exports can be attributed to Pakistani emigrants' superior knowledge of both countries environment as well as their help in reducing transaction costs in trade. This study should be helpful to policy makers, who generally consider migrants to be the source of remittances only, while our study showed that migrants help broaden our international trade as well.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jul 5, 2021
The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) emerges from the Chinese city Wuhan and its spread to the r... more The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) emerges from the Chinese city Wuhan and its spread to the rest of the world, primarily affected economies and their businesses, leading to a global depression. The explanatory and cross-sectional regression approach assesses the impact of COVID-19 cases on healthcare expenditures, logistics performance index, carbon damages, and corporate social responsibility in a panel of 77 countries. The results show that COVID-19 cases substantially increase healthcare expenditures and decrease corporate social responsibility. On the other hand, an increase in the coronavirus testing capacity brings positive change in reducing healthcare expenditures, increased logistics activities, and corporate social responsibility. The cost of carbon emissions increases when corporate activities begin to resume. The economic affluence supports logistics activities and improves healthcare infrastructure. It linked to international cooperation and their assistance to supply healthcare logistics traded equipment through mutual trade agreements. The greater need to enhance global trade and healthcare logistics supply helps minimize the sensitive coronavirus cases that are likely to provide a safe and healthy environment for living.
International Journal of Finance & Economics, Aug 3, 2020
Although the relationship between board gender diversity and a firm's financial performance has b... more Although the relationship between board gender diversity and a firm's financial performance has been investigated before, the current study provides a valuable contribution by exploring the complex phenomenon of the mediating impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance on a firm's financial performance. The current study aims to explore whether corporate social responsibility (represented by the proxy variable of CSR reporting) mediates the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm performance. We use the pooled ordinary least square (OLS) regression to examine the above relationship by using data from 2008 to 2015. To control the likelihood of endogeneity we also use one-year lagged and two-stage least square (2SLS) regression models. Our results show that boardroom gender diversity is significant, positively correlated with firm performance, and CSR fully mediates the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm performance. In addition, four control variables (independent director, Chief executive officer (CEO power), board member meeting frequency, Big4, and leverage) have some influence on firm performance. These findings hold for a set of robustness tests. Our findings have the implication for the investors and regulators. For investors, our results show that the existence of female directors on the board can improve the firm performance. For regulators, our results advise the worldwide policy maker to give the importance to boardroom gender diversity. The paper contributes to the existing studies, by pioneering the investigations of the mediating role of CSR in the relation between boardroom gender diversity and firm performance in Chinese context.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustra... more the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Project success is the backbone of competitiveness and sustainability. The study aims to examine ... more Project success is the backbone of competitiveness and sustainability. The study aims to examine the role of cronyism in the relationship between toxic leadership and project success while taking information technology projects as the study context. Cross-sectional data (n = 240) was collected through closed-ended survey questionnaires to record the responses of IT project employees. The structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used for analyzing the collected data. Results revealed a negative relationship between toxic leadership and project success, while cronyism positively and significantly mediated the relationship and converted the negative relationship between TL and PS to a positive relationship.
The destruction of the earth’s ecosystems is the most pressing issue globally. Carbon emissions a... more The destruction of the earth’s ecosystems is the most pressing issue globally. Carbon emissions account for nearly half of global air pollution. Methane is the primary source of ground-level ozone and a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), with greater warming potential than carbon dioxide emissions. The study examines the impact of the different methane emissions (released by agriculture, energy, and industrial sectors), urbanization, natural resource depletion, and livestock production on carbon emissions in the panel of selected Asian countries for the period of 1971 to 2020. The results show that energy associated methane emissions, livestock production, natural resource depletion, and urbanization are the main detrimental factors of environmental degradation across countries. The causality estimates show the unidirectional relationship running from livestock production and agriculture methane emissions to carbon emissions, from total methane emissions and carbon emiss...
International Journal of Finance & Economics, Aug 3, 2020
The structural change is largely proliferated to adjust the momentous growth in tourism and energ... more The structural change is largely proliferated to adjust the momentous growth in tourism and energy demand, which is regulated by sound financial and business oriented measures in order to sustained economic profit. The objective of the study is to examine the impact of financial factors and business regulatory measures on energy and tourism demand in a group of seven (G-7) countries, by using a consistent time series data from 1995-2015. The results of panel fixed effect regression confirm that financial and business regulatory measures increase energy and tourism demand. The panel causality results confirmed the unidirectional relationship running from finance to tourism and from energy to business regulatory measures that establish the finance-led tourism growth and energy-led business regulation hypothesis, while there is feedback relationship between energy and tourism, and energy and finance, which encourages the implementation of energy expansionary policies for long-run sustained finance and international tourism across countries.
Information Management and Business Review, Dec 30, 2014
The study emphasized on the role of hierarchy of effects model in advertisement and reviewed its ... more The study emphasized on the role of hierarchy of effects model in advertisement and reviewed its historical background along with different phases. This study clarified the early development phase, modern development phase, some challenges and defenses, and digital phase of the model in detail. The study highlighted different steps of hierarchy of effects model and how it effectively influence customers mind in advertisement. The study mentioned the steps of awareness, interest, desire, action which is also known as AIDA model. The study anticipated that AIDA is the oldest acronym of marketing. It is best, will never change and can be applied to print, social, mobile, online and digital advertising.
Material pricing is the viable sustainable policy instrument through which the United Nations sus... more Material pricing is the viable sustainable policy instrument through which the United Nations sustainable development agenda, COP24 agreement and Paris protocol for convention of climate change largely be achieved with advancement in clean energy technologies. This study is in line with the stated theme and examined the role of material pricing, ores & metal exports, and natural resource rents in the environmental sustainability agenda for low (L), middle (M), high (H) income countries, and world (W) aggregated countries data set, for a period of 1975-2017. The study further assessed the role of material pricing in mitigation of carbon emissions, achieving energy efficiency and amplify World per capita income for the next 10 years time period. This would be helpful to devise resource conservation policies across the globe. The results show that material pricing increases carbon emissions and decreases energy efficiency that negatively effect on World income, while ores & metal exports achieved energy efficiency via the channel of mitigating global carbon emissions. Mineral rents, oil rents, and natural gas rents verified the 'carbon-resource curse' hypothesis under materials pricing. The income per capita, FDI inflows, and trade liberalization policies support to achieve energy efficiency on the cost of high carbon emissions, which verified the 'pollution haven' hypothesis across the globe. The study verified the longrun and inter-temporal relationship between the candidate variables for the next 10 years time period. The study concludes that material pricing and emissions trading system both policies are imperative in resource constraint environment to mitigate carbon emissions stock. The advancement in clean energy technologies is the key to regulate environmental policies for promoting sustainable production and consumption across the globe.
Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, Nov 1, 2020
During the past decade, the schoolchildren faced many disasters and emergencies originating from ... more During the past decade, the schoolchildren faced many disasters and emergencies originating from natural and man-made sources. The safety of schoolchildren rests with school management and teachers. This study aimed to assess teachers' awareness with regard to disaster prevention and health, safety, security, and environment (HSSE) policies at primary schools in Pakistan. In addition, it explores the suitability of teachers to perform as emergency handlers in the absence of school nurses and resource officers (SROs). The study involved a qualitative study, based on open-ended interviews from a sample of 25 school teachers. Methodology triangulation was applied to reduce bias. Results revealed that the majority of teachers do not know about national policies related to school safety and security. Most of the teachers had been assigned additional roles as safety officers at the school, though they lack relevant training. Moreover, neither safety nor security aspects are incorporated into national educational policy. This study was the first study on Pakistani teachers' roles as emergency first responders. With the highest rate of attacks on educational institutions globally, the region still lacks a coherent policy structure. The study found numerous inconsistencies in public policies. It seeks to contribute to the literature to better understand the educational safety environment at both the ground and policy levels.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Oct 3, 2020
Maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) has remained an ever-concerning area for hospital mana... more Maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) has remained an ever-concerning area for hospital management and researchers throughout the world. Nevertheless, in the literature, less attention is paid to developing countries. The current study identifies the problems faced by maternal newborn and child health projects at each phase. We obtained data on MNCH projects via interviews from district project managers and extracted various themes for each phase of the MNCH project. The results indicated the most significant problems faced by the MNCH project emanate from the inefficient bureaucratic structure, lack of realistic planning, weak working environment, political interference, and inefficient knowledge acquisition. The current study found that project managers experience various problems from the initiation stage of the project to its closure. Additionally, they find themselves to be poorly equipped to manage such problems. We proposed various strategies such as implementing a bottom-up management approach, more decentralization, establishing patient feedback systems, giving more authority to the project managers, and so forth.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, May 1, 2011
Fiscal federalism is a controversial issue in Pakistan. Because the major heads of the revenue co... more Fiscal federalism is a controversial issue in Pakistan. Because the major heads of the revenue collection are in the federal government control, from divisible pool, these resources are then distributed between federal government and provinces. Over time, federal government has taken most of the functions that were earlier assigned to provincial governments. This hunger of power has created the controversy between federal government and provincial governments and also among the provinces over distribution of resources. Present study analyzes this issue by using the provincial data of the revenue and expenditure. Study finds that Punjab the most populous province enjoys fiscal decentralization, followed by Sindh. However, the other two smaller provinces Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and Balochistan are dependent on the central government because of their relatively small population and hence they get low revenue share from the divisible pool. It is suggested that smaller provinces should enhance their efforts to further stimulate the provincial revenue collection; moreover, the federal government should give more control over the natural resources to the provinces.
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Oct 10, 2020
The wind or solar, a renewable energy source, is not depleted when used. The current study examin... more The wind or solar, a renewable energy source, is not depleted when used. The current study examined the relationship of renewable energy products (solar panels and related equipment) and customer purchase intentions with a mediating role of customer's concern for the environment and perceived risk involved in buying such products. A cross-sectional, quantitative, and explanatory design is used by sampling 354 male and female customers on convenience basis. Structural equation modeling is applied through AMOS software for hypotheses testing. The results revealed that customers product related knowledge, environmental concern and even risk involved helped customers develop their purchase intentions regarding purchase of renewable energy products. This study used a cross-sectional design and used a single segment of products that are solar panels (renewable energy technology/ product). It is recommended that future studies must use other research designs with diverse samples and products. Single aspect of risk is used in the study that was physical risk related to product other types of risk may bring interesting insights. The effort is made to know the customer intentions for purchasing renewable energy products for environmental protection. Greater the knowledge higher will be the propensity of developing purchase intentions. Marketers must focus on reducing risks and enhance confidence by educating them for increased purchase intentions, particularly when it is about renewable energy products. The study examined the linkages between knowledge, risk and environmental concern shaping the purchase intentions that have not been examined earlier in the context of energy deficient country-Pakistan and highlighted the need for renewable energy use.
Emigrants possess knowledge of host and sending countries' cultures and social environments that ... more Emigrants possess knowledge of host and sending countries' cultures and social environments that can help strengthen the economic relationship between them. We find this to be true for Pakistan and its selected Middle East trading partners for whom the data are available. Gravity model estimates suggest that each Pakistani emigrant contributed $422 to exports. This increase in exports can be attributed to Pakistani emigrants' superior knowledge of both countries environment as well as their help in reducing transaction costs in trade. This study should be helpful to policy makers, who generally consider migrants to be the source of remittances only, while our study showed that migrants help broaden our international trade as well.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jul 5, 2021
The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) emerges from the Chinese city Wuhan and its spread to the r... more The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) emerges from the Chinese city Wuhan and its spread to the rest of the world, primarily affected economies and their businesses, leading to a global depression. The explanatory and cross-sectional regression approach assesses the impact of COVID-19 cases on healthcare expenditures, logistics performance index, carbon damages, and corporate social responsibility in a panel of 77 countries. The results show that COVID-19 cases substantially increase healthcare expenditures and decrease corporate social responsibility. On the other hand, an increase in the coronavirus testing capacity brings positive change in reducing healthcare expenditures, increased logistics activities, and corporate social responsibility. The cost of carbon emissions increases when corporate activities begin to resume. The economic affluence supports logistics activities and improves healthcare infrastructure. It linked to international cooperation and their assistance to supply healthcare logistics traded equipment through mutual trade agreements. The greater need to enhance global trade and healthcare logistics supply helps minimize the sensitive coronavirus cases that are likely to provide a safe and healthy environment for living.
International Journal of Finance & Economics, Aug 3, 2020
Although the relationship between board gender diversity and a firm's financial performance has b... more Although the relationship between board gender diversity and a firm's financial performance has been investigated before, the current study provides a valuable contribution by exploring the complex phenomenon of the mediating impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance on a firm's financial performance. The current study aims to explore whether corporate social responsibility (represented by the proxy variable of CSR reporting) mediates the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm performance. We use the pooled ordinary least square (OLS) regression to examine the above relationship by using data from 2008 to 2015. To control the likelihood of endogeneity we also use one-year lagged and two-stage least square (2SLS) regression models. Our results show that boardroom gender diversity is significant, positively correlated with firm performance, and CSR fully mediates the relationship between boardroom gender diversity and firm performance. In addition, four control variables (independent director, Chief executive officer (CEO power), board member meeting frequency, Big4, and leverage) have some influence on firm performance. These findings hold for a set of robustness tests. Our findings have the implication for the investors and regulators. For investors, our results show that the existence of female directors on the board can improve the firm performance. For regulators, our results advise the worldwide policy maker to give the importance to boardroom gender diversity. The paper contributes to the existing studies, by pioneering the investigations of the mediating role of CSR in the relation between boardroom gender diversity and firm performance in Chinese context.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustra... more the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Project success is the backbone of competitiveness and sustainability. The study aims to examine ... more Project success is the backbone of competitiveness and sustainability. The study aims to examine the role of cronyism in the relationship between toxic leadership and project success while taking information technology projects as the study context. Cross-sectional data (n = 240) was collected through closed-ended survey questionnaires to record the responses of IT project employees. The structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used for analyzing the collected data. Results revealed a negative relationship between toxic leadership and project success, while cronyism positively and significantly mediated the relationship and converted the negative relationship between TL and PS to a positive relationship.
The destruction of the earth’s ecosystems is the most pressing issue globally. Carbon emissions a... more The destruction of the earth’s ecosystems is the most pressing issue globally. Carbon emissions account for nearly half of global air pollution. Methane is the primary source of ground-level ozone and a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), with greater warming potential than carbon dioxide emissions. The study examines the impact of the different methane emissions (released by agriculture, energy, and industrial sectors), urbanization, natural resource depletion, and livestock production on carbon emissions in the panel of selected Asian countries for the period of 1971 to 2020. The results show that energy associated methane emissions, livestock production, natural resource depletion, and urbanization are the main detrimental factors of environmental degradation across countries. The causality estimates show the unidirectional relationship running from livestock production and agriculture methane emissions to carbon emissions, from total methane emissions and carbon emiss...
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