Papers by Seung-Kweon Hong
Relationships of Ship Collision with Ship Officers’ Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships of ship collision with ship ... more Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships of ship collision with ship officer’s situation awareness and decision making. Background: According to maritime statistical data in 2013, 1.0 % of the ships registered in our country in 2013 had relevance to the ship safety accidents. The most frequent accident type among them was ship collision. The number of ship collisions in 2013 was 149 (23% of total accidents). The most of them was caused by human errors (about 80%). The human errors are related with ship officer’s situation awareness and decision making. This study investigated ship officer’s situation awareness and decision making. Method: Three types of archival data were re-analyzed; statistical data on ship collisions, experimental data on ship officers’ situation awareness, experimental data on ship officers’ decision making in ship encounter situations. Results: Ship officers’ errors in situation awareness and decision making had close relationship wi...
Legibility of Korean Text by the Elderly in a Short Period of Time
Improving a model for the text input time prediction
Objective: The aim of this study is to suggest a revised model for prediction of text entry time.... more Objective: The aim of this study is to suggest a revised model for prediction of text entry time. Background: Several studies suggested mathematical models to predict text entry times. However, the prediction models did not consider the level of typing skill. Method: This study suggested a revised model to predict text input times. The model consists of 4 sub-models. In order to evaluate the model, input times by typists with several skill levels were measured and were compared with predicted input times. Results: Prediction models for the high level of skill typists provided the shorter input time than real input time, while prediction models for the low level of skill typists provided the longer input time than real input time. Conclusion: The suggested models could not exactly predict text input times. However, a pattern of changing text input times was predicted. Application: The results of this study might help to guide the future study on text input time prediction.
Effects of Situational Awareness Support System in the Risk of Collision with Multiple Ships
When encountering several ships in a short period of time rather than encountering a single ship,... more When encountering several ships in a short period of time rather than encountering a single ship, maritime officers have difficulty in situation awareness and collision avoidance decisions. A dynamic display was devised that shows the change of positions of the other ships and own ship over time. This display indicates the relative position between the other ships and own ship in the near future as well as the present and the past. This study investigated the effects of the proposed dynamic display on the maritime officers’ decision-making and situation awareness in the situations of collision risks with multiple ships. The subjects’ judgments and eye gazes in the process of judgment was measured. According to the experiment results, the proposed display was helpful to the situation awareness but did not provide directly positive effects on the collision avoidance judgment. The effect of this display appeared more in novices than in experts.
A Sampling Inspection Plan with Human Error
Objective: The aim of this study is to design a sampling inspection plan with human error which i... more Objective: The aim of this study is to design a sampling inspection plan with human error which is changing according to inspection time. Background: Typical sampling inspection plans have been established typically based on an assumption of the perfect inspection without human error. However, most of all inspection tasks include human errors in the process of inspection. Therefore, a sampling inspection plan should be designed with consideration of imperfect inspection. Method: A model for single sampling inspection plans were proposed for the cases that visual inspection error rate is changing according to inspection time. Additionally, a sampling inspection plan for an optimal inspection time was proposed. In order to show an applied example of the proposed model, an experiment for visual inspection task was performed and the inspection error rates were measured according to the inspection time. Results: Inspection error rates changed according to inspection time. The inspection ...
The Development of an Agent-Based Simulation System for Maritime Traffic with Ship Officer’s Behavior Model
Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, 2021
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2020
The purpose of this study is to investigate drivers' lane change behavior and decision making in ... more The purpose of this study is to investigate drivers' lane change behavior and decision making in congested traffic situations. Background: Many traffic accidents occur when changing lanes. Drivers feel the risk of accidents during the lane change. It is necessary to reduce the workload of the driver by supporting lane change, especially in heavy traffic situations. Drivers' lane change behavior and decision making should be investigated as a basic study for the design of lane change support systems. Method: The lane change situations in a large city with heavy traffic were videotaped and analyzed. The data measured before the lane change is the speed of the vehicle changing lane and the speed of the rear vehicle on the target lane. At the start of the lane change, the distance between the rear vehicle on the target lane and the vehicle changing lane was measured. In the lane change process, the speed of the lane change vehicle, the lane change distance, and the speed of the rear vehicle on the target lane were measured. Results: In a congested situation, the speed of lane change showed a positive relationship with the distance of lane change. Also, the distance between the rear vehicle on the target lane and the lane change vehicle did not affect the driver's speed decision. On the other hand, in a high risk of collision, the driver of the rear vehicle on the target lane performed defensive driving more actively than the driver of the lane change vehicle. Conclusion: Under heavy traffic, the drivers of a lane change vehicle were speeding up during the long-distance lane change. For the safety reasons, they did not travel at high speeds over short distances. Drivers of lane-changing vehicles did not adjust the vehicle speed due to the lag gap, but adjusted the speed by the time to contact. Application: The results of this research might help to develop driver support systems for the lane change.
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2009
This study is concerned with predicting human search performance using a visual lobe. The most pr... more This study is concerned with predicting human search performance using a visual lobe. The most previous studies on human performance in visual search have been limited to a single-target search. This study extended the visual search research to multiple-target search including targets of different types as well as targets of same types. A model for predicting visual search performance was proposed and the model was validated by human search data. Additionally, this study found that human subjects always did not use a constant ratio of the whole visual lobe size for each type of targets in visual search process. The more conspicuous the target is, the more ratio of the whole visual lobe size human subjects use. The model that can predict human performance in multiple-target search may facilitate visual inspection plan in manufacturing.
Journal of Korean Navigation and port research, 2013
What to analyze cognitive works that are involved in ship navigation is a basic work to make alte... more What to analyze cognitive works that are involved in ship navigation is a basic work to make alternatives for maritime safety such as development of bridge equipments, extraction of potential human errors and development of education/ training methods. In the domains in which much research on the human error has been performed such as aviation and nuclear plant, analysis methods for cognitive work analysis have been developed and applied to them. However, the research on the cognitive work analysis is not sufficient in the maritime domain. This paper proposes a method to analyze cognitive work of ship navigation. The method was developed so that some maritime characteristics and a variety of factors influencing cognitive works are reflected on cognitive work analysis processes. On the other hand, an ship collision accident was analyzed by the proposed method as a case study.
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2019
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of situational awareness on ship collisio... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of situational awareness on ship collision accidents in Korea coast. Background: The lack of situational awareness of maritime officers is reported to be a major cause of marine accidents. Research on situational awareness in Korea was not active. Especially, situation awareness research through analysis of accident data is very rare. Method: Using archival data on ship collision accidents that happened in the costal sea of Korea from 2017 to 2019, it was analyzed what types of situation awareness errors were related to ships' collision. The differences in situation awareness errors were analyzed based on collision ship types and encounter situations. Results: The error in the situation awareness level 1 was 67%, while the error in the situation awareness level 2 and 3 was 33%. The most parts of level 1 error were due to the negligence of watch keeping until collision and the continuous monitoring neglect after recognizing the collided ship from far distance. The main errors in the situation awareness level 2 and 3 were the misjudgment of risk situation, the error in the judgment of safe course and speed, misunderstanding and wrong application of safety regulations and misjudgment of future action of the other ships. The ratios of these errors were different according to the type of collision ships and the encounter situation. Conclusion: Collision accidents in the domestic coast were mainly due to the negligence of watch keeping, including the continuous monitoring neglect after recognizing the collided ship from far distance. There is a need for measured to prevent the watch keeping neglect of navigators. Depending on the type of ship and the situation encountered, other appropriate collision prevention measures are needed. Application: The results of this research might help to design human interface of ship equipment and to train maritime officers.
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2011
Objective: The aim of this study is to design a sampling inspection plan with human error which i... more Objective: The aim of this study is to design a sampling inspection plan with human error which is changing according to inspection time. Background: Typical sampling inspection plans have been established typically based on an assumption of the perfect inspection without human error. However, most of all inspection tasks include human errors in the process of inspection. Therefore, a sampling inspection plan should be designed with consideration of imperfect inspection. Method: A model for single sampling inspection plans were proposed for the cases that visual inspection error rate is changing according to inspection time. Additionally, a sampling inspection plan for an optimal inspection time was proposed. In order to show an applied example of the proposed model, an experiment for visual inspection task was performed and the inspection error rates were measured according to the inspection time. Results: Inspection error rates changed according to inspection time. The inspection error rate could be reflected on the single sampling inspection plans for attribute. In particular, inspection error rate in an optimal inspection time may be used for a reasonable single sampling plan in a practical view. Conclusion: Human error rate in inspection tasks should be reflected on typical single sampling inspection plans. A sampling inspection plan with consideration of human error requires more sampling number than a typical sampling plan with perfect inspection. Application: The result of this research may help to determine more practical sampling inspection plan rather than typical one.
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2011
The aim of this study is to review previous studies on human errors in the service delivery proce... more The aim of this study is to review previous studies on human errors in the service delivery processes. Service industry is sharply growing in the advanced countries. Many people are looking for something to contribute to the service industry. Although there are many research topics related to service domain that human factors and ergonomics specialists can do contribute, a few researchers are studying such topics. This paper indicated how previous researches on human factors and human errors have addressed the service domain, in order to prompt human factor study on the service domain. A variety of sources were inspected for literature reviews, including books and journals of managements, medicine, psychology, consumer behavior as well as human factor and ergonomics. The characteristics of human errors in the service domain were investigated.
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2010
In order to design a touch interface for the elderly, human performance of input tasks on the tou... more In order to design a touch interface for the elderly, human performance of input tasks on the touch screen was investigated by the laboratory experiment. Input times and input errors were measured in the experimental conditions that were changed according to age, key size, interkey space and input tool(finger or stylus pen). In the most of all experimental conditions, the task performance of the elderly was lower than that of the young. However, there were significantly different performance patterns between both groups. As the difficulty of task was getting higher, the task performance of the elderly was sharply decreased; pressing small key button by finger sharply increased input time and error rate, compared to that of the young. Therefore, the square key size suitable to the elderly may be over 8.0×8.0mm. While the interkey space did not influence to the input task performance of the young, the task performance of the elderly was influenced. The elderly showed big difference of task performance according to input tool. However, the young were less influenced by input tool.
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 2010
Seat belt is an important means to protect drivers and passengers from the damages by car acciden... more Seat belt is an important means to protect drivers and passengers from the damages by car accidents. Many ways to increase the seat belt wearing rate have been proposed through human factors researches. The primary ways to increase seat belt use rate have emphasized the intention-behavior cycle. This study focused on the gap between intention and behavior. The gap may be bridged by the habit for seat belt use behavior. Divers following a desirable car starting sequence, from sitting on the chair, fastening seat belt, starting engine to moving a car, reported that higher belt wearing rate and unconscious behavior (automated response). That is, the habitualized procedure knowledge prevented drivers from forgetting to fasten their seat belt. The reminder systems such as warning light and warning sound could not significantly give an influence in remembering to fasten seat belt. In order to increase the seat belt use rate, the desirable car starting procedure should be included in the driving education program.
Effects of Imitative Behavior on Seat Belt Usage: Three Field Observational Studies
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1998
Three field observational studies were conducted to examine the influence of a front seat car pas... more Three field observational studies were conducted to examine the influence of a front seat car passenger (model) seat belt usage/non-usage on driver seat belt usage. In addition, the effects of driving location (study 1 and 2), time of day (study 1), day of week (study 2) and gender (study 3) were also examined. The results showed an overall seat belt use rate of about 70%, typical for New York State. All three studies showed that driver seat belt usage was significantly related to the front seat passenger seat belt rate. When the front-seat passenger wore the seat belt, 77% (79.4%-study 2, 87.1%-study 3) of the drivers wore the seat belt; when the front seat passenger did not wear the seat belt, only 44% (49.0%-study 2, 38.4%-study 3) of the drivers wore the seat belt. Results failed to show any significant effects of time of the day or day of week, but showed the expected significant effect of driving location (study 2). No overall main effect of gender on modeling was obtained, th...
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate visual feedback effects for predicting mouse c... more Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate visual feedback effects for predicting mouse control times. Background: Computer mouse tasks are controlled by visual feedback. The visual feedback also gives impact on the mouse control time. In order to predict mouse control time for mouse tasks, it is important to investigate the patterns of visual feedback involved in mouse control task. Method: Three types of mouse control (Fitts' movement, steering movement, Fitts + steering movement) were determined to investigate visual feedback effects on the mouse control time. Visual feedback is required in the step of homing to the target and in the process of cursor passage of constrained path. As the visual feedback is required, the cursor movement speed is decreased. The cursor movement speed was measured in the various experimental conditions of three types of tasks. Results: The target width in the Fitts' movement and the path width of the steering movement gave rise to visual feedback and increased the mouse control time. The mouse control time was in inverse proportion to both target width and path width. As the widths were wide enough, the visual feedback was not required. Conclusion The relationship between target width or path width and visual feedback should be considered to develop a mouse control time prediction model. Application: The results of cu r so r sp e ed an a l ys is might help to determine the mouse control time prediction models.
Visual search in an unstructured search field is a fruitful research area for computational model... more Visual search in an unstructured search field is a fruitful research area for computational modeling. Search models that describe relationship between search time and probability of target detection have been used for prediction of human search performance and provision of ideal goals for search training. Until recently, however, most of models were focused on detecting a single target in a search field, although, in practice, a search field includes multiple targets and search models for multiple targets may differ from search models for a single target. This study proposed a random search model for multiple targets, generalizing a random search model for a single target which is the most typical search model. To test this model, human search data were collected and compared with the model. This model well predicted human performance in visual search for multiple targets. This paper also proposed how to determine optimal stopping time in multiple-target search.
The aim of this study is to investigate how well eye movement times in visual target selection ta... more The aim of this study is to investigate how well eye movement times in visual target selection tasks by an eye input device follows the typical Fitts' Law and to compare vertical and horizontal eye movement times. Background: Typically manual pointing provides excellent fit to the Fitts' Law model. However, when an eye input device is used for the visual target selection tasks, there were some debates on whether the eye movement times in can be described by the Fitts' Law. More empirical studies should be added to resolve these debates. This study is an empirical study for resolving this debate. On the other hand, many researchers reported the direction of movement in typical manual pointing has some effects on the movement times. The other question in this study is whether the direction of eye movement also affects the eye movement times. Method: A cursor movement times in visual target selection tasks by both input devices were collected. The layout of visual targets was set up by two types. Cursor starting position for vertical movement times were in the top of the monitor and visual targets were located in the bottom, while cursor starting positions for horizontal movement times were in the right of the monitor and visual targets were located in the left. Results: Although eye movement time was described by the Fitts' Law, the error rate was high and correlation was relatively low (R 2 = 0.80 for horizontal movements and R 2 = 0.66 for vertical movements), compared to those of manual movement. According to the movement direction, manual movement times were not significantly different, but eye movement times were significantly different. Conclusion: Eye movement times in the selection of visual targets by an eye-gaze input device could be described and predicted by the Fitts' Law. Eye movement times were significantly different according to the direction of eye movement. Application: The results of this study might help to understand eye movement times in visual target selection tasks by the eye input devices.
Measuring individual e-Business capability working on an enterprise e-Business system
2009 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 2009
This study presents a tool for measuring and managing an individual e-Business capability to effi... more This study presents a tool for measuring and managing an individual e-Business capability to efficiently execute the given tasks on an enterprise e-Business system. The measurement items for an individual e-Business capability are extracted from the major components of a general competency. By factor analysis and reliability analysis through a pilot test, we proposed a 14-item tool that can totally
Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, 2007
The combined steering-targeting tasks are frequently encountered within the window-type environme... more The combined steering-targeting tasks are frequently encountered within the window-type environment. For example, within a menu driven interface, the user is required to steer down a menu and then to click on a target. In this paper, human performance for these tasks was measured and a mathematical model was proposed to describe the human performance. The cursor movement in the combined steering-targeting tasks had a positive acceleration form at the starting period until about 10mm and a uniform velocity was maintained during the intermediate period and a negative acceleration was observed at the ending period. The proposed model consisted of two terms in which the first being the classical Fitts' term and the second being the steering law suggested by Drury. This model provided a good fit to the data obtained from the experiments (r 2 = 0.936) as well as the data obtained by Kvalseth (r 2 = 0.982).
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Papers by Seung-Kweon Hong