Educational and Psychological Measurement, Sep 1, 1991
An efficient method for coding, decoding, and analyzing categorical data is presented. The binary... more An efficient method for coding, decoding, and analyzing categorical data is presented. The binary coding algorithm and computer program allow the researcher to simultaneously code category frequencies and frequencies of responses within categories. The computer program reads the binary code and produces: (a) a printed output consisting of a complete written record of all of the subjects' responses; (b) a data file consisting of category frequency counts; and (c) a second data file consisting of frequency counts of the different responses within each category. Both data files can be directly analyzed without modification by most major statistical software packages such as SPSSX and SAS. The coding algorithm and computer program significantly reduce the time and errors associated with data coding and entry, and facilitate statistical analyses of categorical data.
The study proposed and tested 2 hypotheses to account for the claim by Appel, Cooper, Knight, McC... more The study proposed and tested 2 hypotheses to account for the claim by Appel, Cooper, Knight, McCarrell, Yussen, and Flavell (1972) that "memorizing and perceiving are functionally undifferentiated for the young child" by presenting preschool, second-, and fifth-grade children a "memory" and a "look" problem under several treatments in which semantic category cues were present. Surprisingly, preschoolers showed functional differentiation even in the absence of semantic cues--a finding interpreted as evidence for a functional differentiation in the young child's deployment of attention. Second and fifth graders also exhibited functional differentiation in the absence of semantic cues, and there were age changes in the facilitating effects of input and retrieval cues on children's memory.
Depression is now the leading cause of disability worldwide, and globally more than 300 million p... more Depression is now the leading cause of disability worldwide, and globally more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from depression. Depression, despite its major health consequences, frequently goes unnoticed among university students, since their lives are often filled with symptoms normally associated with depression (e.g., loss of sleep, low energy, anxiety, and sadness). Successful adaptation to depression depends on the use of adequate coping strategies. The extent to which university students in India with high and low levels of depressive symptoms use adequate or inadequate coping strategies has not been evaluated. Based on the Center for Epidemiological Scale for Depression score, students were assigned to either the high depressive symptoms or the low depressive symptoms group. We used the Coping Response Inventory-Adult to determine the dominant coping strategies used
Emergency department (ED) visits have increased from 89 million in 1992 to more than 110 million ... more Emergency department (ED) visits have increased from 89 million in 1992 to more than 110 million in 2002, while the number of EDs decreased by about 15% during the same period. One suspected consequence of ED overcrowding is an increased tendency to disregard a psychiatric problem, especially if it is not the chief complaint.
Emergency medicine provides care to a vast number of patients each year. In 2005, 115.3 million p... more Emergency medicine provides care to a vast number of patients each year. In 2005, 115.3 million people visited emergency departments (EDs).
Pattern contingent color aftereffects were measured using a color cancellation technique in 6-, 8... more Pattern contingent color aftereffects were measured using a color cancellation technique in 6-, 8-, 10-, and 20-year-old subjects. Postadaptation test conditions involved immediate testing or testing after subjects were blindfolded for 60 min between adaptation and posttests. The 6- and 8-year-old subjects exhibited color aftereffects whose magnitude was significantly greater than those observed in 10- and 20-year-olds. In addition, aftereffect magnitude was significantlygreater after 60 min in the dark than when subjects were tested immediately. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the development of perceptual learning.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1300 J087v28n01_02, Oct 12, 2008
ABSTRACT State judges in Louisiana were surveyed with regard to their beliefs dealing with custod... more ABSTRACT State judges in Louisiana were surveyed with regard to their beliefs dealing with custody issues. These issues dealt with the relationships between custody decisions and maternal preference, maternal employment, remarriage, joint custody, sexual misconduct, and payment of child support. There was significant disagreement among judges regarding the impact of maternal employment and prior sexual misconduct on custody decisions. There was substantial agreement on the remainder of the issues. The judges exhibited a strong maternal preference. The majority chose neutral responses with regard to the impact of remarriage. There was opposition to joint physical custody. The majority of the judges were opposed to tying visitation to the payment of child support.
... color aftereffects with external and internal adaptation JOSHUA H. KAUFMAN Vassar College, Po... more ... color aftereffects with external and internal adaptation JOSHUA H. KAUFMAN Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601 and ... Luminance of the test field was.7 cd/m-, A second Kodak projector was used to present the four pairs of adaptation stimuli. ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1300 J087v25n01_03, Oct 18, 2008
ABSTRACT Judges of the Superior Court of Qucbec located in Montreal were surveycd with regard to ... more ABSTRACT Judges of the Superior Court of Qucbec located in Montreal were surveycd with regard to their attitudes dealing with custody and visitation issues. The most preferred physical custody arrangements were "School Year With One Parent and Summer With the Other Parent" and "Continuous Custody by One Parent." The remaining arrangements which were considered were “Alternate Six Months," "Alternate Months," "Alternate Weeks," and "Split Week." With regard to visitation schedules, clear preferences werc not apparent. "Less Than One Weekend Pcr Month" was the lcast preferred of the options. There were no differences among "More Than Every Weekend," "Every Weekend," "Every Other Weekend," and "One Weekend Per Month." When asked to rate the importance of 13 factors which are considered in custody decisions, the highest ratings were given to factors dealing with parent-child relationships and the family unit. The lowest ratings were assigned to the preferences of younger children.
ABSTRACT State judges in Louisiana were surveyed by mail with regard to their attitudes dealing w... more ABSTRACT State judges in Louisiana were surveyed by mail with regard to their attitudes dealing with custody and visitation issues. The most preferred custody arrangement was school year with one parent and summer with the other parent, followed by (2) continuous custody by one parent, (3) alternate six months, (4) alternate months, (5) alternate weeks, and finally, (6) split week. The most preferred visitation schedule was every othcr weekend followed by (2) every weekend, (3) more often than every weekend, (4) one weekend per month, and finally (5) less than one weekend per month. When askcd to rate the importance of 12 factors which are considered in custody decisions, the highcst ratings wcrc given to factors dealing with parent-child relationships and the family unit. The lowest ratings were assigned to the preferences of younger children.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 1979
ABSTRACT Tested the spread-of-encoding (SOE) concept in the nonverbal visual domain by having 160... more ABSTRACT Tested the spread-of-encoding (SOE) concept in the nonverbal visual domain by having 160 undergraduates and 80 5-yr-olds view pictures that varied in contour completeness. In accordance with SOE theory, it was expected that as contour completeness decreased, amount of perceptual analysis and memory performance would increase. Reaction times (Exp I) provided independent support that as pictorial contour decreased, amount of perceptual processing increased. In Exps II–IV, which involved both recognition memory and verbal recall, Ss remembered the incomplete pictures better than the complete pictures (up to a point). Results support the SOE concept. The nature of the visual image is discussed, and it is suggested that different interpretations of the image may arise, depending on whether researchers focus on the image formation processes or on the utilization of previously formed images. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The extent to which younger and older adolescents differed in their value judgments of historical... more The extent to which younger and older adolescents differed in their value judgments of historically important events was examined. Subjects were asked to list the ten most important events that happened in or to the U.S. since 1990. The subjects' choices were analyzed as a function of sex, age, political and religious orientation, and family size. In addition, 100 undergraduates were asked to serve as judges and predict which categories would be cited more frequently by males and which by females. Results indicated that the judges' predictions did not match the data. Age was a much better predictor of value judgments than sex. Further, several additional differences in value judgments were revealed that would have been missed had only the variables of sex and age been included in the analyses.
The new Slosson Intelligence Test-Revised and the recommended abbreviated battery of the Stanford... more The new Slosson Intelligence Test-Revised and the recommended abbreviated battery of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition were given to individuals whose Stanford-Binet IQs ranged from 36 to 110. The Slosson-R correlated highly with the Stanford-Binet, r = .92. However, except for the moderately retarded category, the Slosson-R unsatisfactorily matched the Stanford-Binet's assignment of individuals to IQ categories. In contrast, when all individuals were classified as either having or not having mental retardation, the match rate was much better. The Slosson-R can adequately screen for mental retardation, but its ability to accurately assign individuals to specific IQ categories appears to be limited.
In two experiments it was demonstrated that the patterns of recall exhibited by schizophrenics qu... more In two experiments it was demonstrated that the patterns of recall exhibited by schizophrenics qualitatively changed as the amount of structure present in the encoding and retrieval environments changed. When the encoding environment was structured and the retrieval environment was left unstructured (experiment 1), the schizophrenics' recall was not only lower than that of the normal subjects, but the patterns of recall of the two groups qualitatively differed. When encoding and retrieval environments were both structured (experiment 2), the patterns of recall exhibited by both groups were identical, although the schizophrenics continued to exhibit a recall deficit. This pattern of performance is more consistent with the notion that the recall deficit is caused by disease-induced depression of attentional capacity rather than by irreversible defects in ability to process information.
Abstract The present study was designed to determine when children first display evidence of hier... more Abstract The present study was designed to determine when children first display evidence of hierarchical conceptual organization. Children aged 5 to 9 answered either semantic or sensory questions about a list of words composed of either superordinate terms, ...
Educational and Psychological Measurement, Sep 1, 1991
An efficient method for coding, decoding, and analyzing categorical data is presented. The binary... more An efficient method for coding, decoding, and analyzing categorical data is presented. The binary coding algorithm and computer program allow the researcher to simultaneously code category frequencies and frequencies of responses within categories. The computer program reads the binary code and produces: (a) a printed output consisting of a complete written record of all of the subjects' responses; (b) a data file consisting of category frequency counts; and (c) a second data file consisting of frequency counts of the different responses within each category. Both data files can be directly analyzed without modification by most major statistical software packages such as SPSSX and SAS. The coding algorithm and computer program significantly reduce the time and errors associated with data coding and entry, and facilitate statistical analyses of categorical data.
The study proposed and tested 2 hypotheses to account for the claim by Appel, Cooper, Knight, McC... more The study proposed and tested 2 hypotheses to account for the claim by Appel, Cooper, Knight, McCarrell, Yussen, and Flavell (1972) that "memorizing and perceiving are functionally undifferentiated for the young child" by presenting preschool, second-, and fifth-grade children a "memory" and a "look" problem under several treatments in which semantic category cues were present. Surprisingly, preschoolers showed functional differentiation even in the absence of semantic cues--a finding interpreted as evidence for a functional differentiation in the young child's deployment of attention. Second and fifth graders also exhibited functional differentiation in the absence of semantic cues, and there were age changes in the facilitating effects of input and retrieval cues on children's memory.
Depression is now the leading cause of disability worldwide, and globally more than 300 million p... more Depression is now the leading cause of disability worldwide, and globally more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from depression. Depression, despite its major health consequences, frequently goes unnoticed among university students, since their lives are often filled with symptoms normally associated with depression (e.g., loss of sleep, low energy, anxiety, and sadness). Successful adaptation to depression depends on the use of adequate coping strategies. The extent to which university students in India with high and low levels of depressive symptoms use adequate or inadequate coping strategies has not been evaluated. Based on the Center for Epidemiological Scale for Depression score, students were assigned to either the high depressive symptoms or the low depressive symptoms group. We used the Coping Response Inventory-Adult to determine the dominant coping strategies used
Emergency department (ED) visits have increased from 89 million in 1992 to more than 110 million ... more Emergency department (ED) visits have increased from 89 million in 1992 to more than 110 million in 2002, while the number of EDs decreased by about 15% during the same period. One suspected consequence of ED overcrowding is an increased tendency to disregard a psychiatric problem, especially if it is not the chief complaint.
Emergency medicine provides care to a vast number of patients each year. In 2005, 115.3 million p... more Emergency medicine provides care to a vast number of patients each year. In 2005, 115.3 million people visited emergency departments (EDs).
Pattern contingent color aftereffects were measured using a color cancellation technique in 6-, 8... more Pattern contingent color aftereffects were measured using a color cancellation technique in 6-, 8-, 10-, and 20-year-old subjects. Postadaptation test conditions involved immediate testing or testing after subjects were blindfolded for 60 min between adaptation and posttests. The 6- and 8-year-old subjects exhibited color aftereffects whose magnitude was significantly greater than those observed in 10- and 20-year-olds. In addition, aftereffect magnitude was significantlygreater after 60 min in the dark than when subjects were tested immediately. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the development of perceptual learning.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1300 J087v28n01_02, Oct 12, 2008
ABSTRACT State judges in Louisiana were surveyed with regard to their beliefs dealing with custod... more ABSTRACT State judges in Louisiana were surveyed with regard to their beliefs dealing with custody issues. These issues dealt with the relationships between custody decisions and maternal preference, maternal employment, remarriage, joint custody, sexual misconduct, and payment of child support. There was significant disagreement among judges regarding the impact of maternal employment and prior sexual misconduct on custody decisions. There was substantial agreement on the remainder of the issues. The judges exhibited a strong maternal preference. The majority chose neutral responses with regard to the impact of remarriage. There was opposition to joint physical custody. The majority of the judges were opposed to tying visitation to the payment of child support.
... color aftereffects with external and internal adaptation JOSHUA H. KAUFMAN Vassar College, Po... more ... color aftereffects with external and internal adaptation JOSHUA H. KAUFMAN Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601 and ... Luminance of the test field was.7 cd/m-, A second Kodak projector was used to present the four pairs of adaptation stimuli. ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1300 J087v25n01_03, Oct 18, 2008
ABSTRACT Judges of the Superior Court of Qucbec located in Montreal were surveycd with regard to ... more ABSTRACT Judges of the Superior Court of Qucbec located in Montreal were surveycd with regard to their attitudes dealing with custody and visitation issues. The most preferred physical custody arrangements were "School Year With One Parent and Summer With the Other Parent" and "Continuous Custody by One Parent." The remaining arrangements which were considered were “Alternate Six Months," "Alternate Months," "Alternate Weeks," and "Split Week." With regard to visitation schedules, clear preferences werc not apparent. "Less Than One Weekend Pcr Month" was the lcast preferred of the options. There were no differences among "More Than Every Weekend," "Every Weekend," "Every Other Weekend," and "One Weekend Per Month." When asked to rate the importance of 13 factors which are considered in custody decisions, the highest ratings were given to factors dealing with parent-child relationships and the family unit. The lowest ratings were assigned to the preferences of younger children.
ABSTRACT State judges in Louisiana were surveyed by mail with regard to their attitudes dealing w... more ABSTRACT State judges in Louisiana were surveyed by mail with regard to their attitudes dealing with custody and visitation issues. The most preferred custody arrangement was school year with one parent and summer with the other parent, followed by (2) continuous custody by one parent, (3) alternate six months, (4) alternate months, (5) alternate weeks, and finally, (6) split week. The most preferred visitation schedule was every othcr weekend followed by (2) every weekend, (3) more often than every weekend, (4) one weekend per month, and finally (5) less than one weekend per month. When askcd to rate the importance of 12 factors which are considered in custody decisions, the highcst ratings wcrc given to factors dealing with parent-child relationships and the family unit. The lowest ratings were assigned to the preferences of younger children.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 1979
ABSTRACT Tested the spread-of-encoding (SOE) concept in the nonverbal visual domain by having 160... more ABSTRACT Tested the spread-of-encoding (SOE) concept in the nonverbal visual domain by having 160 undergraduates and 80 5-yr-olds view pictures that varied in contour completeness. In accordance with SOE theory, it was expected that as contour completeness decreased, amount of perceptual analysis and memory performance would increase. Reaction times (Exp I) provided independent support that as pictorial contour decreased, amount of perceptual processing increased. In Exps II–IV, which involved both recognition memory and verbal recall, Ss remembered the incomplete pictures better than the complete pictures (up to a point). Results support the SOE concept. The nature of the visual image is discussed, and it is suggested that different interpretations of the image may arise, depending on whether researchers focus on the image formation processes or on the utilization of previously formed images. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The extent to which younger and older adolescents differed in their value judgments of historical... more The extent to which younger and older adolescents differed in their value judgments of historically important events was examined. Subjects were asked to list the ten most important events that happened in or to the U.S. since 1990. The subjects' choices were analyzed as a function of sex, age, political and religious orientation, and family size. In addition, 100 undergraduates were asked to serve as judges and predict which categories would be cited more frequently by males and which by females. Results indicated that the judges' predictions did not match the data. Age was a much better predictor of value judgments than sex. Further, several additional differences in value judgments were revealed that would have been missed had only the variables of sex and age been included in the analyses.
The new Slosson Intelligence Test-Revised and the recommended abbreviated battery of the Stanford... more The new Slosson Intelligence Test-Revised and the recommended abbreviated battery of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition were given to individuals whose Stanford-Binet IQs ranged from 36 to 110. The Slosson-R correlated highly with the Stanford-Binet, r = .92. However, except for the moderately retarded category, the Slosson-R unsatisfactorily matched the Stanford-Binet's assignment of individuals to IQ categories. In contrast, when all individuals were classified as either having or not having mental retardation, the match rate was much better. The Slosson-R can adequately screen for mental retardation, but its ability to accurately assign individuals to specific IQ categories appears to be limited.
In two experiments it was demonstrated that the patterns of recall exhibited by schizophrenics qu... more In two experiments it was demonstrated that the patterns of recall exhibited by schizophrenics qualitatively changed as the amount of structure present in the encoding and retrieval environments changed. When the encoding environment was structured and the retrieval environment was left unstructured (experiment 1), the schizophrenics' recall was not only lower than that of the normal subjects, but the patterns of recall of the two groups qualitatively differed. When encoding and retrieval environments were both structured (experiment 2), the patterns of recall exhibited by both groups were identical, although the schizophrenics continued to exhibit a recall deficit. This pattern of performance is more consistent with the notion that the recall deficit is caused by disease-induced depression of attentional capacity rather than by irreversible defects in ability to process information.
Abstract The present study was designed to determine when children first display evidence of hier... more Abstract The present study was designed to determine when children first display evidence of hierarchical conceptual organization. Children aged 5 to 9 answered either semantic or sensory questions about a list of words composed of either superordinate terms, ...
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