Agradecimentos Ao Professor Bajay pela orientação e paciência sempre presentes neste período de c... more Agradecimentos Ao Professor Bajay pela orientação e paciência sempre presentes neste período de convivência. Ao Professor Martinez pelo apoio e incentivo. Ao Professor Paulo Barbosa pela ajuda. Á querida Gláucia, pela companhia, apoio e enorme paciência nesta reta final. Aos amigos de BH, válvulas de escape em momentos preciosos, principalmente ao Márcio, presente desde o começo. A todas as amigas e amigos do NIPE e do Departamento de Energia, cujos nomes encheriam esta página, especialmente ao Gus e à Xandinha, pessoas especiais. Aos amigos Ivan e Frazão pela amizade e pelo suporte técnico e tecnológico em momentos difíceis. À família Fernandes pela alegria, mineirice e hospitalidade que tanto me ajudaram. E, principalmente, à minha família, base de tudo, pelo apoio e suporte em todos os momentos, sem os quais, nada disso seria possível. Este trabalho teve apoio da CAPES.
Any policy concerning the security of electricity supply requires the load to be fully met all th... more Any policy concerning the security of electricity supply requires the load to be fully met all the time. The costs for society of electric power outages and shortages can be much higher than the costs incurred to restore the power systems to normal operation, complying with the adopted reliability standards. The growing use of intermittent energy sources to generate electricity in Brazil and in several other countries poses new challenges both for the planning and for the operation of power systems. Large shares of intermittent sources in the electric power generation mix make more difficult to keep tight reliability standards. A substantial incorporation of these sources requires flexibility of the receiving power system, particularly backup capacity. Storage systems are one of the solutions for this problem. The instability associated to electricity generated by intermittent sources can be mitigated by power plants with firm primary energy source and capable of changing quickly th...
Este trabalho traz uma analise, sob as oticas retrospectiva e prospectiva, a respeito da estrutur... more Este trabalho traz uma analise, sob as oticas retrospectiva e prospectiva, a respeito da estrutura setorial da economia e da matriz energetica de Mato Grosso, em termos de seus principais determinantes sociais, economicos e tecnologicos. A avaliacao prospectiva e, tambem, sustentada por um conjunto de cenarios alternativos de desenvolvimento, tendo como balizadores os principais cenarios nacionais disponiveis atualmente, que permitem estabelecer as relacoes de interdependencia entre as variaveis macroeconomicas e a demanda de energia. Os cenarios sao construidos, ainda, com base em uma consulta a especialistas do Estado, especialmente elaborada para este trabalho, sobre os possiveis rumos futuros da economia e do setor energetico locais, e em uma analise das oportunidades de avancos na matriz energetica mato-grossense. A metodologia de decomposicao estrutural e aplicada para projecao da demanda energetica, utilizando-se, alem do PIB e dos valores adicionados setoriais, a intensidade...
Hoje em dia, existe mais reconhecimento de que a eficiência energética está intrinsecamente assoc... more Hoje em dia, existe mais reconhecimento de que a eficiência energética está intrinsecamente associada ao aumento da produtividade e à benefícios ao meio ambiente. As indústrias energo-intensivas, que demandam grande quantidade de energia, são objeto de estudo neste trabalho, cujo objetivo é simular potenciais técnicos de conservação de energia neste conjunto de empresas. A obtenção de tais potenciais pode permitir que tanto os agentes governamentais responsáveis pelas políticas energéticas, quanto a própria indústria, balizem-se e adotem medidas visando o uso racional de energia. Com este objetivo, foi elaborado um modelo de simulação cujos dados de entrada baseiam-se apenas em aspectos técnicos. Ponderações a respeito da confiabilidade de tais dados foram realizadas, evidenciando diferenças entre os segmentos industriais no que tange a qualidade das informações levantadas. Os resultados obtidos através das simulações indicam que, se fossem utilizadas as melhores tecnologias e práticas atualmente disponíveis no mercado, seria possível conservar quase um quinto da energia consumida na indústria nacional nos dias atuais.
The iron and steel sector is the second-largest energy consumer and main emitter of greenhouse ga... more The iron and steel sector is the second-largest energy consumer and main emitter of greenhouse gases in the Brazilian industry. We present a unique, detailed analysis of the energy performance of a sample of five integrated mills with internal coke production that account for over half of the crude steel produced in Brazil and identify economically viable energy efficiency measures. The analysis indicates that the specific total energy consumption of this sample of mills increased by about 13% between 2004 and 2014 and that the corresponding figure for electricity consumption was 18%. Performance and cost data on best energy practices for iron and steel production processes applicable in Brazilian mills are used to develop fuel and electricity Conservation Supply Curves. The economic potential identified for fuels was 3.02 GJ/t of crude steel, which can be achieved with nine energy efficiency measures, mainly in the iron making, sintering and steel making processes. The findings also indicate that these mills could become net exporters of electricity with an economic potential of 1.51 GJ/t of crude steel if four energy efficiency measures were implemented, particularly in the O 2 production and coke making processes.
1,2 : Biogas produced from the degradation of organic waste and its use as an energy source are n... more 1,2 : Biogas produced from the degradation of organic waste and its use as an energy source are not new in Brazil. Nonetheless, while industry is gaining interest once more in the subject after a series of failed projects in the past decades, academic 1 We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Endesa within the Aneel R&D Project 14/2012. 2 We thank all the support provided by Fernando Mori during the research. 2 research has continued. Based on the mapping of research competencies in the Brazilian universities and research groups, this paper allows understanding the size, content and relevance of research on municipal solid waste (MSW) in Brazil. A good picture of the locally produced scientific knowledge on MSW is critical to expand the use of biogas for energy needs in the country. Strong academy-industry partnerships are of central importance in adapting foreign technologies and developing local ones, as well as training the next generation of experts in the field. This...
1 : Biogas, a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane resulting from the degradation of organic was... more 1 : Biogas, a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane resulting from the degradation of organic waste, has received increasing attention by decision makers in Brazil in recent years. Appropriate industrial and energy policies are now required to increase the still small share of this fuel in the country's energy supply. These policies should take into account the diverse socioeconomic features concerning solid waste generation, recovery and final disposal found in the country. In the Brazilian 1 We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Endesa within the Aneel Research Project 14/2012
This work analyzed potential, implications and experiences for biofuels with ethanol and biodiese... more This work analyzed potential, implications and experiences for biofuels with ethanol and biodiesel for urban transport in Brazil. Energy use in urban transport has been growing at a faster pace than other areas, a trend that is likely to continue. Transport is also responsible for a major share of air pollution in cities. Environmental and urban transport is a topic of priority for urban authorities and government organizations around the world. The fleet of Brazilian vehicles circulating has expanded from 3 million in 1970 to about 33 million in 2010, 70 percent of which are automobiles. Urban traffic problems are associated with the marked increase in the use of cars, added to an inappropriate public transportation system and heavy truck traffic in central areas. Another issue to be considered in future transportation policies is pollutant emissions, which are intensified through the predominant use of individual vehicles instead of collective ones, and also through increased use of diesel and gasoline, instead of alternative fuels. Brazil is one of the countries with high potential for fuel production from biomass and has already given a good example to the world as how to implement a program and use of biofuel based on renewable energy sources. The Brazilian ethanol program already has 34 years of experience and has produced a mature industry. Biodiesel, in turn, is just in the initial phases, with a chain of production being structured and the search being made for the best solutions from the economic, social and environment standpoints.
Sérgio Valdir Bajay Júlio César Ferreira Sales UNICAMP CPFL RESUMO O artigo apresenta um estudo d... more Sérgio Valdir Bajay Júlio César Ferreira Sales UNICAMP CPFL RESUMO O artigo apresenta um estudo de caso e os resultados de se implantar uma nova modalidade tarifária horosazonal no horário das 21h00min horas às 06h00min.
Biogas is obtained from decomposing organic material. Among its components, methane is the most i... more Biogas is obtained from decomposing organic material. Among its components, methane is the most important one. particularly for the combustion process in vehicle engines. Biogas can be obtained from several sources. This paper discusses the potential use of biogas from municipal landfills to tire1 urban transport busses in some Brazilian cities, with large environmental benefits.
Agradecimentos Ao Professor Bajay pela orientação e paciência sempre presentes neste período de c... more Agradecimentos Ao Professor Bajay pela orientação e paciência sempre presentes neste período de convivência. Ao Professor Martinez pelo apoio e incentivo. Ao Professor Paulo Barbosa pela ajuda. Á querida Gláucia, pela companhia, apoio e enorme paciência nesta reta final. Aos amigos de BH, válvulas de escape em momentos preciosos, principalmente ao Márcio, presente desde o começo. A todas as amigas e amigos do NIPE e do Departamento de Energia, cujos nomes encheriam esta página, especialmente ao Gus e à Xandinha, pessoas especiais. Aos amigos Ivan e Frazão pela amizade e pelo suporte técnico e tecnológico em momentos difíceis. À família Fernandes pela alegria, mineirice e hospitalidade que tanto me ajudaram. E, principalmente, à minha família, base de tudo, pelo apoio e suporte em todos os momentos, sem os quais, nada disso seria possível. Este trabalho teve apoio da CAPES.
Any policy concerning the security of electricity supply requires the load to be fully met all th... more Any policy concerning the security of electricity supply requires the load to be fully met all the time. The costs for society of electric power outages and shortages can be much higher than the costs incurred to restore the power systems to normal operation, complying with the adopted reliability standards. The growing use of intermittent energy sources to generate electricity in Brazil and in several other countries poses new challenges both for the planning and for the operation of power systems. Large shares of intermittent sources in the electric power generation mix make more difficult to keep tight reliability standards. A substantial incorporation of these sources requires flexibility of the receiving power system, particularly backup capacity. Storage systems are one of the solutions for this problem. The instability associated to electricity generated by intermittent sources can be mitigated by power plants with firm primary energy source and capable of changing quickly th...
Este trabalho traz uma analise, sob as oticas retrospectiva e prospectiva, a respeito da estrutur... more Este trabalho traz uma analise, sob as oticas retrospectiva e prospectiva, a respeito da estrutura setorial da economia e da matriz energetica de Mato Grosso, em termos de seus principais determinantes sociais, economicos e tecnologicos. A avaliacao prospectiva e, tambem, sustentada por um conjunto de cenarios alternativos de desenvolvimento, tendo como balizadores os principais cenarios nacionais disponiveis atualmente, que permitem estabelecer as relacoes de interdependencia entre as variaveis macroeconomicas e a demanda de energia. Os cenarios sao construidos, ainda, com base em uma consulta a especialistas do Estado, especialmente elaborada para este trabalho, sobre os possiveis rumos futuros da economia e do setor energetico locais, e em uma analise das oportunidades de avancos na matriz energetica mato-grossense. A metodologia de decomposicao estrutural e aplicada para projecao da demanda energetica, utilizando-se, alem do PIB e dos valores adicionados setoriais, a intensidade...
Hoje em dia, existe mais reconhecimento de que a eficiência energética está intrinsecamente assoc... more Hoje em dia, existe mais reconhecimento de que a eficiência energética está intrinsecamente associada ao aumento da produtividade e à benefícios ao meio ambiente. As indústrias energo-intensivas, que demandam grande quantidade de energia, são objeto de estudo neste trabalho, cujo objetivo é simular potenciais técnicos de conservação de energia neste conjunto de empresas. A obtenção de tais potenciais pode permitir que tanto os agentes governamentais responsáveis pelas políticas energéticas, quanto a própria indústria, balizem-se e adotem medidas visando o uso racional de energia. Com este objetivo, foi elaborado um modelo de simulação cujos dados de entrada baseiam-se apenas em aspectos técnicos. Ponderações a respeito da confiabilidade de tais dados foram realizadas, evidenciando diferenças entre os segmentos industriais no que tange a qualidade das informações levantadas. Os resultados obtidos através das simulações indicam que, se fossem utilizadas as melhores tecnologias e práticas atualmente disponíveis no mercado, seria possível conservar quase um quinto da energia consumida na indústria nacional nos dias atuais.
The iron and steel sector is the second-largest energy consumer and main emitter of greenhouse ga... more The iron and steel sector is the second-largest energy consumer and main emitter of greenhouse gases in the Brazilian industry. We present a unique, detailed analysis of the energy performance of a sample of five integrated mills with internal coke production that account for over half of the crude steel produced in Brazil and identify economically viable energy efficiency measures. The analysis indicates that the specific total energy consumption of this sample of mills increased by about 13% between 2004 and 2014 and that the corresponding figure for electricity consumption was 18%. Performance and cost data on best energy practices for iron and steel production processes applicable in Brazilian mills are used to develop fuel and electricity Conservation Supply Curves. The economic potential identified for fuels was 3.02 GJ/t of crude steel, which can be achieved with nine energy efficiency measures, mainly in the iron making, sintering and steel making processes. The findings also indicate that these mills could become net exporters of electricity with an economic potential of 1.51 GJ/t of crude steel if four energy efficiency measures were implemented, particularly in the O 2 production and coke making processes.
1,2 : Biogas produced from the degradation of organic waste and its use as an energy source are n... more 1,2 : Biogas produced from the degradation of organic waste and its use as an energy source are not new in Brazil. Nonetheless, while industry is gaining interest once more in the subject after a series of failed projects in the past decades, academic 1 We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Endesa within the Aneel R&D Project 14/2012. 2 We thank all the support provided by Fernando Mori during the research. 2 research has continued. Based on the mapping of research competencies in the Brazilian universities and research groups, this paper allows understanding the size, content and relevance of research on municipal solid waste (MSW) in Brazil. A good picture of the locally produced scientific knowledge on MSW is critical to expand the use of biogas for energy needs in the country. Strong academy-industry partnerships are of central importance in adapting foreign technologies and developing local ones, as well as training the next generation of experts in the field. This...
1 : Biogas, a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane resulting from the degradation of organic was... more 1 : Biogas, a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane resulting from the degradation of organic waste, has received increasing attention by decision makers in Brazil in recent years. Appropriate industrial and energy policies are now required to increase the still small share of this fuel in the country's energy supply. These policies should take into account the diverse socioeconomic features concerning solid waste generation, recovery and final disposal found in the country. In the Brazilian 1 We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Endesa within the Aneel Research Project 14/2012
This work analyzed potential, implications and experiences for biofuels with ethanol and biodiese... more This work analyzed potential, implications and experiences for biofuels with ethanol and biodiesel for urban transport in Brazil. Energy use in urban transport has been growing at a faster pace than other areas, a trend that is likely to continue. Transport is also responsible for a major share of air pollution in cities. Environmental and urban transport is a topic of priority for urban authorities and government organizations around the world. The fleet of Brazilian vehicles circulating has expanded from 3 million in 1970 to about 33 million in 2010, 70 percent of which are automobiles. Urban traffic problems are associated with the marked increase in the use of cars, added to an inappropriate public transportation system and heavy truck traffic in central areas. Another issue to be considered in future transportation policies is pollutant emissions, which are intensified through the predominant use of individual vehicles instead of collective ones, and also through increased use of diesel and gasoline, instead of alternative fuels. Brazil is one of the countries with high potential for fuel production from biomass and has already given a good example to the world as how to implement a program and use of biofuel based on renewable energy sources. The Brazilian ethanol program already has 34 years of experience and has produced a mature industry. Biodiesel, in turn, is just in the initial phases, with a chain of production being structured and the search being made for the best solutions from the economic, social and environment standpoints.
Sérgio Valdir Bajay Júlio César Ferreira Sales UNICAMP CPFL RESUMO O artigo apresenta um estudo d... more Sérgio Valdir Bajay Júlio César Ferreira Sales UNICAMP CPFL RESUMO O artigo apresenta um estudo de caso e os resultados de se implantar uma nova modalidade tarifária horosazonal no horário das 21h00min horas às 06h00min.
Biogas is obtained from decomposing organic material. Among its components, methane is the most i... more Biogas is obtained from decomposing organic material. Among its components, methane is the most important one. particularly for the combustion process in vehicle engines. Biogas can be obtained from several sources. This paper discusses the potential use of biogas from municipal landfills to tire1 urban transport busses in some Brazilian cities, with large environmental benefits.
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Papers by Sergio Bajay