Epigraphy and Sigillography by Sergey Sidorovich
Official seals of Western Liao inscribed in the Khitan Large Script // Numismatique asiatique : Revue de la Société de Numismatique Asiatique, Vol. 48, Décembre 2023. Pp. 07–16, 2023
This article concerns two bronze official seals recently found in Central Asia.
Both artifacts ... more This article concerns two bronze official seals recently found in Central Asia.
Both artifacts are inscribed in the Khitan Large Script. The authors managed to partially decipher and translate the inscriptions and to show that the seals were issued in
the State of Western Liao. In addition, this research helps the authors to clarify
the description of a seal of unclear provenance, also inscribed in the Khitan Large Script, sold in a Chinese auction some years ago.
Двадцать вторая Всероссийская нумизматическая конференция : Смоленск 22–26 мая 2023 г. : Тезисы докладов и сообщений , 2023
Нумизматика и сфрагистика Западного Ляо: современное состояние и перспективы развития
Беляев В.А., Сидорович С.В. Печати моукэ Восточного Ся из находок в Приморье, 2022
Пятый вы пуск те ма ти чес ко го сбор ни ка «Сред не ве ко вые древ но сти При морья» по свя щён ... more Пятый вы пуск те ма ти чес ко го сбор ни ка «Сред не ве ко вые древ но сти При морья» по свя щён на шим кол ле гам-со труд ни кам Сек то ра сред не ве ко вых го су дарств ИИАЭ ДВО РАН-лю дям, ко то рые стоя ли у ис то ков об ра зо ва ния сред не ве ко во го на прав ления в Инсти ту те, си ла ми и тру да ми ко то рых на ка п ли ва лись ар хео ло ги чес кие кол лекции, от кры ва лись но вые па мят ни ки, соз да ва лись фун да мен таль ные тру ды. В сборник во шли статьи по сред не ве ко вой те ма ти ке, а так же ма те риа лы, от но ся щие ся к бо лее ран ним пе рио дам, т. к., за ни ма ясь ре кон ст рук цией сред не ве ко вой куль ту ры, нель зя ог ра ни чи вать ся ни хро но ло ги чес ки ми, ни тер ри то ри аль ны ми рам ка ми. В заклю чи тель ной час ти сбор ни ка по ме ще ны статьи на ших япон ских кол лег, свя зан ные с изу че ни ем древ не го стек ла. Эта ра бо та была про де ла на в рам ках про ек та по Дого вору о на уч ном со труд ни че стве меж ду Инсти ту том ис то рии, ар хео ло гии и эт но гра фии на ро дов Даль не го Вос то ка ДВО РАН (Рос сия) и Кол лед жем Хако да те Госу дар ствен ного тех но ло ги чес ко го ин сти ту та (Япо ния) (2016-2021 гг.), целью ко то ро го была ре конст рук ция тор го вых пу тей меж ду ост ров ной Япо нией и ма те ри ком Вос точ ной Азии. Имен но на при ме ре изу че ния хи ми чес ко го со ста ва стек лян ных из де лий (бу син) при по мо щи ана ли за рент ге нов ской флуо рес цен ции были по лу че ны дан ные, по мо гаю щие ре шить по став лен ные в про ек те за да чи. Во вре мя под го тов ки это го вы пус ка в Архи ве ДВО РАН был об на ру жен до кумент, ко то рый яв ля ет ся ос но во по ла гаю щим в соз да нии дан но го на прав ле ния, и бо лее того-на шем Инсти ту те. Очень хо те лось бы, что бы эта ин фор ма ция не была уте ря на для сле дую ще го по ко ле ния ис сле до ва те лей. Это за пис ка А. П. Оклад ни ко ва «Об орга ни за ции груп пы ис то рии, ар хео ло гии и эт но гра фии при ДВ ФАН СССР», со ставлен ная по по ру че нию С. В. Кисе ле ва 22 но яб ря 1953 г. Пра виль но и чёт ко сфор му лиро ван ные цели и за да чи в этом до ку мен те ак ту аль ны по сей день-че рез изу че ние ис то рии и куль ту ры раз лич ных пле мён Даль не го Вос то ка вы явить их зна че ние в миро вой куль ту ре в це лом. В до ку мен те при во дят ся обос но ван ные дан ные для соз да ния опор ной базы нау ки на Даль нем Вос то ке с гу ма ни тар ной те ма ти кой, т. е. об ра зо ва ние сек то ра или груп пы по изу че нию ар хео ло гии, ис то рии и эт но гра фии. Кни га пред на зна че на для ши ро ко го кру га чи та те лей: ис то ри ков, ар хео ло гов, этно гра фов, пре по да ва те лей и сту ден тов ву зов, а так же для всех, кто ин те ре су ет ся исто рией. Клю че вые сло ва: сред не ве ко вая ар хео ло гия, им пе рия Цзинь, го су дар ство Восточ ное Ся, эпи гра фи ка, жи ли ща, ар хи тек ту ра, хо зяй ство, быт, Даль ний Вос ток, При морье, то по гра фия, фор ти фи ка ция, ке ра ми ка. Ответ ствен ный ре дак тор: канд. ист. наук Н. Г. Артемь е ва Рецен зен ты: д-р ист. наук В. Е. Мед ве дев д-р ист. наук И. С. Жущи хов ская Утвер жде но к пе ча ти Учё ным со ве том Инсти ту та ис то рии. Архео ло гии и эт но гра фии на ро дов Даль не го Вос то ка ДВО РАН ISBN 978-5-6048441-2-0 © Ин сти тут ис то рии, ар хео ло гии и эт но гра фии на ро дов Даль не го Вос то ка ДВО РАН, 2022
Беляев В.А., Сидорович С.В. Фрагменты печатей из находок на Дальнем Востоке , 2022
Пятый вы пуск те ма ти чес ко го сбор ни ка «Сред не ве ко вые древ но сти При морья» по свя щён ... more Пятый вы пуск те ма ти чес ко го сбор ни ка «Сред не ве ко вые древ но сти При морья» по свя щён на шим кол ле гам-со труд ни кам Сек то ра сред не ве ко вых го су дарств ИИАЭ ДВО РАН-лю дям, ко то рые стоя ли у ис то ков об ра зо ва ния сред не ве ко во го на прав ления в Инсти ту те, си ла ми и тру да ми ко то рых на ка п ли ва лись ар хео ло ги чес кие кол лекции, от кры ва лись но вые па мят ни ки, соз да ва лись фун да мен таль ные тру ды. В сборник во шли статьи по сред не ве ко вой те ма ти ке, а так же ма те риа лы, от но ся щие ся к бо лее ран ним пе рио дам, т. к., за ни ма ясь ре кон ст рук цией сред не ве ко вой куль ту ры, нель зя ог ра ни чи вать ся ни хро но ло ги чес ки ми, ни тер ри то ри аль ны ми рам ка ми. В заклю чи тель ной час ти сбор ни ка по ме ще ны статьи на ших япон ских кол лег, свя зан ные с изу че ни ем древ не го стек ла. Эта ра бо та была про де ла на в рам ках про ек та по Дого вору о на уч ном со труд ни че стве меж ду Инсти ту том ис то рии, ар хео ло гии и эт но гра фии на ро дов Даль не го Вос то ка ДВО РАН (Рос сия) и Кол лед жем Хако да те Госу дар ствен ного тех но ло ги чес ко го ин сти ту та (Япо ния) (2016-2021 гг.), целью ко то ро го была ре конст рук ция тор го вых пу тей меж ду ост ров ной Япо нией и ма те ри ком Вос точ ной Азии. Имен но на при ме ре изу че ния хи ми чес ко го со ста ва стек лян ных из де лий (бу син) при по мо щи ана ли за рент ге нов ской флуо рес цен ции были по лу че ны дан ные, по мо гаю щие ре шить по став лен ные в про ек те за да чи. Во вре мя под го тов ки это го вы пус ка в Архи ве ДВО РАН был об на ру жен до кумент, ко то рый яв ля ет ся ос но во по ла гаю щим в соз да нии дан но го на прав ле ния, и бо лее того-на шем Инсти ту те. Очень хо те лось бы, что бы эта ин фор ма ция не была уте ря на для сле дую ще го по ко ле ния ис сле до ва те лей. Это за пис ка А. П. Оклад ни ко ва «Об орга ни за ции груп пы ис то рии, ар хео ло гии и эт но гра фии при ДВ ФАН СССР», со ставлен ная по по ру че нию С. В. Кисе ле ва 22 но яб ря 1953 г. Пра виль но и чёт ко сфор му лиро ван ные цели и за да чи в этом до ку мен те ак ту аль ны по сей день-че рез изу че ние ис то рии и куль ту ры раз лич ных пле мён Даль не го Вос то ка вы явить их зна че ние в миро вой куль ту ре в це лом. В до ку мен те при во дят ся обос но ван ные дан ные для соз да ния опор ной базы нау ки на Даль нем Вос то ке с гу ма ни тар ной те ма ти кой, т. е. об ра зо ва ние сек то ра или груп пы по изу че нию ар хео ло гии, ис то рии и эт но гра фии. Кни га пред на зна че на для ши ро ко го кру га чи та те лей: ис то ри ков, ар хео ло гов, этно гра фов, пре по да ва те лей и сту ден тов ву зов, а так же для всех, кто ин те ре су ет ся исто рией. Клю че вые сло ва: сред не ве ко вая ар хео ло гия, им пе рия Цзинь, го су дар ство Восточ ное Ся, эпи гра фи ка, жи ли ща, ар хи тек ту ра, хо зяй ство, быт, Даль ний Вос ток, При морье, то по гра фия, фор ти фи ка ция, ке ра ми ка. Ответ ствен ный ре дак тор: канд. ист. наук Н. Г. Артемь е ва Рецен зен ты: д-р ист. наук В. Е. Мед ве дев д-р ист. наук И. С. Жущи хов ская Утвер жде но к пе ча ти Учё ным со ве том Инсти ту та ис то рии. Архео ло гии и эт но гра фии на ро дов Даль не го Вос то ка ДВО РАН ISBN 978-5-6048441-2-0 © Ин сти тут ис то рии, ар хео ло гии и эт но гра фии на ро дов Даль не го Вос то ка ДВО РАН, 2022
Эпиграфика Востока, 2020
The paper deals with a bronze tally of credence cast in the shape of a tortoise,
dated back to th... more The paper deals with a bronze tally of credence cast in the shape of a tortoise,
dated back to the Tang Dynasty (618‒907), which was found in the vicinity of Ak-
Beshim site (ancient Suyab), Kyrgyzstan. The inscription engraved on the flat inner
side of the tally reads: 左武威衛翊府中郎將員外置颯支達干 zuo wuweiwei yifu zhong langjiang yuan wai zhi sazhi dagan. Thus, the tally was intended for certain
Sazhi-tarkan, a noble Türk who held the sinecure position of commandant of the palace
guard (中郎將 zhong langjiang). Considering the shape of the tally as well as the
name of the guard, which was in use for a short period only, one can precisely determine
the time of release and validity of the tally within the reign of Empress Wu Zetian
(690–705).
Numismatique asiatique : Revue de la Société de Numismatique Asiatique, Vol. 33, 2020
This article concerns three Chinese tallies of credence found on the Ak-Beshim site in Kyrgyzstan... more This article concerns three Chinese tallies of credence found on the Ak-Beshim site in Kyrgyzstan between 2006 and 2019 : two tortoise-shaped tallies and one fish-shaped tally, dated between 684 and 748. They belonged to members of noble Türkic families. These artifacts confirm the identification of the Ak-Beshim site as ancient Suyab. These tallies are unique epigraphic relics reflecting the relationship between the Tang court and the Türkic tribes in the 7th and 8th centuries.
Numismatique asiatique : Revue de la Société de Numismatique Asiatique, Vol. 33,, 2020
This article is a study of a Chinese type seal discovered in 2019. The inscriptions are in Khitan... more This article is a study of a Chinese type seal discovered in 2019. The inscriptions are in Khitan script characters. The twenty characters of this seal are studied one by one. It is the first discovery of a seal in Khitan large seal script that can be attributed to the concrete reign title of the Western Liao period. (10th-11th centuries).
東方博物 / Cultural Relics of the East, 2017
Беляев В.А., Сидорович С.В. Новые находки печатей государства Восточное Ся в Приморье. // Средневековые древности Приморья. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2016. - Вып.4. С. 48-58., 2016
Vladivostok Dalnauka 2016 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт истории... more Vladivostok Dalnauka 2016 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт истории, археологии и этнографии народов Дальнего Востока Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ ДРЕВНОСТИ ПРИМОРЬЯ Выпуск 4 Отв. ред. Н. Г. Артемьева Вла ди во сток Дальнаука 2016 УДК: 930.26(571.63) Сред не ве ко выедрев но стиПри морья.Вып.4. -Вла ди во сток: Даль нау ка, 2016. -664 с.
Беляев В.А., Сидорович С.В. Печати казенных ревизоров гоудан гунши. // Средневековые древности Приморья. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2016. - Вып.4. С. 59-70., 2016
Vladivostok Dalnauka 2016 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт истории... more Vladivostok Dalnauka 2016 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт истории, археологии и этнографии народов Дальнего Востока Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ ДРЕВНОСТИ ПРИМОРЬЯ Выпуск 4 Отв. ред. Н. Г. Артемьева Вла ди во сток Дальнаука 2016 УДК: 930.26(571.63) Сред не ве ко выедрев но стиПри морья.Вып.4. -Вла ди во сток: Даль нау ка, 2016. -664 с.
Беляев В.А., Сидорович С.В. Печати футунов из находок в Приморье. // Средневековые древности Приморья. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2016. - Вып.4. С. 71-83., 2016
Vladivostok Dalnauka 2016 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт истории... more Vladivostok Dalnauka 2016 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт истории, археологии и этнографии народов Дальнего Востока Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ ДРЕВНОСТИ ПРИМОРЬЯ Выпуск 4 Отв. ред. Н. Г. Артемьева Вла ди во сток Дальнаука 2016 УДК: 930.26(571.63) Сред не ве ко выедрев но стиПри морья.Вып.4. -Вла ди во сток: Даль нау ка, 2016. -664 с.
Беляев В.А., Сидорович С.В. О печати моукэ с Краснояровского городища // Средневековые древности Приморья. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2015. - Вып. 3. С. 208-213., May 2015
Беляев В.А., Сидорович С.В. Новый эпиграфический памятник с Шайгинского городища // На пути за Китайскую стену. К 60-летию А.И.Кобзева / Колл. авторов. ― М.: ИВ РАН, 2014. ― 746 стр. ― (Учёные записки Отдела Китая ИВ РАН. Вып. 12 / Редколл.: А.И. Кобзев и др.). ― С. 509-520., Mar 2014
Беляев В.А., Сидорович С.В. Китайская печать XII-XIII вв. из Булгара // Эпиграфика Востока. Вып. XXX, М.: ИВ РАН, 2013, С. 3-9., Dec 2013
"A CHINESE SEAL FROM BULGHAR (12th–13th centuries)
The article deals with a Chinese bronze seal ... more "A CHINESE SEAL FROM BULGHAR (12th–13th centuries)
The article deals with a Chinese bronze seal found in the vicinity of the Golden Horde site Bulghar. The text on the seal, 合同印記 he-tong yin-ji, can be translated as «the stamp: approved (coordinated or certified)». The overall appearance, style and physical characteristics of the seal, along with the available information about findings of similar articles in North-East China, unambiguously witnesses that it should have been manufactured by the local administration of the Jin dynasty in the 12–13th centuries. It is most likely that the seal has reached Bulghar during the Mongol conquest of the Volga-Bulgharian state in the 1230s."
Бронзовые эталонные диски Восточного Ся. // Средневековые древности Приморья. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2016. - Вып.4. С. 84-91., 2016
Vladivostok Dalnauka 2016 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт истории... more Vladivostok Dalnauka 2016 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт истории, археологии и этнографии народов Дальнего Востока Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ ДРЕВНОСТИ ПРИМОРЬЯ Выпуск 4 Отв. ред. Н. Г. Артемьева Вла ди во сток Дальнаука 2016 УДК: 930.26(571.63) Сред не ве ко выедрев но стиПри морья.Вып.4. -Вла ди во сток: Даль нау ка, 2016. -664 с.
Танская верительная бирка для посланцев Тюргешского каганата, 2012
"The tally was unearthed in July 2011 in Kyrgyzstan, in the vicinity of the former ancient Suyab... more "The tally was unearthed in July 2011 in Kyrgyzstan, in the vicinity of the former ancient Suyab, capital of the Türgesh Khanate. Bronze; weight 18g, length 52 mm. On the flat internal side of the tally there is an engraved inscription - 突騎施國第三 tu-qi-shi-guo di-san. The inscription translates as “Türgesh [vassal] principality, third [tally]”.
The granting of pisciform tallies (鱼符) by Tang court to their vassals is a known historical fact, which was mentioned in the medieval encyclopedia “Tai-ping huanyu ji” 《太平寰宇記》.
Thus the tally is fully consistent with the description given in the sources. It is obvious that it was part of a set of twelve tallies made for the Türgesh Khanate and intended to authorize the Türgesh envoy to the capital. The sequential number of the tally matches the calendar month during which this tally was allowed for authorization.
The analysis of sources allows to limit the period of pisciform tallies issued for Türgesh Khanate between 717 and 748 A.D. This item is unique - it is the only known surviving specimen of the pisciform tally of credence issued to neighbors of the Chinese state for the relations with the Tang court.""
Belyaev V.A., Sidorovich S.V. The Tang Dynasty Tally of Credence of the Great Zhou period (690-705 A.D.) from the Ak-Beshim site
Беляев В.А., Сидорович С.В. Танская верительная бирка для представителя племени тели. // ΠΟΛΥΤΡΟΠΟΣ. Сборник научных статей памяти Аркадия Анатольевича Молчанова (1947 –2010). — М.: Индрик, 2014. С.276-284, фототабл. IV. , Mar 2014
В июне г. на Форуме исследователей исторического и культурного наследия народов Сибири и Дал... more В июне г. на Форуме исследователей исторического и культурного наследия народов Сибири и Дальнего Востока «Амурклад » 1 для определения изображенного на них предмета были представлены две фотографии (табл. IV) . Владелец изображения, к сожалению, смог предоставить лишь минимум дополнительных сведений. Артефакт весом около г был обнаружен в районе г. Находка (Приморский край). При фотографировании предмета в качестве подложки был использован лист «в клетку». При предположении, что это стандартный лист из ученической тетради, расчетные длина и ширина пластины равны , и 19,7 мм соответственно. Толщина предмета, как показывают расчеты на основе указанных метрологических данных, составляет - мм.
Эпиграфика Востока, 2016
A TALLY OF CREDENCE FOR A REPRESENTATIVE OF Xi 霫 TRIBE
(Tang period, found in Mongolia)
The arti... more A TALLY OF CREDENCE FOR A REPRESENTATIVE OF Xi 霫 TRIBE
(Tang period, found in Mongolia)
The article deals with a bronze tally of credence in the shape of a fish (pisciform), found in private in Sainshand area (Dornogovi Province, Mongolia). The form of the tally allows to date it back to the Tang Dynasty (618‒907). The inscription engraved on the flat inner side of the tally reads: 中郎霫莫遂州長史合蠟 zhonglang xi mosui zhou zhangshi hela. Thus, the tally was issued to a Xi tribesman who bore the personal name Hela and held the positions of zhonglang and zhangshi, i.e. was appointed to the palace guard (apparently a sinecure office) and concurrently served as assistant of the prefectural governor. Insofar as the author may know, the toponym Mosui zhou was not mentioned in the contemporary sources, thus the tally under review allows to ascertain the Tang administrative division of the region where the Xi tribe settled after 646 AD when the Xueyantuo khanate was defeated. Considering the fact that during the Empress Wu Zetian’s reign (690-705) tallies in the shape of a tortoise were in use, and, according to the reports, the Xi tribe migrated among other tribes to the territory of the Tang state after 716 AD, it seems most likely that the tally should be dated back to the period of 647‒690 AD.
Some notes on the pisciform tally published in ONS Newsletters 116 and 118, 2009
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Epigraphy and Sigillography by Sergey Sidorovich
Both artifacts are inscribed in the Khitan Large Script. The authors managed to partially decipher and translate the inscriptions and to show that the seals were issued in
the State of Western Liao. In addition, this research helps the authors to clarify
the description of a seal of unclear provenance, also inscribed in the Khitan Large Script, sold in a Chinese auction some years ago.
dated back to the Tang Dynasty (618‒907), which was found in the vicinity of Ak-
Beshim site (ancient Suyab), Kyrgyzstan. The inscription engraved on the flat inner
side of the tally reads: 左武威衛翊府中郎將員外置颯支達干 zuo wuweiwei yifu zhong langjiang yuan wai zhi sazhi dagan. Thus, the tally was intended for certain
Sazhi-tarkan, a noble Türk who held the sinecure position of commandant of the palace
guard (中郎將 zhong langjiang). Considering the shape of the tally as well as the
name of the guard, which was in use for a short period only, one can precisely determine
the time of release and validity of the tally within the reign of Empress Wu Zetian
(690–705).
The article deals with a Chinese bronze seal found in the vicinity of the Golden Horde site Bulghar. The text on the seal, 合同印記 he-tong yin-ji, can be translated as «the stamp: approved (coordinated or certified)». The overall appearance, style and physical characteristics of the seal, along with the available information about findings of similar articles in North-East China, unambiguously witnesses that it should have been manufactured by the local administration of the Jin dynasty in the 12–13th centuries. It is most likely that the seal has reached Bulghar during the Mongol conquest of the Volga-Bulgharian state in the 1230s."
The granting of pisciform tallies (鱼符) by Tang court to their vassals is a known historical fact, which was mentioned in the medieval encyclopedia “Tai-ping huanyu ji” 《太平寰宇記》.
Thus the tally is fully consistent with the description given in the sources. It is obvious that it was part of a set of twelve tallies made for the Türgesh Khanate and intended to authorize the Türgesh envoy to the capital. The sequential number of the tally matches the calendar month during which this tally was allowed for authorization.
The analysis of sources allows to limit the period of pisciform tallies issued for Türgesh Khanate between 717 and 748 A.D. This item is unique - it is the only known surviving specimen of the pisciform tally of credence issued to neighbors of the Chinese state for the relations with the Tang court.""
(Tang period, found in Mongolia)
The article deals with a bronze tally of credence in the shape of a fish (pisciform), found in private in Sainshand area (Dornogovi Province, Mongolia). The form of the tally allows to date it back to the Tang Dynasty (618‒907). The inscription engraved on the flat inner side of the tally reads: 中郎霫莫遂州長史合蠟 zhonglang xi mosui zhou zhangshi hela. Thus, the tally was issued to a Xi tribesman who bore the personal name Hela and held the positions of zhonglang and zhangshi, i.e. was appointed to the palace guard (apparently a sinecure office) and concurrently served as assistant of the prefectural governor. Insofar as the author may know, the toponym Mosui zhou was not mentioned in the contemporary sources, thus the tally under review allows to ascertain the Tang administrative division of the region where the Xi tribe settled after 646 AD when the Xueyantuo khanate was defeated. Considering the fact that during the Empress Wu Zetian’s reign (690-705) tallies in the shape of a tortoise were in use, and, according to the reports, the Xi tribe migrated among other tribes to the territory of the Tang state after 716 AD, it seems most likely that the tally should be dated back to the period of 647‒690 AD.
Both artifacts are inscribed in the Khitan Large Script. The authors managed to partially decipher and translate the inscriptions and to show that the seals were issued in
the State of Western Liao. In addition, this research helps the authors to clarify
the description of a seal of unclear provenance, also inscribed in the Khitan Large Script, sold in a Chinese auction some years ago.
dated back to the Tang Dynasty (618‒907), which was found in the vicinity of Ak-
Beshim site (ancient Suyab), Kyrgyzstan. The inscription engraved on the flat inner
side of the tally reads: 左武威衛翊府中郎將員外置颯支達干 zuo wuweiwei yifu zhong langjiang yuan wai zhi sazhi dagan. Thus, the tally was intended for certain
Sazhi-tarkan, a noble Türk who held the sinecure position of commandant of the palace
guard (中郎將 zhong langjiang). Considering the shape of the tally as well as the
name of the guard, which was in use for a short period only, one can precisely determine
the time of release and validity of the tally within the reign of Empress Wu Zetian
(690–705).
The article deals with a Chinese bronze seal found in the vicinity of the Golden Horde site Bulghar. The text on the seal, 合同印記 he-tong yin-ji, can be translated as «the stamp: approved (coordinated or certified)». The overall appearance, style and physical characteristics of the seal, along with the available information about findings of similar articles in North-East China, unambiguously witnesses that it should have been manufactured by the local administration of the Jin dynasty in the 12–13th centuries. It is most likely that the seal has reached Bulghar during the Mongol conquest of the Volga-Bulgharian state in the 1230s."
The granting of pisciform tallies (鱼符) by Tang court to their vassals is a known historical fact, which was mentioned in the medieval encyclopedia “Tai-ping huanyu ji” 《太平寰宇記》.
Thus the tally is fully consistent with the description given in the sources. It is obvious that it was part of a set of twelve tallies made for the Türgesh Khanate and intended to authorize the Türgesh envoy to the capital. The sequential number of the tally matches the calendar month during which this tally was allowed for authorization.
The analysis of sources allows to limit the period of pisciform tallies issued for Türgesh Khanate between 717 and 748 A.D. This item is unique - it is the only known surviving specimen of the pisciform tally of credence issued to neighbors of the Chinese state for the relations with the Tang court.""
(Tang period, found in Mongolia)
The article deals with a bronze tally of credence in the shape of a fish (pisciform), found in private in Sainshand area (Dornogovi Province, Mongolia). The form of the tally allows to date it back to the Tang Dynasty (618‒907). The inscription engraved on the flat inner side of the tally reads: 中郎霫莫遂州長史合蠟 zhonglang xi mosui zhou zhangshi hela. Thus, the tally was issued to a Xi tribesman who bore the personal name Hela and held the positions of zhonglang and zhangshi, i.e. was appointed to the palace guard (apparently a sinecure office) and concurrently served as assistant of the prefectural governor. Insofar as the author may know, the toponym Mosui zhou was not mentioned in the contemporary sources, thus the tally under review allows to ascertain the Tang administrative division of the region where the Xi tribe settled after 646 AD when the Xueyantuo khanate was defeated. Considering the fact that during the Empress Wu Zetian’s reign (690-705) tallies in the shape of a tortoise were in use, and, according to the reports, the Xi tribe migrated among other tribes to the territory of the Tang state after 716 AD, it seems most likely that the tally should be dated back to the period of 647‒690 AD.
The authors show that these artifacts are not imitations of the coins of Later Zhou but official coins issued by the state of Western Liao (1125‒1218). A further, more precise attribution to a particular ruler is currently unfeasible for objective reasons. Nevertheless, the authors suggest one of the possible versions.
The dual (Chinese and Inner Asian) nature of the Qara Khitay Empire (Western Liao dynasty) is a well-known and thoroughly investigated fact. The cited duality was evident in all aspects of life of the Qara Khitay society ― political, economical, social, cultural, etc. No exception in this regard is the numismatic aspect as well, although the very existence of intrinsic Qara Khitay coinage has been disputable until recently.
Aleksandrov A.S., Belyaev V.A., Sidorovich S.V., Cao Guangsheng. A Hoard of Silver Coins da-chao tong-bao from Longxi. (Preliminary report). // 7th International Numismatic Conference "Coins and Monetary Circulation in the Mongol States of the 13–15th Centuries". Bakhchisaray (Ukraine), September 7–13, 2008. Abstracts and summaries of papers. Moscow, 2008. P.15-18. In Russian and English."
Keywords: Genghis khan, Möngke, Arĭq Böke, Kublay khan, Qa’an, Mongol Empire, Supreme Court, Supreme Horde, tamgha, Liupanshan, Qunduhai, Longxi, dachao, countermark.
The character bao on Mongol coins is a symbol of ruler’s (resp. coin issuer’s) legitimacy. This regal symbolism has to be directly related to the special meaning of the character as ‘treasure’ in the sense of ‘imperial seal’ or ‘khan’s seal’.
Such interpretation has allowed us to explain the appearance of the character bao on the coins of the Salghurid queen Abish bint Sa‛d, as well as on the anonymous Khotan dirhams with Qaidu’s tamgha.
The appearance of the character bao in the legends of Chinese cast coins is connected with the monetary reform of the early Tang dynasty. As it has been universally admitted, the innovative character of the reform, besides discarding weight designations, consisted in the using of declaration of the Emperor's power in the coin legends, viz. the 'reign title' in the course of gradual evolution from weight definitions to symbolic designations.
Traditionally for Chinese numismatics the declaration of the regalia of the Emperor's power is considered to be the placement of the current reign title - that is, the first characters in the legend. Two other characters in the legend, according to the generally approved understanding, are different expressions somehow connected with the meaning of 'coin' or 'treasure'. The authors show that the interpretation of the word bao as 'coin' in the legends appeared in the later periods while the initial semantic of this term was different.
Bao should be considered as reference to the Emperor's seal, the most important regalia of the Heaven Mandate's possessor. Thus exactly the bao, not the reign title, should be accepted as declaration of the Imperial power in the coin legend. Together with the reign title this declaration fixed the owner of the monetary regalia - the ruling Emperor. On the the one hand, it certified the legitimacy of money and on the other, it allowed to use coins as proclamation pieces.
Such a conception was clear and understandable in the medieval China. The fixation of the moentary regalia on Chinese coins became law only after the reform of 621 A.D. However, by the beginning of the 20th Century such understanding was lost, and now ever numismatist who is asked about the meaning of the character bao, answers 'coin' or 'treasure'.
проявлениям сыновней почтительности, вдовьей целомудренности и подобным добродетельным поступкам во времена правления монголов в Китае. Нравоучительные рассказы о добродетельных делах распространялись в Китае издавна. Воспринимались ли они в рассматриваемый период как догма, или отношение к ним менялось со временем? Источники юридического характера показывают, что некоторые проявления сыновней почтительности не одобрялись или даже запрещались еще до образования государства Юань (1271–1368). В статье также анализируется вопрос о вступлении некоторых видов проявления добродетели в противоречие с законами того времени. Обсуждаются критерии, по которым добродетельных лиц следовало рекомендовать к награждению, а также сам порядок рекомендации. Кроме того, любопытным представляется вопрос о том, сулили ли добродетельные поступки какие-то материальные блага.
This article studies the attitude of the state towards the display of filial piety, widow’s chastity, and similar acts of righteousness during the Mongolian rule in China. Moral tales about virtuous deeds had been spreading in China since old times. Were they considered a dogma during the period in scope, or was the perception of such stories changing over time? Sources of legal nature show that some examples of filial piety had not been approved or had been as well prohibited even before the foundation of the Yuan state (1271–1368). The article also analyzes the contradiction of some virtue acts with the laws of those times. The criteria, upon which virtuous people were to be recommended for reward, as well as the corresponding procedure of recommendation are discussed. In addition, the question of whether virtuous behavior promised any material benefits is noteworthy.
монгольском языке с рукописным текстом на обороте (шифр G 110 recto),
привезенный экспедицией П. К. Козлова из Хара-Хото в 1909 г. Текст, выполненный классическим монгольским письмом, содержащий несколько глосс китайскими иероглифами и нижний колонтитул (транскрипцию китайского названия главы и порядковый номер страницы), более 50 лет назад был прочитан Н. Ц. Мункуевым, который, учитывая палеографические особенности, датировал его XIV в. Также, опираясь на сообщение официальной истории «Юань ши», исследователь предположил, что перед ним монгольский перевод законодательного сборника «Да Юань тун-чжи», и привел два возможных варианта изначального китайского названия главы, к сожалению, как теперь понятно, остановив свой выбор на неверном варианте. «Да Юань тун-чжи» дошел до наших дней не в полном объеме, основная часть памятника, включая интересующие нас главы, была утеряна, таким образом не был обнаружен искомый текст и также не могла быть выявлена ошибка в реконструкции названия главы. Однако в 2002 г. в Южной Корее была найдена часть сборника «Чжи-чжэн тяо-гэ», обнародованного в 1346 г. и явившегося на смену устаревшему «Да Юань тун-чжи». В одной из предыдущих статей автором было показано, что оба сборника выстроены по единой схеме, выработанной еще в эпоху Тан (618–907). Это позволило реконструировать название главы, упомянутой во фрагменте. К счастью, в обнаруженной части сборника «Чжи-чжэн тяо-гэ» сохранились интересующие нас главы, а глоссы в тексте фрагмента позволили найти исходный китайский текст, которым оказался документ от 1303 г., судя по дате – явно попавший в оба сборника. В статье также приводится китайский текст документа и его комментированный перевод.
The Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences possesses a xylographed fragment in classical Mongolian script with a handwritten text on the reverse side (call mark G 110 recto), which was obtained in 1909 during P. K. Kozlov’s expedition in Khara-Khoto. The printed text in classical Mongolian script with several interlinear glosses in Chinese and a page footer (of the transcription of the Chinese name of the chapter and the page number) was read by the Soviet Orientalist N. Ts. Munkuyev more than 50 years ago. Munkuyev dated it by the XIV century based on the paleographic peculiarities. Moreover, based on the official history Yuan shi, he supposed that the text might be a Mongolian translation of the legislative code Da Yuan tong-zhi and suggested two possible versions of original Chinese name of the chapter, out of which an incorrect one was unfortunately chosen. Since Da Yuan tong-zhi was
not preserved in full and the major part of the written monument including the chapters
of interest were lost, it was impossible to find the text in scope, and the mistake in the reconstruction of the chapter name also could not be detected. However, in 2002 in South Korea a part of Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code was found, which was promulgated in 1346 and was intended to replace the outdated Da Yuan tong-zhi. In one of his previous articles, the author has shown that both codes were built according to a general pattern elaborated as far back as the Tang epoch (618–907). This enabled reconstruction of the name of the chapter mentioned in the fragment. Fortunately, the surviving part of the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code contains the required chapters, and the Chinese glosses in the fragment allowed us to find the original Chinese text, which turned out to be a document dated 1303 and, according to the date, was evidently included in both codes. The article also contains the Chinese text of the document and its annotated translation.
From the jural point of view, the Yuan era (1271–1368) can be considered as one of the most interesting in the history of Eastern Asia. This is partly because at that time the Chinese tradition was enriched by a foreign influence. However, very few
sources on the Yuan legal system have survived, and even those which did survive are usually far from being complete. The article introduces the recently discovered part of the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code published in 1346 at the very end of the Yuan Empire. The author lists the testimonia, which mention this document. He also offers the analysis of legal documents mentioned there following the time of their issue. The introduced source is compared with legal codes of the previous years and suggests ways of their reconstruction. The final part of the article contains a brief description of the surviving chapters of the monument. The results of the analysis allow us to see in the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code an important source on the legislation not only of the late Yuan but also on the Yuan dynasty as a whole.
This article is an annotated translation of four chapters of Zhizheng tiaoge code on arrest of evildoers, awarding of distinguished, medicine and home-leaves. Prior to current publication these chapters except for certain documents incorporated in Tongzhi tiaoge and Yuan dianzhang were not translated into European languages.
In the book called Shanju xinhua by Yuan author Yang Yu there is one curious story about a locust plaque in the South of China in 1299. Natural calamity was avoided due to the unexpectedly arrived flock of storks counting more than 5000 birds that ate up the insects. From then on catching of storks was prohibited with the Imperial decree. The final sentence of the short story tells that the decree was included in Zhizheng tiaoge code. This source was officially promulgated in 1346 and remained the last major code of the dynasty. It was considered lost for a long period of time until a part of it was found in South Korea in 2002. Unfortunately, one hasn't succeeded in finding this decree among the documents from the discovered chapters of the source. Nevertheless, it can be found in the Tongzhi tiaoge and Yuan dianzhang codes. Moreover, the information about the events mentioned by Yang Yu was partially preserved in Yuanshi. The date of issue of the retrieved document and its contents entirely confirm the data mentioned in the Yang Yu’s short story. One can be sure that the full text of one of the decrees from the lost part of Zhizheng tiaoge code is now ascertained.
На примере заново переведённых и снабжённых комментариями 12 статей источника проведён разбор наиболее проблемных мест. Дополнительно переведены ещё 2 статьи, не попавшие в обсуждаемое исследование.
This article is a review on the recently published research on the laws on maritime trade during the Yuan Dynasty done by E.F. Bayalieva on the basis of the part of the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code discovered in South Korea in 2002. The author detected a certain number of flaws in the translation. On the example of twelve articles of the source, newly translated and provided with the commentary, the most problematic parts are thoroughly studied. Two more articles previously not included in the research in scope, were additionally translated and commented by the author.
This article contains review on the recently published paper on legal aspects of Paper Money circulation in China during the Yuan Dynasty based on the Yuan dian-zhang code and the part of the Zhizheng tiao-ge code discovered in South Korea in 2002. The analysis of most representative mistakes in translation and commentary is provided. The reviewed research is not recommended for future using due to its inadequate professional level.
Chinese and offers recommendations for the use of specialized literature."
erroneous interpretation were cited from the recently published translation of the fourth scroll of the monument and then analyzed. Also the author’s own variant of the translation is offered. Thinking over the causes of the errors in translation
of the particular parts of the monument, the author points at the necessity of comparison of the Manchu version with the primary source written in Chinese and appealing to more additional information, i.e. sources and researches.
Завоевание монголами Северного Китая привело к разорению данного региона и уничтожению сельского хозяйства. Основанная здесь Хубилаем столица империи, напротив, стремительно развивалась. Несмотря на усилия правительства по восстановлению сельского хозяйства, столица продолжала нуждаться в поставках зерна извне. Снабжение происходило посредством перевозок по системе каналов, а после разгрома Южной Сун – также посредством морских перевозок. С ростом крестьянского повстанческого движения в середине XIV века
доставка продовольствия в столицу стала протекать с перебоями и вскоре прекратилась вовсе. Зависимость от поставок зерна с юга определенным образом ускорила падение династии Юань.
P. K. Kozlov’s expedition in 1907–1909 and now preserved in Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The document in scope was included by a mistake in the Dunhuang Collection (call number Дх-1403). Despite the document having been known to the scientific society for a long time, to this day there have been no publications in Russian proposing complete reading of the text and its translation, while the existent catalogue descriptions contained inaccuracies. The present article fills this gap: it suggests the text of the fragment, annotated translation and research, as well as the bibliographic references on its Russian and foreign publications.