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Selman Cagman

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Papers by Selman Cagman

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND REGULATION ON INDUSTRIAL BIOGAS PLANT: TURKISH MARKET

International Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Sciences (IJEES), 2016

Biogas, as one of the renewable energy sources, has become increasingly an important alternative ... more Biogas, as one of the renewable energy sources, has become increasingly an important alternative energy source. Plants, which treat waste to produce energy, have moved to industrialized size with intensive studies in recent years. Efficiency and safe operation of these plants are very important for plants sustainability. For this purpose, safety measures must be standardized and applied to whole process from manufacturing to energy production within a biogas plant. In this study, all potential risks and necessary precautions taken against these identified risks are listed in a continuously running biogas plant. Moreover, it is also emphasized the necessity of drafting a regulation and the content of this regulation on this issue within Turkey.

Effects of Various Nitrogen Rates to Biogas Production Yield in Anaerobic Digestion of Only Chicken Manure

Life Science Journal, 2014

High nitrogen content of chicken manure might reach to the degree of toxic effect at anaerobic fe... more High nitrogen content of chicken manure might reach to the degree of toxic effect at anaerobic fermentation system. Raw material nitrogen ratio and the rate of demineralization in the reactor are important parameters in anaerobic reactor design. In this study, effects of various nitrogen contents on biogas production yields were investigated in order to obtain base limits at design phase of biogas plants which will run only chicken manure. All trials were carried out in a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) at mesophilic conditions. There was no pH adjustment made during trials. The stirrer works at a speed of 20 rpm and they worked every 2 minutes with intervals of 2 min. Reactor loading rate was increased each week in the following sequence 0,5, 1, 2 and 3 g.oDM/l.d. The effect of various nitrogen contents were observed with TKN and NH4-N analysis and also recorded daily biogas production yields. As a result, when there was no pH adjustment made, pH went up to alkali side and reached up to 8-8,5 with increasing loading rate. At this stage, nitrogen inhibition started and the biogas production yield was decreased 54% at the loading rate was as high as 3 g.oDM/l.d. Reflection of the trial results that organic nitrogen demineralization rate should be assumed around 60-70% at stabilize biogas production yield conditions.

Characteristics and biogas potential of extended aeration activated sewage sludge

Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 2014

As a result of the gradual decrease in the rural population and developments in urbanisation with... more As a result of the gradual decrease in the rural population and developments in urbanisation within the last century, the emerging problem of domestic wastewater was tried to be solved with wastewater treatment plants. Haphazardly release of wastewater from households into the nature causes water contamination at rivers, lakes and underground waters because it contains heavy metals. Water contamination is caused by the collapsible, dissolved or suspended chemical and biological substances within wastewater. These chemical and biological substances in wastewater while decomposing in the nature, release odours, decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters and lead to the development of weeds and algae. Wastewater released to the environment without any treatment has also affected plant, animal and human health negatively. In this study, characteristics and biogas potential of Extended Aeration Activated Sewage Sludge were defined using anaerobic treatment methods. Dry matter, organic dry matter, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen and various heavy metal analyses were carried out and the obtained results throughout the study were presented.

Energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle in biomass-based forest products manufacturing plant

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 2016

In this study, energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit was carried out ... more In this study, energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit was carried out at a biomass-based forest products manufacturing plant. The ORC unit is used for the production of electricity and heat, by using thermal oil as a heat source in the plant. The actual data were obtained from the ORC unit during the energy production process. Studies were realized for the energy and exergy analysis of the main components of the ORC unit, which are the evaporator, condenser, turbine, and regenerator, at two different working conditions. The effect of condenser pressure on the energy and exergy efficiencies of the system was studied in the context of this study. Under the working conditions of Case-1, the energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated as 12.59% and 33.26%, respectively. As for Case-2, the energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated as 13.22% and 35.5%. The gradation of the exergy destructions of the components from greater to lower can be listed as evaporator, condenser, turbine, regenerator, and pump.

A Feasibility Study on Various Tilt Angles to Exploit Solar Energy on a Building Rooftop

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 16, 2023

Highlights • Installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems • The importance of tilt angel of a PV pan... more

Energy Efficiency Research In Fans and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Motor Frequency

Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering

Fans are widely used in the industry, and they have a potential in energy efficiency studies. The... more Fans are widely used in the industry, and they have a potential in energy efficiency studies. The aim of this paper is to introduce the fan systems and the energy efficiency studies on fan systems. The parameters like flow rate, active power, fluid power and pressure difference were explained and used in the investigations together with the experimental data obtained in the energy audits. The effects of air temperature, velocity, and frequency parameters on fan efficiency were studied. The results showed that the temperature increment negatively affects the fan efficiency, and 1 m/s increase in the air velocity reduces the system efficiency by % 1,088. Finally, according to achievements of this paper, reducing the frequency with Variable Speed Drive means less fan power and Variable Speed Drive provides energy-savings but not energy efficiency.

Review of Lighting Systems of Buildings as Active Energy Users

2022 7th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech)

Operational efficiency and energy saving analysis of urban transportation: A case study

Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022

Ulasımpark debuted Akcaray in Kocaeli, the first public transit light rail line in the city, in 2... more Ulasımpark debuted Akcaray in Kocaeli, the first public transit light rail line in the city, in 2017. In this study, the operational efficiency and service-level performance of 12 Akcaray trams and four bus lines that intersect with the Akcaray route are evaluated using Data Envelopment Analysis to determine the efficiencies of various decision-making units. While Akcaray’s performance efficiency score is 100% for all 12 trams, it is 45% for the bus line 1, 76% for the bus line 2, 0.61% for the bus line 3, and 1 hundred percent for the bus line 4. Out of the four buses, only one has a 100% efficiency rating. Transportation expenses, such as energy/fuel, maintenance, accident, and environmental costs, are also assessed and compared separately for both modes of transportation. This study aimed to find a means to calculate a legitimate efficiency measure for Akcaray and bus lines, and it was determined that Akcaray could save USD 1,885,986 per year on Kocaeli public transit. It also saves over 4 million cubic meters of compressed natural gas.

Energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle in a biomass-based forest products manufacturing plant

TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES, 2016

In this study, energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit was carried out ... more In this study, energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit was carried out at a biomass-based forest products manufacturing plant. The ORC unit is used for the production of electricity and heat, by using thermal oil as a heat source in the plant. The actual data were obtained from the ORC unit during the energy production process. Studies were realized for the energy and exergy analysis of the main components of the ORC unit, which are the evaporator, condenser, turbine, and regenerator, at two different working conditions. The effect of condenser pressure on the energy and exergy efficiencies of the system was studied in the context of this study. Under the working conditions of Case-1, the energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated as 12.59% and 33.26 %, respectively. As for Case-2, the energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated as 13.22% and 35.5%. The gradation of the exergy
destructions of the components from greater to lower can be listed as evaporator, condenser, turbine, regenerator, and
pump.

Selection of Compressors for Petrochemical Industry in Terms of Reliability, Energy Consumption and Maintenance Costs Examining Different Scenarios

Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 2015

In this study, based on some important criteria, qualitative and quantitative evaluations were pr... more In this study, based on some important criteria, qualitative and quantitative evaluations were presented for the selection of compressors used in compressed air systems, in a petrochemical industry. Four different scenarios were investigated according to the main criteria considered for the selection of the compressors such as reliability, energy efficiency, investment, and maintenance costs. The types of compressor and their capacities were analyzed and compared. In Scenario I, the currently active electrically driven compressors were considered as backup compressors, instead of them, a new unit turbo compressor and two units of VSD screw compressors were purchased as active compressors. In this scenario, the initial investment cost is low and standby steam consumption is reduced due to the fact that the backup compressors are electrically driven. In Scenario II all active and backup compressors are replaced by a new one, which is proposed to be electrically driven. In this scenari...

Ice Storage System Design For an Educational Building

2022 7th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech)

A research on the easy-to-use energy efficiency performance indicators for energy audit and energy monitoring of industrial compressed air systems

by Selman Cagman and Umit Unver

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022

Compressed air systems have a high energy transfer capacity. They are widely used in the manufact... more Compressed air systems have a high energy transfer capacity. They are widely used in the manufacturing industry due to being clean, dependable, and simple-to-use. On the other hand, these systems are among the most significant energy consumers in the manufacturing sector because they are inefficient with high electricity usage and high CO2 emissions. As a result, all kinds of the energy efficiency enhancements in these systems promote cleaner production by lowering total energy consumption and CO2 emissions in factories. In this paper, the energy-saving potential and carbon emissions of Compressed Air Systems are investigated using data from in-situ energy audits. A simple set of equations is proposed to calculate the mass flow rate of air leakage. The sound intensity (dB) obtained from ultrasonic flow measurements were used as the input of the equation set.
Furthermore, two new Energy Performance Indicators have been proposed to guide energy audit evaluation and continuous monitoring of the energy efficiency of Compressed Air Systems in industrial facilities. The new evaluation criteria “Specific Compressed Air Savings” and “Specific Leakage Savings” provide a comparison tool
to help decision-makers with their compressed air system investment decisions. Using the “Specific Compressed Air Savings” and “Specific Leak Savings” parameters, the analysis method is demonstrated for an example industrial plant. The facility’s specific compressed air and leakage savings are calculated as 0.0067 TOE/ton and 0.0035 TOE/ton, respectively.

A Research on the Easy-To-Use Energy Efficiency Performance Indicators for Energy Audit and Energy Monitoring of Industrial Compressed Air Systems

by Umit Unver and Selman Cagman

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022

Compressed air systems have a high energy transfer capacity. They are widely used in the manufact... more Compressed air systems have a high energy transfer capacity. They are widely used in the manufacturing industry due to being clean, dependable, and simple-to-use. On the other hand, these systems are among the most significant energy consumers in the manufacturing sector because they are inefficient with high electricity usage and high CO2 emissions. As a result, all kinds of the energy efficiency enhancements in these systems promote cleaner production by lowering total energy consumption and CO2 emissions in factories. In this paper, the energy-saving potential and carbon emissions of Compressed Air Systems are investigated using data from in-situ energy audits. A simple set of equations is proposed to calculate the mass flow rate of air leakage. The sound intensity (dB) obtained from ultrasonic flow measurements were used as the input of the equation set. Furthermore, two new Energy Performance Indicators have been proposed to guide energy audit evaluation and continuous monitoring of the energy efficiency of Compressed Air Systems in industrial facilities. The new evaluation criteria "Specific Compressed Air Savings" and "Specific Leakage Savings" provide a comparison tool to help decision-makers with their compressed air system investment decisions. Using the "Specific Compressed Air Savings" and "Specific Leak Savings" parameters, the analysis method
is demonstrated for an example industrial plant. The facility's specific compressed air and leakage
savings are calculated as 0.0067 TOE/ton and 0.0035 TOE/ton, respectively.

Energy saving and emission reduction opportunities in mixed-fueled industrial boilers

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2013

In this article, an "energy efficiency" study has been performed in an industrial establishment. ... more In this article, an "energy efficiency" study has been performed in an industrial establishment. The boiler of this industrial establishment is a mixed-fueled (solid 1 gas) type and operated with different fuels as coal, coke gas, and blast furnace gas, the pressure of 7000 kPa (70 bars) and temperature of 778.15 K (505 C) and with a nominal capacity of 27.77 kg/s (100.000 kg/h) steam. In this context, the working temperature, pressure, velocity, and combustion gas measurements have been carried out at the boiler operation conditions. Using with all these measurements, the energy and mass balance equations have been set and the boiler efficiency has been calculated as the value of 85.91%. The main efficiency losses have been determined as: operating the boiler at the high air excessiveness coefficient, the air leakage in the rotary type air heaters and the heat losses of the surface. Total energy savings potential is 2,029,692 kcal/h. When anticipated enhancements can be carried out, the boiler efficiency will be 88.94%. In this case, 4861.7 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year will be reduced.

An Ultrasonic Application to Evaluate Energy Costs of Air Leakages at the Compressed Air Systems

by Umit Unver and Selman Cagman

2021 6th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech), 2021

Air leakages at the pneumatic systems are the most inefficient problems which directly affect ene... more Air leakages at the pneumatic systems are the most inefficient problems which directly affect energy costs. The potential of energy efficiency study for fixing air leakage issue on pneumatic systems is 42% on energy costs. Fixing air leakages is very important when we focus on the significant reduction of energy costs. This study focuses on air leakages and energy costs caused by the air leakages on the pneumatic systems and suggests maintenance studies for fixing air leakage issues. Energy costs of air leakages and payback period of maintenance costs calculated for a sample energy efficiency investigation study using an ultrasonic flowmeter.

Anaerobik fermantasyonla elde edilen biyogazda nem ve hidrojen sülfürün gideriminin deneysel incelenmesi

Characteristics and biogas potential of extended aeration activated sewage sludge

Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 2014

As a result of the gradual decrease in the rural population and developments in urbanisation with... more As a result of the gradual decrease in the rural population and developments in urbanisation within the last century, the emerging problem of domestic wastewater was tried to be solved with wastewater treatment plants. Haphazardly release of wastewater from households into the nature causes water contamination at rivers, lakes and underground waters because it contains heavy metals. Water contamination is caused by the collapsible, dissolved or suspended chemical and biological substances within wastewater. These chemical and biological substances in wastewater while decomposing in the nature, release odours, decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters and lead to the development of weeds and algae. Wastewater released to the environment without any treatment has also affected plant, animal, and human health negatively. In this study, characteristics and biogas potential of Extended Aeration Activated Sewage Sludge were defined using anaerobic treatment methods. Dry matter...

An Ultrasonic Application to Evaluate Energy Costs of Air Leakages at the Compressed Air Systems

2021 6th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech)

Investigation of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technologies in Turkey from the technical and economic point of view

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016

In this study, technical and economic analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems in Turkey a... more In this study, technical and economic analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems in Turkey and their application areas have been examined in detail. Also, the government incentives for renewable energy productions and industrial waste heat recovery opportunities are investigated and presented. ORC technologies have been dealt with individually in geothermal, solar, biomass and industrial waste heat based power generation plants. In this concept, some power plants have been selected for each application and the technical specifications of these examinations have been presented. An application in a biomass based plant, which has 1 MW of installed capacity, has been given as an example. According to the feasibility analysis, the investment payback period of this ORC application has been calculated as 2.7 years and the results have been presented and commented.

An experimental examination of energy production from domestic-based waste water treatment sludge

World Journal of Engineering, 2015

In Turkey, treatment sludge that obtained from domestic wastewater and water treatment plants cau... more In Turkey, treatment sludge that obtained from domestic wastewater and water treatment plants causes storage and disposal problems. In the current situation, there are 69 domestic wastewater treatment plants in Turkey and this corresponds to approximately 13% of the population. Total 500 thousand tons of treatment sludge is released from these treatment plants, annually. In the case of all municipalities establish a wastewater treatment plant in Turkey, approximately, 4 million tons of treatment sludge is projected to release in a year. Additionally, 3.6 million tons of treatment sludge will be obtained from the manufacturing industry. In other words, approximately 7.6 ↔ 106 tons of treatment sludge potential exists in Turkey and in the same amount of the storage area (7.6 ↔106m3) is needed for the storage of this treatment sludge, perennially. In this study, energy production from wastewater treatment sludge through the anaerobic method has been investigated and compared to the aer...

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND REGULATION ON INDUSTRIAL BIOGAS PLANT: TURKISH MARKET

International Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Sciences (IJEES), 2016

Biogas, as one of the renewable energy sources, has become increasingly an important alternative ... more Biogas, as one of the renewable energy sources, has become increasingly an important alternative energy source. Plants, which treat waste to produce energy, have moved to industrialized size with intensive studies in recent years. Efficiency and safe operation of these plants are very important for plants sustainability. For this purpose, safety measures must be standardized and applied to whole process from manufacturing to energy production within a biogas plant. In this study, all potential risks and necessary precautions taken against these identified risks are listed in a continuously running biogas plant. Moreover, it is also emphasized the necessity of drafting a regulation and the content of this regulation on this issue within Turkey.

Effects of Various Nitrogen Rates to Biogas Production Yield in Anaerobic Digestion of Only Chicken Manure

Life Science Journal, 2014

High nitrogen content of chicken manure might reach to the degree of toxic effect at anaerobic fe... more High nitrogen content of chicken manure might reach to the degree of toxic effect at anaerobic fermentation system. Raw material nitrogen ratio and the rate of demineralization in the reactor are important parameters in anaerobic reactor design. In this study, effects of various nitrogen contents on biogas production yields were investigated in order to obtain base limits at design phase of biogas plants which will run only chicken manure. All trials were carried out in a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) at mesophilic conditions. There was no pH adjustment made during trials. The stirrer works at a speed of 20 rpm and they worked every 2 minutes with intervals of 2 min. Reactor loading rate was increased each week in the following sequence 0,5, 1, 2 and 3 g.oDM/l.d. The effect of various nitrogen contents were observed with TKN and NH4-N analysis and also recorded daily biogas production yields. As a result, when there was no pH adjustment made, pH went up to alkali side and reached up to 8-8,5 with increasing loading rate. At this stage, nitrogen inhibition started and the biogas production yield was decreased 54% at the loading rate was as high as 3 g.oDM/l.d. Reflection of the trial results that organic nitrogen demineralization rate should be assumed around 60-70% at stabilize biogas production yield conditions.

Characteristics and biogas potential of extended aeration activated sewage sludge

Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 2014

As a result of the gradual decrease in the rural population and developments in urbanisation with... more As a result of the gradual decrease in the rural population and developments in urbanisation within the last century, the emerging problem of domestic wastewater was tried to be solved with wastewater treatment plants. Haphazardly release of wastewater from households into the nature causes water contamination at rivers, lakes and underground waters because it contains heavy metals. Water contamination is caused by the collapsible, dissolved or suspended chemical and biological substances within wastewater. These chemical and biological substances in wastewater while decomposing in the nature, release odours, decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters and lead to the development of weeds and algae. Wastewater released to the environment without any treatment has also affected plant, animal and human health negatively. In this study, characteristics and biogas potential of Extended Aeration Activated Sewage Sludge were defined using anaerobic treatment methods. Dry matter, organic dry matter, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen and various heavy metal analyses were carried out and the obtained results throughout the study were presented.

Energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle in biomass-based forest products manufacturing plant

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 2016

In this study, energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit was carried out ... more In this study, energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit was carried out at a biomass-based forest products manufacturing plant. The ORC unit is used for the production of electricity and heat, by using thermal oil as a heat source in the plant. The actual data were obtained from the ORC unit during the energy production process. Studies were realized for the energy and exergy analysis of the main components of the ORC unit, which are the evaporator, condenser, turbine, and regenerator, at two different working conditions. The effect of condenser pressure on the energy and exergy efficiencies of the system was studied in the context of this study. Under the working conditions of Case-1, the energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated as 12.59% and 33.26%, respectively. As for Case-2, the energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated as 13.22% and 35.5%. The gradation of the exergy destructions of the components from greater to lower can be listed as evaporator, condenser, turbine, regenerator, and pump.

A Feasibility Study on Various Tilt Angles to Exploit Solar Energy on a Building Rooftop

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jan 16, 2023

Highlights • Installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems • The importance of tilt angel of a PV pan... more

Energy Efficiency Research In Fans and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Motor Frequency

Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering

Fans are widely used in the industry, and they have a potential in energy efficiency studies. The... more Fans are widely used in the industry, and they have a potential in energy efficiency studies. The aim of this paper is to introduce the fan systems and the energy efficiency studies on fan systems. The parameters like flow rate, active power, fluid power and pressure difference were explained and used in the investigations together with the experimental data obtained in the energy audits. The effects of air temperature, velocity, and frequency parameters on fan efficiency were studied. The results showed that the temperature increment negatively affects the fan efficiency, and 1 m/s increase in the air velocity reduces the system efficiency by % 1,088. Finally, according to achievements of this paper, reducing the frequency with Variable Speed Drive means less fan power and Variable Speed Drive provides energy-savings but not energy efficiency.

Review of Lighting Systems of Buildings as Active Energy Users

2022 7th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech)

Operational efficiency and energy saving analysis of urban transportation: A case study

Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022

Ulasımpark debuted Akcaray in Kocaeli, the first public transit light rail line in the city, in 2... more Ulasımpark debuted Akcaray in Kocaeli, the first public transit light rail line in the city, in 2017. In this study, the operational efficiency and service-level performance of 12 Akcaray trams and four bus lines that intersect with the Akcaray route are evaluated using Data Envelopment Analysis to determine the efficiencies of various decision-making units. While Akcaray’s performance efficiency score is 100% for all 12 trams, it is 45% for the bus line 1, 76% for the bus line 2, 0.61% for the bus line 3, and 1 hundred percent for the bus line 4. Out of the four buses, only one has a 100% efficiency rating. Transportation expenses, such as energy/fuel, maintenance, accident, and environmental costs, are also assessed and compared separately for both modes of transportation. This study aimed to find a means to calculate a legitimate efficiency measure for Akcaray and bus lines, and it was determined that Akcaray could save USD 1,885,986 per year on Kocaeli public transit. It also saves over 4 million cubic meters of compressed natural gas.

Energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle in a biomass-based forest products manufacturing plant

TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES, 2016

In this study, energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit was carried out ... more In this study, energy and exergy analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit was carried out at a biomass-based forest products manufacturing plant. The ORC unit is used for the production of electricity and heat, by using thermal oil as a heat source in the plant. The actual data were obtained from the ORC unit during the energy production process. Studies were realized for the energy and exergy analysis of the main components of the ORC unit, which are the evaporator, condenser, turbine, and regenerator, at two different working conditions. The effect of condenser pressure on the energy and exergy efficiencies of the system was studied in the context of this study. Under the working conditions of Case-1, the energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated as 12.59% and 33.26 %, respectively. As for Case-2, the energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated as 13.22% and 35.5%. The gradation of the exergy
destructions of the components from greater to lower can be listed as evaporator, condenser, turbine, regenerator, and
pump.

Selection of Compressors for Petrochemical Industry in Terms of Reliability, Energy Consumption and Maintenance Costs Examining Different Scenarios

Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 2015

In this study, based on some important criteria, qualitative and quantitative evaluations were pr... more In this study, based on some important criteria, qualitative and quantitative evaluations were presented for the selection of compressors used in compressed air systems, in a petrochemical industry. Four different scenarios were investigated according to the main criteria considered for the selection of the compressors such as reliability, energy efficiency, investment, and maintenance costs. The types of compressor and their capacities were analyzed and compared. In Scenario I, the currently active electrically driven compressors were considered as backup compressors, instead of them, a new unit turbo compressor and two units of VSD screw compressors were purchased as active compressors. In this scenario, the initial investment cost is low and standby steam consumption is reduced due to the fact that the backup compressors are electrically driven. In Scenario II all active and backup compressors are replaced by a new one, which is proposed to be electrically driven. In this scenari...

Ice Storage System Design For an Educational Building

2022 7th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech)

A research on the easy-to-use energy efficiency performance indicators for energy audit and energy monitoring of industrial compressed air systems

by Selman Cagman and Umit Unver

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022

Compressed air systems have a high energy transfer capacity. They are widely used in the manufact... more Compressed air systems have a high energy transfer capacity. They are widely used in the manufacturing industry due to being clean, dependable, and simple-to-use. On the other hand, these systems are among the most significant energy consumers in the manufacturing sector because they are inefficient with high electricity usage and high CO2 emissions. As a result, all kinds of the energy efficiency enhancements in these systems promote cleaner production by lowering total energy consumption and CO2 emissions in factories. In this paper, the energy-saving potential and carbon emissions of Compressed Air Systems are investigated using data from in-situ energy audits. A simple set of equations is proposed to calculate the mass flow rate of air leakage. The sound intensity (dB) obtained from ultrasonic flow measurements were used as the input of the equation set.
Furthermore, two new Energy Performance Indicators have been proposed to guide energy audit evaluation and continuous monitoring of the energy efficiency of Compressed Air Systems in industrial facilities. The new evaluation criteria “Specific Compressed Air Savings” and “Specific Leakage Savings” provide a comparison tool
to help decision-makers with their compressed air system investment decisions. Using the “Specific Compressed Air Savings” and “Specific Leak Savings” parameters, the analysis method is demonstrated for an example industrial plant. The facility’s specific compressed air and leakage savings are calculated as 0.0067 TOE/ton and 0.0035 TOE/ton, respectively.

A Research on the Easy-To-Use Energy Efficiency Performance Indicators for Energy Audit and Energy Monitoring of Industrial Compressed Air Systems

by Umit Unver and Selman Cagman

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022

Compressed air systems have a high energy transfer capacity. They are widely used in the manufact... more Compressed air systems have a high energy transfer capacity. They are widely used in the manufacturing industry due to being clean, dependable, and simple-to-use. On the other hand, these systems are among the most significant energy consumers in the manufacturing sector because they are inefficient with high electricity usage and high CO2 emissions. As a result, all kinds of the energy efficiency enhancements in these systems promote cleaner production by lowering total energy consumption and CO2 emissions in factories. In this paper, the energy-saving potential and carbon emissions of Compressed Air Systems are investigated using data from in-situ energy audits. A simple set of equations is proposed to calculate the mass flow rate of air leakage. The sound intensity (dB) obtained from ultrasonic flow measurements were used as the input of the equation set. Furthermore, two new Energy Performance Indicators have been proposed to guide energy audit evaluation and continuous monitoring of the energy efficiency of Compressed Air Systems in industrial facilities. The new evaluation criteria "Specific Compressed Air Savings" and "Specific Leakage Savings" provide a comparison tool to help decision-makers with their compressed air system investment decisions. Using the "Specific Compressed Air Savings" and "Specific Leak Savings" parameters, the analysis method
is demonstrated for an example industrial plant. The facility's specific compressed air and leakage
savings are calculated as 0.0067 TOE/ton and 0.0035 TOE/ton, respectively.

Energy saving and emission reduction opportunities in mixed-fueled industrial boilers

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2013

In this article, an "energy efficiency" study has been performed in an industrial establishment. ... more In this article, an "energy efficiency" study has been performed in an industrial establishment. The boiler of this industrial establishment is a mixed-fueled (solid 1 gas) type and operated with different fuels as coal, coke gas, and blast furnace gas, the pressure of 7000 kPa (70 bars) and temperature of 778.15 K (505 C) and with a nominal capacity of 27.77 kg/s (100.000 kg/h) steam. In this context, the working temperature, pressure, velocity, and combustion gas measurements have been carried out at the boiler operation conditions. Using with all these measurements, the energy and mass balance equations have been set and the boiler efficiency has been calculated as the value of 85.91%. The main efficiency losses have been determined as: operating the boiler at the high air excessiveness coefficient, the air leakage in the rotary type air heaters and the heat losses of the surface. Total energy savings potential is 2,029,692 kcal/h. When anticipated enhancements can be carried out, the boiler efficiency will be 88.94%. In this case, 4861.7 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year will be reduced.

An Ultrasonic Application to Evaluate Energy Costs of Air Leakages at the Compressed Air Systems

by Umit Unver and Selman Cagman

2021 6th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech), 2021

Air leakages at the pneumatic systems are the most inefficient problems which directly affect ene... more Air leakages at the pneumatic systems are the most inefficient problems which directly affect energy costs. The potential of energy efficiency study for fixing air leakage issue on pneumatic systems is 42% on energy costs. Fixing air leakages is very important when we focus on the significant reduction of energy costs. This study focuses on air leakages and energy costs caused by the air leakages on the pneumatic systems and suggests maintenance studies for fixing air leakage issues. Energy costs of air leakages and payback period of maintenance costs calculated for a sample energy efficiency investigation study using an ultrasonic flowmeter.

Anaerobik fermantasyonla elde edilen biyogazda nem ve hidrojen sülfürün gideriminin deneysel incelenmesi

Characteristics and biogas potential of extended aeration activated sewage sludge

Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 2014

As a result of the gradual decrease in the rural population and developments in urbanisation with... more As a result of the gradual decrease in the rural population and developments in urbanisation within the last century, the emerging problem of domestic wastewater was tried to be solved with wastewater treatment plants. Haphazardly release of wastewater from households into the nature causes water contamination at rivers, lakes and underground waters because it contains heavy metals. Water contamination is caused by the collapsible, dissolved or suspended chemical and biological substances within wastewater. These chemical and biological substances in wastewater while decomposing in the nature, release odours, decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters and lead to the development of weeds and algae. Wastewater released to the environment without any treatment has also affected plant, animal, and human health negatively. In this study, characteristics and biogas potential of Extended Aeration Activated Sewage Sludge were defined using anaerobic treatment methods. Dry matter...

An Ultrasonic Application to Evaluate Energy Costs of Air Leakages at the Compressed Air Systems

2021 6th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech)

Investigation of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technologies in Turkey from the technical and economic point of view

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016

In this study, technical and economic analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems in Turkey a... more In this study, technical and economic analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems in Turkey and their application areas have been examined in detail. Also, the government incentives for renewable energy productions and industrial waste heat recovery opportunities are investigated and presented. ORC technologies have been dealt with individually in geothermal, solar, biomass and industrial waste heat based power generation plants. In this concept, some power plants have been selected for each application and the technical specifications of these examinations have been presented. An application in a biomass based plant, which has 1 MW of installed capacity, has been given as an example. According to the feasibility analysis, the investment payback period of this ORC application has been calculated as 2.7 years and the results have been presented and commented.

An experimental examination of energy production from domestic-based waste water treatment sludge

World Journal of Engineering, 2015

In Turkey, treatment sludge that obtained from domestic wastewater and water treatment plants cau... more In Turkey, treatment sludge that obtained from domestic wastewater and water treatment plants causes storage and disposal problems. In the current situation, there are 69 domestic wastewater treatment plants in Turkey and this corresponds to approximately 13% of the population. Total 500 thousand tons of treatment sludge is released from these treatment plants, annually. In the case of all municipalities establish a wastewater treatment plant in Turkey, approximately, 4 million tons of treatment sludge is projected to release in a year. Additionally, 3.6 million tons of treatment sludge will be obtained from the manufacturing industry. In other words, approximately 7.6 ↔ 106 tons of treatment sludge potential exists in Turkey and in the same amount of the storage area (7.6 ↔106m3) is needed for the storage of this treatment sludge, perennially. In this study, energy production from wastewater treatment sludge through the anaerobic method has been investigated and compared to the aer...