Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 1991
Investigators have employed a variety of constructs and measures to examine individuals' discomfo... more Investigators have employed a variety of constructs and measures to examine individuals' discomfort with computer use. Models and instruments for measuring constructs such as computer anxiety, computer phobia, and computer aversion have been employed to investigate negative reactions that slow individuals' acceptance and useful application of computers. Using a large college student sample, we sought to compare the psychometric properties of three computer aversion scales and to investigate their relationships to gender, age, cognitive abilities, and experience with computer use. The results indicated good reliability, good validity coefficients, and similar factor structures for the scales. Younger students, female students, and students with lower mathematical skills and less computer experience were more likely to experience discomfort with computers. Implications include the possibility that if software and hardware alter subjects' expectations about the difficulty of completing tasks, individual differences in computer aversion are likely to become a source of additional unexplained variance. Such differences must be heeded in software design and in the design of experimental research involving computers as stimulus controllers and response recorders. Individuals' discomfort with computer use has been observed and investigated in a variety of settings. For example, negative reactions to computers have been identified in high school and college students (Bandalos &
This exploratory field study examined self-efficacy model to determine how well efficacy expectat... more This exploratory field study examined self-efficacy model to determine how well efficacy expectations predicted writing performance, and whether cognitive (deep processing) and affective (anxiety) variables were related to efficacy expectations. Other variables assessed with respect to efficacy and writing pe;formance were race, sex, an English entrance exam (ACT) score, and locus of control. Subjects were college freshmen enrolled in introductory writing courses. The major findings were that (a) efficacy expectations predicted writing on phase 1 (beginning of writing course) data, but not phase 2 (end of course); (b) depth of processing, locus of control, and anxiety were related in varying degrees to amount of efficacy and to the accuracy of efficacy predictions of writing; (c) subjects significantly overestimated their writing performance, the discrepancy being even larger at phase 2. These results provide partial support for the construct validity of self-efficacy and suggest that cognitive and affective variables influence efficacy. Self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977) stresses the influence of personal expectations on subsequent performance. Bandura maintains that expectations of personal competence greatly affect one's behavior. He has classified these ey pectations as "efficacy expectations", the conviction that one can perform the behaviors required to obtain desired outcomes, and "outcome expectations," the belief that certain behaviors will produce desired outcomes. ~Address all correspondence to Patricia R. McCarthy,
... from Page 2. 148 Authors' Note: Please address correspondence to Scott Meier, Counse... more ... from Page 2. 148 Authors' Note: Please address correspondence to Scott Meier, Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, 409 Baldy Hall, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209; e-mail: [email protected]. Canadian Journal ...
ABSTRACT Third-party payers are increasingly requiring that professional psychologists gather dat... more ABSTRACT Third-party payers are increasingly requiring that professional psychologists gather data to demonstrate therapeutic effectiveness. Missing data rates were examined in an urban mental health agency that serves children and adolescents. Complete outcome assessments were available for about 1 of 4 children whose parents completed intake scales and for 1 of 2 possible clinician-rated Global Assessments of Functioning, with complete data sets more likely for healthier children. The authors suggest that psychologists whose measurements are based on substantial data collection rates and include evidence of data quality have a sound empirical basis to reject demands for additional outcome assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 1991
Investigators have employed a variety of constructs and measures to examine individuals' discomfo... more Investigators have employed a variety of constructs and measures to examine individuals' discomfort with computer use. Models and instruments for measuring constructs such as computer anxiety, computer phobia, and computer aversion have been employed to investigate negative reactions that slow individuals' acceptance and useful application of computers. Using a large college student sample, we sought to compare the psychometric properties of three computer aversion scales and to investigate their relationships to gender, age, cognitive abilities, and experience with computer use. The results indicated good reliability, good validity coefficients, and similar factor structures for the scales. Younger students, female students, and students with lower mathematical skills and less computer experience were more likely to experience discomfort with computers. Implications include the possibility that if software and hardware alter subjects' expectations about the difficulty of completing tasks, individual differences in computer aversion are likely to become a source of additional unexplained variance. Such differences must be heeded in software design and in the design of experimental research involving computers as stimulus controllers and response recorders. Individuals' discomfort with computer use has been observed and investigated in a variety of settings. For example, negative reactions to computers have been identified in high school and college students (Bandalos &
This exploratory field study examined self-efficacy model to determine how well efficacy expectat... more This exploratory field study examined self-efficacy model to determine how well efficacy expectations predicted writing performance, and whether cognitive (deep processing) and affective (anxiety) variables were related to efficacy expectations. Other variables assessed with respect to efficacy and writing pe;formance were race, sex, an English entrance exam (ACT) score, and locus of control. Subjects were college freshmen enrolled in introductory writing courses. The major findings were that (a) efficacy expectations predicted writing on phase 1 (beginning of writing course) data, but not phase 2 (end of course); (b) depth of processing, locus of control, and anxiety were related in varying degrees to amount of efficacy and to the accuracy of efficacy predictions of writing; (c) subjects significantly overestimated their writing performance, the discrepancy being even larger at phase 2. These results provide partial support for the construct validity of self-efficacy and suggest that cognitive and affective variables influence efficacy. Self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977) stresses the influence of personal expectations on subsequent performance. Bandura maintains that expectations of personal competence greatly affect one's behavior. He has classified these ey pectations as "efficacy expectations", the conviction that one can perform the behaviors required to obtain desired outcomes, and "outcome expectations," the belief that certain behaviors will produce desired outcomes. ~Address all correspondence to Patricia R. McCarthy,
... from Page 2. 148 Authors' Note: Please address correspondence to Scott Meier, Counse... more ... from Page 2. 148 Authors' Note: Please address correspondence to Scott Meier, Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, 409 Baldy Hall, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209; e-mail: [email protected]. Canadian Journal ...
ABSTRACT Third-party payers are increasingly requiring that professional psychologists gather dat... more ABSTRACT Third-party payers are increasingly requiring that professional psychologists gather data to demonstrate therapeutic effectiveness. Missing data rates were examined in an urban mental health agency that serves children and adolescents. Complete outcome assessments were available for about 1 of 4 children whose parents completed intake scales and for 1 of 2 possible clinician-rated Global Assessments of Functioning, with complete data sets more likely for healthier children. The authors suggest that psychologists whose measurements are based on substantial data collection rates and include evidence of data quality have a sound empirical basis to reject demands for additional outcome assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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