Daniel Schafer

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Daniel Schafer has served as a visiting assistant professor of English at McDaniel College in Maryland since 2013. He specializes in professional communication, composition, , publishing, and design. He has also served as the Director of Communications at the global health nonprofit, HealthNovations International, since 2014.

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fernandez nicolas

Universitat Internacional de Catalunya

Antenor Wolf

Allison Orechwa

University of Southern California

Syed A M I N Tabish

Sher-i-Kashmir Institue Of Medical Sciences,soura,srinagar-190011,india

James R. Cochrane

University of Cape Town

Shamim Ehsanul Haque

Zaadoud Ibrahim

Patricia Pittman

The George Washington University

Amelia Coffey

DR. MD. REDWANUR RAHMAN

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Papers by Daniel Schafer

A paradigm shift in public health structures: creating sustainable systems to achieve global healthcare equity

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 2015

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A Health Disparity Action Plan: Achieving Equity through Clinical Trials, Affordable Care, and Professional Development

Journal of health disparities research and practice, 2018

Given the threatened nature of affordable care in the United States, it is crucial to underscore ... more Given the threatened nature of affordable care in the United States, it is crucial to underscore its importance. What is more, the reason such care is so important is the presence of an oftunacknowledged disparity in access to quality care in this country and, indeed, around the world. A world without health disparities can be achieved and will be characterized by prompt and quality care available to all and at all stages of the care continuum. Further insurance reform is needed beyond the Affordable Care Act, while local care must be more accessible in rural, urban, and other underserved areas. Clinical trials must also undergo changes to ensure new drugs and treatments will be effective for all populations. Joint efforts between those conducting trials, medical practitioners, the FDA, and potential trial participant, are required for the development of treatment to be more personalized and more effective. A multi-pronged approach can eliminate inadvertent and systemic prejudices in the health field.

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Tweeting Inequity: @realDonaldTrump and the World Leader Exception

Platforms, Protests, and the Challenge of Networked Democracy, 2020

Twitter sends users conflicting messages about civic discourse, privilege, and authority with its... more Twitter sends users conflicting messages about civic discourse, privilege, and authority with its World Leader Exception policy, which allows world leaders to violate Twitter’s terms of service. The platform’s World Leader Exception policy is a dangerous rhetorical maneuver in the gatekeeping of civic discourse, breaking Twitter’s culture of use and the norms and values Twitter’s users are accustomed to. Twitter’s interface, in its current form, hides “exceptional” violations of policies, encouraging opacity, inequity, and the civic spread of misinformation. Rather than emphasize inequity in how they apply rules encouraging rhetorical inequity, Twitter should employ technological equity in re-imagining how their interface can acknowledge civic discourse and the World Leader Exception.

Improving cancer care in developing settings

Every year, more than 10 million people are diagnosed with cancer. Over half of them live in the ... more Every year, more than 10 million people are diagnosed with cancer. Over half of them live in the developing world, where the cancer incidence rate has reached pandemic proportions. In 2008 there were upward of 12.4 million estimated new cases of cancer, with approximately two–thirds of the estimated 7 .6 million cancer deaths occurring in low–and middle–income countries [1]. Although low– and middle–income countries bear the majority of the disease burden, their health systems are inadequately prepared to address the challenge of care. Since cancer kills more people worldwide than HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined, it needs to be a global health priority.

Global Health Engagement and The Department of Defense as a Vehicle for Security and Sustainable Global Health

Military Medicine, 2017

The Unites States Department of Defense (DoD) is viewed by many in the general public as a monoli... more The Unites States Department of Defense (DoD) is viewed by many in the general public as a monolithic government entity whose primary purpose is to coordinate this country's ability to make war and maintain a military presence around the world. However, the DoD is in fact a multidimensional organization whose global impact is as expansive as it is varying and is responsible for far-reaching global health interventions. The United States has worked toward providing long-term care among host nation populations by providing training in several areas related to medicine, with positive results. These efforts can be built upon with substantial positive effects. Building health infrastructure and capacity around the world is essential. The DoD is the most generously funded agency in the world, and the resources at its disposal provide the opportunity to make great gains in the long term in terms of both health and security worldwide. With efficient and careful use of DoD resources, and partnerships with key non-governmental organizations with specialized knowledge and great passion, partnerships can be forged with communities around the world to ensure that public health is achieved in even the most underserved communities. A move toward creating sustainable health systems with long-term goals and measurable outcomes is an essential complement to the already successful disaster and emergency relief that the United States military already provides. By ensuring that communities around the world are both provided with access to the sustainable health care they need and that emergency situations can be responded to in an efficient way, the United States can serve its duty as a leader in sharing expertise and resources for the betterment and security of all humankind.

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Randomised controlled trials as a driving force of evidence-based public health on the population level

Perspectives in public health, 2016

IntroductionEvidence-based public health offers more useful and thoughtfully developed interventi... more IntroductionEvidence-based public health offers more useful and thoughtfully developed intervention efforts worldwide. Although the practice remains most utilised in the field of clinical medicine, public health has seen an influx of research based on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for the purpose of assessing clinical interventions in the last three decades. We propose a paradigm shifttowards an evidencebased public health system buttressed by RCTs in order to equip those who practice and make policies with the knowledge they need to make informed decisions.While RCTs have resulted in substantial gains in public health, particularly in policymaking and determining the validity of interventions, such trials have largely been applied appropriately to the unique challenges of the field.1,2 We seek to show that it is possible to apply a framework for evidence-based public health with carefully crafted trials and analyses, and that RCTs represent an effective method of applying evidencebased public health strategies on a population scale. It is our view that RCTs represent the most effective means of implementing evidence-based public health on a population level. However, only recently have evidence-based strategies even been considered in decision-making regarding complex and crucial global public health issues.3If employed on a larger scale, evidence-based public health can empower policymakers as well as public health practitioners, medical professionals, and private individuals to make informed decisions based on carefully conducted trials and analyses that represent the best of our current collective knowledge and will have resounding positive effects, such as more effective and increased access to care.4Relevance Of Evidence-Based Public HealthThe field of public health has traditionally relied on less scientific methods of information-gathering, which has affected the way recommendations have been made to policymakers. RCTs represent a driving force for evidencebased public health that can be utilised specifically for pharmaceutical and other types of clinical interventions, especially with those diseases that afflict many and are well documented. RCTs represent the most effective means of implementing evidence-based public health on a population level. By building upon existing structures for training public health professionals and by implementing RCTs, the field can reap benefits of an evidence-based public health system.An evidence-based approach to public health offers a method for making policy decisions and recommendations, as well as population-scale interventions that are grounded in the scientific method. This is a departure from the ways public health efforts have traditionally been executed. Traditionally, evidence cited in the field of public health relies on multiple caveats, which is not ideal. This is because public health studies are often observational in nature, at times fail to utilise comparison groups, and are usually not fully experimental.5 Research practices in the field of clinical medicine, which typically relies on RCTs to derive evidence, offer a model for more precise and broadly applicable data collection than what is currently utilised in the field of public health. Due to the complex nature of public health challenges, carefully crafted means of gathering and interpreting evidence for interventions are crucial.Increasing Usefulness of RCTsA sound trial design seeks to minimise bias resulting from selection of information used in the study, offers deliberate control of all variables by researchers, and strives to eliminate the possibility of chance.6 RCTs are considered the best available tool for determining validity of design because such trials are seen as meeting these three objectives. Unfortunately, the kinds of probability results generated by RCTs when applied to large-scale endeavours in the public health field are, in isolation, unable to address many of the questions that arise. …

Redefining global health priorities: Improving cancer care in developing settings

Journal of global health, 2014

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A prescription for health inequity: Building public health infrastructure in resource-poor settings

Journal of Global Health, 2012

y family has already purchased a coffin for me," Naeema explained, enervated though she was. "The... more y family has already purchased a coffin for me," Naeema explained, enervated though she was. "The medicine we got from the local clinic has not helped. I am getting worse. We have spent almost all of our money going to regional hospitals to get a diagnostic test and request government subsidized medicine. My parents have sold everything we had-our crops, our land, and our livestock-to pay for my medicine. My family does not have any more money or even enough food to eat." Naeema was HIV-positive, and due to a lack of diagnostic capabilities or availability of antiretroviral treatments (ARTs) in her village of Kibosho in Tanzania, she had been bed-bound for more than three months after the onset of her symptoms, when she first arrived at the clinic.

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Building public health infrastructure in resource-poor settings

A paradigm shift in public health structures: creating sustainable systems to achieve global healthcare equity

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 2015

Download

A Health Disparity Action Plan: Achieving Equity through Clinical Trials, Affordable Care, and Professional Development

Journal of health disparities research and practice, 2018

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Tweeting Inequity: @realDonaldTrump and the World Leader Exception

Platforms, Protests, and the Challenge of Networked Democracy, 2020