Globally, peanut is an important crop, providing both oil and protein, and gene banks across the ... more Globally, peanut is an important crop, providing both oil and protein, and gene banks across the world have conserved a large collection of peanut germplasm including wild Arachis species. The key to the success in crop improvement depends on how effectively and effi ciently the new genetic variation is introduced to broaden the genetic base of cultigens. The genus Arachis harbors considerable diversity for morpho-agronomic traits including resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Impressive progress have been made towards developing a large number of markers specific to peanut in addition to the technological breakthrough in developing high-throughput genotyping platforms for unlocking the genetic variation present in the germplasm collections. Using core and mini core collections and genomic tools, peanut researchers have identifi ed a number of diverse germplasm possessing agronomically benefi cial traits that are now being used in peanut breeding. Amphidiploids originating from distant wild Arachis species crosses are expected to unravel the variation not earlier available to peanut research community due to bottlenecks associated with peanut domestication.
W idespread micronutrient malnutrition results in an enormous socioeconomic cost to the developin... more W idespread micronutrient malnutrition results in an enormous socioeconomic cost to the developing world (Darnton-Hill et al., 2005; Stein, 2010). Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies in human beings lead to a variety of health-related problems (United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, 2009). Fighting malnutrition is an integral component of three of the eight millennium development goals (http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals). Biofortification refers to the development of micronutrient-dense staple food crops using traditional breeding or biotechnology (Bouis, 2003). Crop biofortification is a sustainable and cost-effective strategy to address malnutrition arising out of micronutrient deficiency in the developing world. The mineral-dense seeds often produce more viable and vigorous seedlings, and such plants are more efficient in mineral uptake, thus leading to improved stress tolerance and increased crop yields (
‘Green Revolution’ genes have led to the release of input-responsive cultivars, resulting in mult... more ‘Green Revolution’ genes have led to the release of input-responsive cultivars, resulting in multifold productivity increases in rice and wheat. Declining precipitation, increased intensity of drought and rising temperature are casting uncertainty over agricultural production. As noted in this minireview, plant genes when overexpressed allow cereals to produce grains in drought- and heat-prone sites.
Abstract Agriculture production is a major driver of destabilization of the earth's planetary... more Abstract Agriculture production is a major driver of destabilization of the earth's planetary boundaries within which humanity can safely operate. Producing enough food that is safe and nutritious is the biggest challenge in 21st century agriculture. Yield gains through genetic enhancement have either slowed down or not rising to the level needed to meet the ever-growing demand for nutritious food. A continuous supply of high-quality crop germplasm is the key to developing climate-resilient, resource-use efficient, nutritious and productive cultivars. Global efforts are underway to develop pre-breeding populations, by exploiting exotic germplasm including wild and weedy relatives with required characteristics to support breeding programs. Comprehensive profiling of germplasm/breeding lines (relative to uncharacterized lines) and adopting a strategy based on physiological characterization of parental lines have the potential to facilitate the accumulation of favorable alleles to enhance genetic gain in plant breeding. Advances in genomics, phenomics and bioinformatic resources have led to the deployment of several knowledge-intensive approaches to accelerate genetic gains in diverse food crops. Enhanced capability in data storage, retrieval and analysis has greatly facilitated the development of genotype-phenotype models to predict phenotypes, thus enhancing selection efficiency. Genomic-aided breeding has been successful in enhancing genetic gain relative to pedigree-based phenotypic selection. Genes controlling “recombination hotspots” and targeted recombination may provide breeders opportunity to significantly increase genetic gains. Combining genomic selection with doubled haploid technology, speed breeding and high-throughput phenomics with genotype-by-sequencing profiling allows the fast transfer of increased genetic gains per unit time. An open source software system has the potential to increase breeding efficiency through data and code sharing, while open source seed systems should allow for continued seed saving, breeding, and seed exchange without restriction. Taken together, these approaches should provide breeders with the opportunity to make genetic gains through new technologies and through the infusion of useful genetic variation in crop breeding.
Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability, 2019
Synopsis Population growth and rising incomes put pressure on agri-food systems to deliver suffic... more Synopsis Population growth and rising incomes put pressure on agri-food systems to deliver sufficient safe and nutritious food. Global warming and demand for more food challenge sustaining ecosystem health. World population also suffers from hunger, micronutrient deficiency, and overweight or obesity. The business as usual approach for agriculture is neither environmentally friendly nor achieve food and nutritional security. The way food is produced, processed, distributed and consumed must therefore change. There are many farming options, which if adopted on large-scale following policy support, may lead to food and nutritional security, avoid or minimize non-communicable diseases in human and restore ecosystems health.
Underutilized pulses and their wild relatives are typically stress tolerant and their seeds are p... more Underutilized pulses and their wild relatives are typically stress tolerant and their seeds are packed with protein, fibers, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals. The consumption of such nutritionally dense legumes together with cereal-based food may promote global food and nutritional security. However, such species are deficient in a few or several desirable domestication traits thereby reducing their agronomic value, requiring further genetic enhancement for developing productive, nutritionally dense, and climate resilient cultivars. This review article considers 13 underutilized pulses and focuses on their germplasm holdings, diversity, crop-wild-crop gene flow, genome sequencing, syntenic relationships, the potential for breeding and transgenic manipulation, and the genetics of agronomic and stress tolerance traits. Recent progress has shown the potential for crop improvement and food security, for example, the genetic basis of stem determinacy and fragrance in moth bean and rice bean, multiple abiotic stress tolerant traits in horse gram and tepary bean, bruchid resistance in lima bean, low neurotoxin in grass pea, and photoperiod induced flowering and anthocyanin accumulation in adzuki bean have been investigated. Advances in introgression breeding to develop elite genetic stocks of grass pea with low β-ODAP (neurotoxin compound), resistance to Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in black gram using rice bean, and abiotic stress adaptation in common bean, using genes from tepary bean have been carried out. This highlights their potential in wider breeding programs to introduce such traits in locally adapted cultivars. The potential of de-domestication or feralization in the evolution of new variants in these crops are also highlighted.
The burdens of malnutrition, protein and micronutrient deficiency, and obesity cause enormous cos... more The burdens of malnutrition, protein and micronutrient deficiency, and obesity cause enormous costs to society. Crop nutritional quality has been compromised by the emphasis on edible yield and through the loss of biodiversity due to the introduction of high-yielding, uniform cultivars. Heirloom crop cultivars are traditional cultivars that have been grown for a long time (>50 years), and that have a heritage that has been preserved by regional, ethnic, or family groups. Heirlooms are recognized for their unique appearance, names, uses, and historical significance. They are gaining in popularity because of their unique flavors and cultural significance to local cuisine, and their role in sustainable food production for small-scale farmers. As a contrast to modern cultivars, heirlooms may offer a welcome alternative in certain markets. Recently, market channels have emerged for heirloom cultivars in the form of farmer-breeder-chef collaborations and seed-saver organizations. There is therefore an urgent need to know more about the traits available in heirloom cultivars, particularly for productivity, stress tolerance, proximate composition, sensory quality, and flavor. This information is scattered, and the intention of this review is to document some of the unique characteristics of heirloom cultivars that may be channeled into breeding programs for developing locally adapted, high-value cultivars.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electro... more No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
Plant genetic resources are the basic materials for future genetic progress and an insurance agai... more Plant genetic resources are the basic materials for future genetic progress and an insurance against unforeseen threats to agricultural production. Use of germplasm in crop improvement is one of the ways to conserve valuable genetic resources, protect the natural ecosystems, and simultaneously enhance agricultural production and food security.
Chickpea is the 4th largest grain-legume crop in the world covering an area of 10.38 million ha, ... more Chickpea is the 4th largest grain-legume crop in the world covering an area of 10.38 million ha, with a production of 8.57 million t, and productivity of 0.83 t ha-1. There are two types of chickpeas-desi, widely grown in South Asia and Africa, and kabuli, widely grown in the Mediterranean region. Countries with the largest chickpea production are India, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran in Asia, Ethiopia in Africa, and Mexico in North and Central America. Major constraints to chickpea productivity are Ascochyta rabei, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia bataticola, Helicoverpa armigera, Liriomyza cicerina, drought and salinity, and fluctuation in temperature. There is a large variation in most of the morphological/agronomic traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of chickpea germplasm.
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by NAAS (National Acad... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by NAAS (National Academy of Agricultural Sciences). This eoffprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Globally groundnut is the second most important oil crop. Africa and Asia together contribute abo... more Globally groundnut is the second most important oil crop. Africa and Asia together contribute about 91% of the global groundnut production. There exists large variability in production and productivity across regions and countries. Several factors contribute to this variation in productivity, which in large part probably, could be addressed by developing greater input-and resource-use efficient cultivars. Concerted efforts are being made to develop such cultivars which should be popularized to make groundnut production more competitive and profitable to farming community. Availability of seeds of improved cultivars and adoption of integrated crop management technologies together with enabling policy environment are expected to accelerate and stabilize production. Groundnut is a wholesome food, increasingly being used in many parts of the world. Aflatoxin, a serious quality problem, adversely impacting both health and trade, should be addressed appropriately. Groundnut exporting countries need to explore new markets and develop new groundnutbased products to revive groundnut economy.
Globally, peanut is an important crop, providing both oil and protein, and gene banks across the ... more Globally, peanut is an important crop, providing both oil and protein, and gene banks across the world have conserved a large collection of peanut germplasm including wild Arachis species. The key to the success in crop improvement depends on how effectively and effi ciently the new genetic variation is introduced to broaden the genetic base of cultigens. The genus Arachis harbors considerable diversity for morpho-agronomic traits including resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Impressive progress have been made towards developing a large number of markers specific to peanut in addition to the technological breakthrough in developing high-throughput genotyping platforms for unlocking the genetic variation present in the germplasm collections. Using core and mini core collections and genomic tools, peanut researchers have identifi ed a number of diverse germplasm possessing agronomically benefi cial traits that are now being used in peanut breeding. Amphidiploids originating from distant wild Arachis species crosses are expected to unravel the variation not earlier available to peanut research community due to bottlenecks associated with peanut domestication.
W idespread micronutrient malnutrition results in an enormous socioeconomic cost to the developin... more W idespread micronutrient malnutrition results in an enormous socioeconomic cost to the developing world (Darnton-Hill et al., 2005; Stein, 2010). Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies in human beings lead to a variety of health-related problems (United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, 2009). Fighting malnutrition is an integral component of three of the eight millennium development goals (http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals). Biofortification refers to the development of micronutrient-dense staple food crops using traditional breeding or biotechnology (Bouis, 2003). Crop biofortification is a sustainable and cost-effective strategy to address malnutrition arising out of micronutrient deficiency in the developing world. The mineral-dense seeds often produce more viable and vigorous seedlings, and such plants are more efficient in mineral uptake, thus leading to improved stress tolerance and increased crop yields (
‘Green Revolution’ genes have led to the release of input-responsive cultivars, resulting in mult... more ‘Green Revolution’ genes have led to the release of input-responsive cultivars, resulting in multifold productivity increases in rice and wheat. Declining precipitation, increased intensity of drought and rising temperature are casting uncertainty over agricultural production. As noted in this minireview, plant genes when overexpressed allow cereals to produce grains in drought- and heat-prone sites.
Abstract Agriculture production is a major driver of destabilization of the earth's planetary... more Abstract Agriculture production is a major driver of destabilization of the earth's planetary boundaries within which humanity can safely operate. Producing enough food that is safe and nutritious is the biggest challenge in 21st century agriculture. Yield gains through genetic enhancement have either slowed down or not rising to the level needed to meet the ever-growing demand for nutritious food. A continuous supply of high-quality crop germplasm is the key to developing climate-resilient, resource-use efficient, nutritious and productive cultivars. Global efforts are underway to develop pre-breeding populations, by exploiting exotic germplasm including wild and weedy relatives with required characteristics to support breeding programs. Comprehensive profiling of germplasm/breeding lines (relative to uncharacterized lines) and adopting a strategy based on physiological characterization of parental lines have the potential to facilitate the accumulation of favorable alleles to enhance genetic gain in plant breeding. Advances in genomics, phenomics and bioinformatic resources have led to the deployment of several knowledge-intensive approaches to accelerate genetic gains in diverse food crops. Enhanced capability in data storage, retrieval and analysis has greatly facilitated the development of genotype-phenotype models to predict phenotypes, thus enhancing selection efficiency. Genomic-aided breeding has been successful in enhancing genetic gain relative to pedigree-based phenotypic selection. Genes controlling “recombination hotspots” and targeted recombination may provide breeders opportunity to significantly increase genetic gains. Combining genomic selection with doubled haploid technology, speed breeding and high-throughput phenomics with genotype-by-sequencing profiling allows the fast transfer of increased genetic gains per unit time. An open source software system has the potential to increase breeding efficiency through data and code sharing, while open source seed systems should allow for continued seed saving, breeding, and seed exchange without restriction. Taken together, these approaches should provide breeders with the opportunity to make genetic gains through new technologies and through the infusion of useful genetic variation in crop breeding.
Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability, 2019
Synopsis Population growth and rising incomes put pressure on agri-food systems to deliver suffic... more Synopsis Population growth and rising incomes put pressure on agri-food systems to deliver sufficient safe and nutritious food. Global warming and demand for more food challenge sustaining ecosystem health. World population also suffers from hunger, micronutrient deficiency, and overweight or obesity. The business as usual approach for agriculture is neither environmentally friendly nor achieve food and nutritional security. The way food is produced, processed, distributed and consumed must therefore change. There are many farming options, which if adopted on large-scale following policy support, may lead to food and nutritional security, avoid or minimize non-communicable diseases in human and restore ecosystems health.
Underutilized pulses and their wild relatives are typically stress tolerant and their seeds are p... more Underutilized pulses and their wild relatives are typically stress tolerant and their seeds are packed with protein, fibers, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals. The consumption of such nutritionally dense legumes together with cereal-based food may promote global food and nutritional security. However, such species are deficient in a few or several desirable domestication traits thereby reducing their agronomic value, requiring further genetic enhancement for developing productive, nutritionally dense, and climate resilient cultivars. This review article considers 13 underutilized pulses and focuses on their germplasm holdings, diversity, crop-wild-crop gene flow, genome sequencing, syntenic relationships, the potential for breeding and transgenic manipulation, and the genetics of agronomic and stress tolerance traits. Recent progress has shown the potential for crop improvement and food security, for example, the genetic basis of stem determinacy and fragrance in moth bean and rice bean, multiple abiotic stress tolerant traits in horse gram and tepary bean, bruchid resistance in lima bean, low neurotoxin in grass pea, and photoperiod induced flowering and anthocyanin accumulation in adzuki bean have been investigated. Advances in introgression breeding to develop elite genetic stocks of grass pea with low β-ODAP (neurotoxin compound), resistance to Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in black gram using rice bean, and abiotic stress adaptation in common bean, using genes from tepary bean have been carried out. This highlights their potential in wider breeding programs to introduce such traits in locally adapted cultivars. The potential of de-domestication or feralization in the evolution of new variants in these crops are also highlighted.
The burdens of malnutrition, protein and micronutrient deficiency, and obesity cause enormous cos... more The burdens of malnutrition, protein and micronutrient deficiency, and obesity cause enormous costs to society. Crop nutritional quality has been compromised by the emphasis on edible yield and through the loss of biodiversity due to the introduction of high-yielding, uniform cultivars. Heirloom crop cultivars are traditional cultivars that have been grown for a long time (>50 years), and that have a heritage that has been preserved by regional, ethnic, or family groups. Heirlooms are recognized for their unique appearance, names, uses, and historical significance. They are gaining in popularity because of their unique flavors and cultural significance to local cuisine, and their role in sustainable food production for small-scale farmers. As a contrast to modern cultivars, heirlooms may offer a welcome alternative in certain markets. Recently, market channels have emerged for heirloom cultivars in the form of farmer-breeder-chef collaborations and seed-saver organizations. There is therefore an urgent need to know more about the traits available in heirloom cultivars, particularly for productivity, stress tolerance, proximate composition, sensory quality, and flavor. This information is scattered, and the intention of this review is to document some of the unique characteristics of heirloom cultivars that may be channeled into breeding programs for developing locally adapted, high-value cultivars.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electro... more No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
Plant genetic resources are the basic materials for future genetic progress and an insurance agai... more Plant genetic resources are the basic materials for future genetic progress and an insurance against unforeseen threats to agricultural production. Use of germplasm in crop improvement is one of the ways to conserve valuable genetic resources, protect the natural ecosystems, and simultaneously enhance agricultural production and food security.
Chickpea is the 4th largest grain-legume crop in the world covering an area of 10.38 million ha, ... more Chickpea is the 4th largest grain-legume crop in the world covering an area of 10.38 million ha, with a production of 8.57 million t, and productivity of 0.83 t ha-1. There are two types of chickpeas-desi, widely grown in South Asia and Africa, and kabuli, widely grown in the Mediterranean region. Countries with the largest chickpea production are India, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran in Asia, Ethiopia in Africa, and Mexico in North and Central America. Major constraints to chickpea productivity are Ascochyta rabei, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia bataticola, Helicoverpa armigera, Liriomyza cicerina, drought and salinity, and fluctuation in temperature. There is a large variation in most of the morphological/agronomic traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of chickpea germplasm.
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by NAAS (National Acad... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by NAAS (National Academy of Agricultural Sciences). This eoffprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Globally groundnut is the second most important oil crop. Africa and Asia together contribute abo... more Globally groundnut is the second most important oil crop. Africa and Asia together contribute about 91% of the global groundnut production. There exists large variability in production and productivity across regions and countries. Several factors contribute to this variation in productivity, which in large part probably, could be addressed by developing greater input-and resource-use efficient cultivars. Concerted efforts are being made to develop such cultivars which should be popularized to make groundnut production more competitive and profitable to farming community. Availability of seeds of improved cultivars and adoption of integrated crop management technologies together with enabling policy environment are expected to accelerate and stabilize production. Groundnut is a wholesome food, increasingly being used in many parts of the world. Aflatoxin, a serious quality problem, adversely impacting both health and trade, should be addressed appropriately. Groundnut exporting countries need to explore new markets and develop new groundnutbased products to revive groundnut economy.
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