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Sandeep Kad

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University of Zagreb

Chee Keong Kwoh

Nanyang Technological University

Armando Marques-Guedes

UNL - New University of Lisbon

Dublin Institute of Technology

Roshan Chitrakar

Nepal College of Information Technology

Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile

Hacettepe University

Mohammed Najm Abdullah Al Salam

University of Technology/Iraq

N.Ch.Sriman Narayana Iyengar

VIT University

Kurukshetra University

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Papers by Sandeep Kad

A secure clustering based approach in vehicular adhoc network

Privacy and Security becomes an indispensable matter of attention in the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network... more Privacy and Security becomes an indispensable matter of attention in the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, which is vulnerable to many security threats these days. Among all the difficulties of the VANET, security got less consideration in this way. VANET parcels contains life basic data consequently it is important to ensure that these bundles are not embedded or altered by the aggressor; in like manner the risk of drivers ought to likewise be built up that they educate the activity environment accurately and inside time. These security issues don't like general correspondence system. The measure of system, versatility, geographic significance and so forth makes the execution troublesome and unmistakable from other system security. This paper presents a new secure clustering based approach which helps to secure VANETs environment by authentication process. Where keys are generated and distributed to nodes and verified at the time of any transmission. The computation cost and time is also very less in compare to other existed mechanisms. So, this mechanism is fully concentrated on security and hence secures the network.

A Review on the Various Security Techniques for VANETs

Procedia Computer Science, 2016

Modified EECPK-means mid-point algorithm for enhancing network life expactancy in WSN

2018 Second International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA)

The nodes in wireless sensor networks are operated by batteries. To enhance the power usage of th... more The nodes in wireless sensor networks are operated by batteries. To enhance the power usage of the nodes, clustering is one among the well-known approaches used by the researchers. Clustering is usually done using LEACH protocol, but this selects cluster heads randomly, which causes uneven formation of clusters. This paper proposes modified mid-point algorithm along with k-means approach (EECPK) is used to form balanced clusters. The CHs perform multi-hop communication with BS if distance is greater than threshold value. Also, the concept of threshold energy is used to rotate the CHs and communication range of nodes is also taken in account. The performance has been analyzed based on throughput, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption. The value of PDR obtained was 0.75, throughput's value was around 16875 Kbps and network ran for around 35 seconds.

Improved Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime by Fuzzy Logic Based Dynamic Clustering with Global Energy Balance

2017 International Conference on Next Generation Computing and Information Systems (ICNGCIS), 2017

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are systems which contain sensing units which might be distribute... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are systems which contain sensing units which might be distributed in the ad-hoc manner. These sensing units operate together to be able to sense a some physical phenomena and then gathered data is processed to receive appropriate output. This paper improves the performance of the global energy balance protocol using improved fuzzy based cluster head selection. The entire objective of the work would be to improve the network life-time by utilizing the integrated global energy balance protocol that will raises the network life-time by using fuzzy rule based techniques and also optimal sized of cluster creation mechanisms. The assessment between exiting and proposed protocol done based upon well known performance parameters there are stability period, half node dead time, network life time and throughput. It is observed that proposed protocol outperforms global energy balance for WSNs.

Fuzzy based named data networking(NDN) for vehicular information network

2016 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT), 2016

IOT features created various new information parts but one of the part is vehicular information n... more IOT features created various new information parts but one of the part is vehicular information network where many cars and products are participating with huge info exchange. The high information management as well as minimal transmission efficiency sustained in the vehicular information network is challenging the investigators to analyze more cost-effective and scalable network architectures along with transmission schemes. The study indicates that the NDN has better results but it can be improved further by utilizing optimistic decision making. This paper mainly focuses on vehicular information network in which various forms of vehicles and products are involved by utilizing Internet of things (IOT) and fuzzy logic in VANETS which further improves the vehicular information system.

An Optimized Speed Adaptive Beacon Broadcast Approach for Information Dissemination in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Communication Software and Networks, 2020

Implementing Fog Computing for Detecting Primary Tumors Using Hybrid Approach of Data Mining

Springer Proceedings in Energy, 2021

Modified Trust Value Based Approach to Secure Wireless Sensor Networks

Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2018

The unattended nature of the WSN makes the nodes susceptible to various attacks. Among many of th... more The unattended nature of the WSN makes the nodes susceptible to various attacks. Among many of the possible attacks, ones that are focused on draining nodes’ energy are most dangerous since they leave the network dead. This paper proposes a scheme to detect the aggressive behavior of nodes by using the packet- forwarding behavior of the nodes. Trust value is lessened if in any case there is a difference between the number of packets forwarded by the sensor hub during data transmission is discovered abnormal. In this way, after a certain number of rounds, nodes which are acting as aggressive will be removed. For transmitting the information over the system effectively when the abnormal hub is to be expelled from existing path would require second way promptly accessible, to take care of this issue in this method two nearest neighboring hubs are chosen to shape two ways. The rendition of the system is analyzed on the basis of remaining energy, packet forwarding ratio, and throughput.

A secure clustering based approach in vehicular adhoc network

2016 International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES), 2016

Privacy and Security becomes an indispensable matter of attention in the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network... more Privacy and Security becomes an indispensable matter of attention in the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, which is vulnerable to many security threats these days. Among all the difficulties of the VANET, security got less consideration in this way. VANET parcels contains life basic data consequently it is important to ensure that these bundles are not embedded or altered by the aggressor; in like manner the risk of drivers ought to likewise be built up that they educate the activity environment accurately and inside time. These security issues don't like general correspondence system. The measure of system, versatility, geographic significance and so forth makes the execution troublesome and unmistakable from other system security. This paper presents a new secure clustering based approach which helps to secure VANETs environment by authentication process. Where keys are generated and distributed to nodes and verified at the time of any transmission. The computation cost and time is al...

Efficient Directional Information Dissemination Approach in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2019

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are attracting huge attention from research community these da... more Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are attracting huge attention from research community these days. Timely delivery of information to the potential vehicle nodes is a challenging task. High mobility, frequent change in topology and uneven density of vehicles, makes the task of selecting vehicle as relay node for information dissemination difficult. Broadcasting is the simpler and common technique to serve multiple vehicles simultaneously. The conventional broadcasting approaches results in broadcast storm problem which leads to channel contention, and frequent collisions in the network. In this paper we are proposing an efficient information dissemination approach, where broadcast suppression is done by reducing the number of relay vehicle nodes and at the same time allocates higher probability to the most suitable vehicles for rebroadcasting the message in the direction of concern. Simulation of the proposed approach shows less number of collisions, low end to end delay and high m...

Comparative Analysis Of Eecpk-Means And Modified Eecpk-Means Mid-Point Algorithm For Enhancing Network Lifetime In Wsn

International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2018

In previous decades, the utilization of wireless sensor networks (WSN) have grown to a great degr... more In previous decades, the utilization of wireless sensor networks (WSN) have grown to a great degree. The nodes in wireless sensor systems are worked by batteries. How the restricted vitality utilized adequately is an essential and vital thought about factor, and the plan objective of most WSN protocols. In wireless sensor networks there is one method utilized for the augmentation of the lifecycle of the system and transfer extra efficient operative technique called as clustering to upgrade the power utilization of the sinks, clustering is one among the well-known approaches used by the researchers. The researchers also proposed many different clustering protocols to achieve the desired network operations. In this paper there is an attempt to give a wide comparison of EECPK-means mid-point and Modified EECPK-means mid-point algorithms to enhance network lifetime. Moreover, extracting the strengths and weaknesses of both techniques, providing a comparison among them, including some me...

A Study of Swarm Inspired Routing Protocol for Wanets

Wireless networking technology is evolving being a cheaper alternative for building federated and... more Wireless networking technology is evolving being a cheaper alternative for building federated and community networks. Besides its cost-effectiveness, a decreased profile network brings operational efficiencies, namely mobility to the end user. An Ad-Hoc network generally supports multi-hopping, certainly where a data packet may travel over multiple hops to achieve its destination. The best way to route packets efficiently in wireless networks is actually a problem. Many different wireless routing solutions have been proposed up to now to increase the quality of service. This paper presents a survey around the number of the popular routing algorithms proposed for wireless networks. In a wireless network, routing algorithms are differentiating into various categories like Geographical, Geo-casting, Hierarchical, Multi-path, Power-aware, and Hybrid routing algorithms. The general objective of this paper is to study Swarm Intelligence based routing protocols especially Bee-Inspired base...

A Cluster Based Group Signature Mechanism For Secure Vanet Communication

International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2016

Vehicular adhoc network is one of the recent area of research to administer safety to human lives... more Vehicular adhoc network is one of the recent area of research to administer safety to human lives, controlling of messages and in disposal of messages to users and passengers. VANETs allows communication of moving vehicular nodes. Movement of nodes leads in changing network size and scenario. Whenever a new node joins the network, there is a threat of malicious node attack. So, we need an environment that is secure and trust worthy. Therefore a new cluster based secure technique is proposed where cluster head is responsible for providing communication between the vehicular nodes. Performance parameters used in this paper are message drop ratio, packet delay ratio and verification time.

Cluster connectivity selection criteria in vehicular ad hoc networks

2016 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I), 2016

Grouping of vehicles into clusters proves to be very rewarding for VANETs as if it reutilizes all... more Grouping of vehicles into clusters proves to be very rewarding for VANETs as if it reutilizes all the resources within group and thereby increases the system capacity. The main idealization of our work is to provide selection criteria for next available cluster head node (NACH). The various parameters for selection criteria are speed, position, acceleration, directional threshold point, threshold edge. Our proposed work aims to create dynamic cluster by marking down the re-clustering overhead. The simulation results shows that proposed technique prolonged the cluster longevity as compared to other archaic clustering process as well as the existing comparison technique used in the paper.

Fuzzy Logic based framework for Software Development Effort Estimation

Software development effort estimation is among one of the most challenging jobs that software de... more Software development effort estimation is among one of the most challenging jobs that software developers need to perform. Due to the lack of information during the early stages of software development, the developers often express their inability to estimate accurately the effort, cost and schedule of the software under consideration. This inaccuracy in estimation leads to monetary losses as well delay in delivery of the product. In this paper, a soft computing based technique is explored to overcome the problems of uncertainty and imprecision resulting in improved process of software development effort estimation. In doing so, fuzzy logic is applied to different parameters of Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) II. Results shows that the value of MMRE (Mean of Magnitude of Relative Error) and pred obtained by means of applying fuzzy logic is much better than of MMRE of algorithmic model. The validation of results is carried out on COCOMO dataset. KeywordsSoftware Cost Estimation, COC...

Energy- Efficient Routing Protocols For Wireless Sensor Network : A Review

International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2017

In these days, wireless sensor network emerging as a promising and interesting area. Wireless Sen... more In these days, wireless sensor network emerging as a promising and interesting area. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN's) are being used in surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat monitoring, health care monitoring, air pollution monitoring, forest fire detection, land slide detection, water quality monitoring, natural disaster prevention, industrial monitoring, cropping monitoring, machine health monitoring and crowd counting etc. which calls for monitoring before taking an appropriate action. The WSN is built from a few to several hundreds or thousands of nodes, where each node is connected to one or sometimes several sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.

Enhanced clustering based AODV-R protocol using Ant Colony Optimization in VANETS

2016 IEEE 1st International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES), 2016

Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETS) enable the vehicles to communicate with each other as well as w... more Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETS) enable the vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with road side units. But developing an efficient routing for these networks potentially due to the large mobility and regular changes in these networks is a challenging job. In VANETS transmission links are at the risk of disconnection. Thus the development of the efficient routing mechanism is needed in VANETS. It is observed in literature survey that the AODV-R outperforms all other related protocols. But still issues related to congestion control needs to be addressed. This paper proposes a Ant Colony Optimization based AODV-R protocol for better data aggregation and route selection. The proposed methodology has shown quite significant improvement over available ones.

A Position Based Speed Adaptive Dissemination approach for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Wireless Personal Communications, 2020

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) being a vital component of Intelligent Transport System (ITS),... more Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) being a vital component of Intelligent Transport System (ITS), is getting due attention from the research community. VANET are selforganized networks, offering a variety of services, comprising not only the safety of drivers and commuters but also provides them travel comfort, while they are on the wheels. But due to some inherent characteristics of VANETs, information dissemination is a big challenge in both dense and sparse environments. Simple broadcasting in the dense traffic environment leads to redundancy of packets, channel access contentions, and packet collisions. This results in a broadcast storm problem. On the contrary, when the traffic density is very low, information dissemination is affected by network partition and network fragmentation. To deal with such issues, we propose a Position Based Speed Adaptive Dissemination (PBSAD) approach, where relay nodes for rebroadcast are selected considering the geographical position of vehicular nodes, irrespective of their direction of movement. The speed of the message sending vehicle is taken into consideration while evaluating the time slots for rebroadcasting nodes. The approach avoids periodic beaconing to gather 1-hop information. Further, this approach ensures information dissemination in a sparse environment as well by using the store, carry, and forwarding concept in which vehicles moving in either direction can act as relay nodes. To validate the proposed approach, a comparative analysis of the PBSAD approach is done with few state of art schemes based on parameters like message delivery ratio, delay, and the number of collisions. The simulation results reveal that PBSAD performs efficiently.

Comparative Analysis of PDORP and Modified Trust Value based Technique to Secure Wireless Sensor Network

International Journal of Computer Applications, 2018

Wireless Sensor Networks have a broad scope of uses however they are vanquished with numerous tes... more Wireless Sensor Networks have a broad scope of uses however they are vanquished with numerous testing issues and difficulties that should be tended to. The power utilization of the hubs and the augmentation of the system lifetime are the center difficulties and the huge highlights of the routing technique keeping in mind the end goal to make it appropriate, viable and proficient for WSNs. As the sensor hubs are essentially battery controlled gadgets, so the best concern is dependable to how to diminish the power usage to broaden its lifetime. In a previous couple of years, WSNs has picked up a lot of consideration from both the exploration group and the genuine clients. The analysts additionally proposed a wide range of vitality proficient routing protocols to accomplish the coveted system tasks. In this paper, there is an endeavor to give a wide comparison of PDORP and Modified Trust based approach to Secure WSNs. Besides, removing the qualities and shortcomings of both the systems, giving an examination among them, including a few measurements like PFR, Throughput, Remaining energy, No. of packets sent, Average End to End delay to make it reasonable and easy to choose the most appropriate one according to the necessity of the system.

Speed Adaptive Beacon Broadcast for Information Dissemination in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019

Vehicular Ad hoc Network has been a key component of the Intelligent Transport System. An efficie... more Vehicular Ad hoc Network has been a key component of the Intelligent Transport System. An efficient mechanism for dissemination of information in VANETs is a challenging task. The high mobility of vehicular nodes and varying traffic flows makes selection of best relay vehicle to disseminate information a taxing task. Periodic beaconing for gathering information about the vehicles in the vicinity is though commonly employed in VANETs, but it degrades the performance resulting in channel contention and collisions. This paper presents a Speed Adaptive Beacon Broadcast approach that controls the beaconing rate depending upon the speed at which the vehicle is moving in comparison to the other vehicles in its locality. The selection of the relay vehicle is done keeping in consideration its distance from the source, local density and priority is given to the vehicle at an intersection. The approach is evaluated for both highway and urban scenario and simulation outcome reveals that SABB pe...

A secure clustering based approach in vehicular adhoc network

Privacy and Security becomes an indispensable matter of attention in the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network... more Privacy and Security becomes an indispensable matter of attention in the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, which is vulnerable to many security threats these days. Among all the difficulties of the VANET, security got less consideration in this way. VANET parcels contains life basic data consequently it is important to ensure that these bundles are not embedded or altered by the aggressor; in like manner the risk of drivers ought to likewise be built up that they educate the activity environment accurately and inside time. These security issues don't like general correspondence system. The measure of system, versatility, geographic significance and so forth makes the execution troublesome and unmistakable from other system security. This paper presents a new secure clustering based approach which helps to secure VANETs environment by authentication process. Where keys are generated and distributed to nodes and verified at the time of any transmission. The computation cost and time is also very less in compare to other existed mechanisms. So, this mechanism is fully concentrated on security and hence secures the network.

A Review on the Various Security Techniques for VANETs

Procedia Computer Science, 2016

Modified EECPK-means mid-point algorithm for enhancing network life expactancy in WSN

2018 Second International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA)

The nodes in wireless sensor networks are operated by batteries. To enhance the power usage of th... more The nodes in wireless sensor networks are operated by batteries. To enhance the power usage of the nodes, clustering is one among the well-known approaches used by the researchers. Clustering is usually done using LEACH protocol, but this selects cluster heads randomly, which causes uneven formation of clusters. This paper proposes modified mid-point algorithm along with k-means approach (EECPK) is used to form balanced clusters. The CHs perform multi-hop communication with BS if distance is greater than threshold value. Also, the concept of threshold energy is used to rotate the CHs and communication range of nodes is also taken in account. The performance has been analyzed based on throughput, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption. The value of PDR obtained was 0.75, throughput's value was around 16875 Kbps and network ran for around 35 seconds.

Improved Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime by Fuzzy Logic Based Dynamic Clustering with Global Energy Balance

2017 International Conference on Next Generation Computing and Information Systems (ICNGCIS), 2017

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are systems which contain sensing units which might be distribute... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are systems which contain sensing units which might be distributed in the ad-hoc manner. These sensing units operate together to be able to sense a some physical phenomena and then gathered data is processed to receive appropriate output. This paper improves the performance of the global energy balance protocol using improved fuzzy based cluster head selection. The entire objective of the work would be to improve the network life-time by utilizing the integrated global energy balance protocol that will raises the network life-time by using fuzzy rule based techniques and also optimal sized of cluster creation mechanisms. The assessment between exiting and proposed protocol done based upon well known performance parameters there are stability period, half node dead time, network life time and throughput. It is observed that proposed protocol outperforms global energy balance for WSNs.

Fuzzy based named data networking(NDN) for vehicular information network

2016 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT), 2016

IOT features created various new information parts but one of the part is vehicular information n... more IOT features created various new information parts but one of the part is vehicular information network where many cars and products are participating with huge info exchange. The high information management as well as minimal transmission efficiency sustained in the vehicular information network is challenging the investigators to analyze more cost-effective and scalable network architectures along with transmission schemes. The study indicates that the NDN has better results but it can be improved further by utilizing optimistic decision making. This paper mainly focuses on vehicular information network in which various forms of vehicles and products are involved by utilizing Internet of things (IOT) and fuzzy logic in VANETS which further improves the vehicular information system.

An Optimized Speed Adaptive Beacon Broadcast Approach for Information Dissemination in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Communication Software and Networks, 2020

Implementing Fog Computing for Detecting Primary Tumors Using Hybrid Approach of Data Mining

Springer Proceedings in Energy, 2021

Modified Trust Value Based Approach to Secure Wireless Sensor Networks

Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2018

The unattended nature of the WSN makes the nodes susceptible to various attacks. Among many of th... more The unattended nature of the WSN makes the nodes susceptible to various attacks. Among many of the possible attacks, ones that are focused on draining nodes’ energy are most dangerous since they leave the network dead. This paper proposes a scheme to detect the aggressive behavior of nodes by using the packet- forwarding behavior of the nodes. Trust value is lessened if in any case there is a difference between the number of packets forwarded by the sensor hub during data transmission is discovered abnormal. In this way, after a certain number of rounds, nodes which are acting as aggressive will be removed. For transmitting the information over the system effectively when the abnormal hub is to be expelled from existing path would require second way promptly accessible, to take care of this issue in this method two nearest neighboring hubs are chosen to shape two ways. The rendition of the system is analyzed on the basis of remaining energy, packet forwarding ratio, and throughput.

A secure clustering based approach in vehicular adhoc network

2016 International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES), 2016

Privacy and Security becomes an indispensable matter of attention in the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network... more Privacy and Security becomes an indispensable matter of attention in the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, which is vulnerable to many security threats these days. Among all the difficulties of the VANET, security got less consideration in this way. VANET parcels contains life basic data consequently it is important to ensure that these bundles are not embedded or altered by the aggressor; in like manner the risk of drivers ought to likewise be built up that they educate the activity environment accurately and inside time. These security issues don't like general correspondence system. The measure of system, versatility, geographic significance and so forth makes the execution troublesome and unmistakable from other system security. This paper presents a new secure clustering based approach which helps to secure VANETs environment by authentication process. Where keys are generated and distributed to nodes and verified at the time of any transmission. The computation cost and time is al...

Efficient Directional Information Dissemination Approach in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2019

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are attracting huge attention from research community these da... more Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are attracting huge attention from research community these days. Timely delivery of information to the potential vehicle nodes is a challenging task. High mobility, frequent change in topology and uneven density of vehicles, makes the task of selecting vehicle as relay node for information dissemination difficult. Broadcasting is the simpler and common technique to serve multiple vehicles simultaneously. The conventional broadcasting approaches results in broadcast storm problem which leads to channel contention, and frequent collisions in the network. In this paper we are proposing an efficient information dissemination approach, where broadcast suppression is done by reducing the number of relay vehicle nodes and at the same time allocates higher probability to the most suitable vehicles for rebroadcasting the message in the direction of concern. Simulation of the proposed approach shows less number of collisions, low end to end delay and high m...

Comparative Analysis Of Eecpk-Means And Modified Eecpk-Means Mid-Point Algorithm For Enhancing Network Lifetime In Wsn

International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2018

In previous decades, the utilization of wireless sensor networks (WSN) have grown to a great degr... more In previous decades, the utilization of wireless sensor networks (WSN) have grown to a great degree. The nodes in wireless sensor systems are worked by batteries. How the restricted vitality utilized adequately is an essential and vital thought about factor, and the plan objective of most WSN protocols. In wireless sensor networks there is one method utilized for the augmentation of the lifecycle of the system and transfer extra efficient operative technique called as clustering to upgrade the power utilization of the sinks, clustering is one among the well-known approaches used by the researchers. The researchers also proposed many different clustering protocols to achieve the desired network operations. In this paper there is an attempt to give a wide comparison of EECPK-means mid-point and Modified EECPK-means mid-point algorithms to enhance network lifetime. Moreover, extracting the strengths and weaknesses of both techniques, providing a comparison among them, including some me...

A Study of Swarm Inspired Routing Protocol for Wanets

Wireless networking technology is evolving being a cheaper alternative for building federated and... more Wireless networking technology is evolving being a cheaper alternative for building federated and community networks. Besides its cost-effectiveness, a decreased profile network brings operational efficiencies, namely mobility to the end user. An Ad-Hoc network generally supports multi-hopping, certainly where a data packet may travel over multiple hops to achieve its destination. The best way to route packets efficiently in wireless networks is actually a problem. Many different wireless routing solutions have been proposed up to now to increase the quality of service. This paper presents a survey around the number of the popular routing algorithms proposed for wireless networks. In a wireless network, routing algorithms are differentiating into various categories like Geographical, Geo-casting, Hierarchical, Multi-path, Power-aware, and Hybrid routing algorithms. The general objective of this paper is to study Swarm Intelligence based routing protocols especially Bee-Inspired base...

A Cluster Based Group Signature Mechanism For Secure Vanet Communication

International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2016

Vehicular adhoc network is one of the recent area of research to administer safety to human lives... more Vehicular adhoc network is one of the recent area of research to administer safety to human lives, controlling of messages and in disposal of messages to users and passengers. VANETs allows communication of moving vehicular nodes. Movement of nodes leads in changing network size and scenario. Whenever a new node joins the network, there is a threat of malicious node attack. So, we need an environment that is secure and trust worthy. Therefore a new cluster based secure technique is proposed where cluster head is responsible for providing communication between the vehicular nodes. Performance parameters used in this paper are message drop ratio, packet delay ratio and verification time.

Cluster connectivity selection criteria in vehicular ad hoc networks

2016 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I), 2016

Grouping of vehicles into clusters proves to be very rewarding for VANETs as if it reutilizes all... more Grouping of vehicles into clusters proves to be very rewarding for VANETs as if it reutilizes all the resources within group and thereby increases the system capacity. The main idealization of our work is to provide selection criteria for next available cluster head node (NACH). The various parameters for selection criteria are speed, position, acceleration, directional threshold point, threshold edge. Our proposed work aims to create dynamic cluster by marking down the re-clustering overhead. The simulation results shows that proposed technique prolonged the cluster longevity as compared to other archaic clustering process as well as the existing comparison technique used in the paper.

Fuzzy Logic based framework for Software Development Effort Estimation

Software development effort estimation is among one of the most challenging jobs that software de... more Software development effort estimation is among one of the most challenging jobs that software developers need to perform. Due to the lack of information during the early stages of software development, the developers often express their inability to estimate accurately the effort, cost and schedule of the software under consideration. This inaccuracy in estimation leads to monetary losses as well delay in delivery of the product. In this paper, a soft computing based technique is explored to overcome the problems of uncertainty and imprecision resulting in improved process of software development effort estimation. In doing so, fuzzy logic is applied to different parameters of Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) II. Results shows that the value of MMRE (Mean of Magnitude of Relative Error) and pred obtained by means of applying fuzzy logic is much better than of MMRE of algorithmic model. The validation of results is carried out on COCOMO dataset. KeywordsSoftware Cost Estimation, COC...

Energy- Efficient Routing Protocols For Wireless Sensor Network : A Review

International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2017

In these days, wireless sensor network emerging as a promising and interesting area. Wireless Sen... more In these days, wireless sensor network emerging as a promising and interesting area. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN's) are being used in surveillance, industrial monitoring, traffic monitoring, habitat monitoring, health care monitoring, air pollution monitoring, forest fire detection, land slide detection, water quality monitoring, natural disaster prevention, industrial monitoring, cropping monitoring, machine health monitoring and crowd counting etc. which calls for monitoring before taking an appropriate action. The WSN is built from a few to several hundreds or thousands of nodes, where each node is connected to one or sometimes several sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.

Enhanced clustering based AODV-R protocol using Ant Colony Optimization in VANETS

2016 IEEE 1st International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES), 2016

Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETS) enable the vehicles to communicate with each other as well as w... more Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETS) enable the vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with road side units. But developing an efficient routing for these networks potentially due to the large mobility and regular changes in these networks is a challenging job. In VANETS transmission links are at the risk of disconnection. Thus the development of the efficient routing mechanism is needed in VANETS. It is observed in literature survey that the AODV-R outperforms all other related protocols. But still issues related to congestion control needs to be addressed. This paper proposes a Ant Colony Optimization based AODV-R protocol for better data aggregation and route selection. The proposed methodology has shown quite significant improvement over available ones.

A Position Based Speed Adaptive Dissemination approach for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Wireless Personal Communications, 2020

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) being a vital component of Intelligent Transport System (ITS),... more Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) being a vital component of Intelligent Transport System (ITS), is getting due attention from the research community. VANET are selforganized networks, offering a variety of services, comprising not only the safety of drivers and commuters but also provides them travel comfort, while they are on the wheels. But due to some inherent characteristics of VANETs, information dissemination is a big challenge in both dense and sparse environments. Simple broadcasting in the dense traffic environment leads to redundancy of packets, channel access contentions, and packet collisions. This results in a broadcast storm problem. On the contrary, when the traffic density is very low, information dissemination is affected by network partition and network fragmentation. To deal with such issues, we propose a Position Based Speed Adaptive Dissemination (PBSAD) approach, where relay nodes for rebroadcast are selected considering the geographical position of vehicular nodes, irrespective of their direction of movement. The speed of the message sending vehicle is taken into consideration while evaluating the time slots for rebroadcasting nodes. The approach avoids periodic beaconing to gather 1-hop information. Further, this approach ensures information dissemination in a sparse environment as well by using the store, carry, and forwarding concept in which vehicles moving in either direction can act as relay nodes. To validate the proposed approach, a comparative analysis of the PBSAD approach is done with few state of art schemes based on parameters like message delivery ratio, delay, and the number of collisions. The simulation results reveal that PBSAD performs efficiently.

Comparative Analysis of PDORP and Modified Trust Value based Technique to Secure Wireless Sensor Network

International Journal of Computer Applications, 2018

Wireless Sensor Networks have a broad scope of uses however they are vanquished with numerous tes... more Wireless Sensor Networks have a broad scope of uses however they are vanquished with numerous testing issues and difficulties that should be tended to. The power utilization of the hubs and the augmentation of the system lifetime are the center difficulties and the huge highlights of the routing technique keeping in mind the end goal to make it appropriate, viable and proficient for WSNs. As the sensor hubs are essentially battery controlled gadgets, so the best concern is dependable to how to diminish the power usage to broaden its lifetime. In a previous couple of years, WSNs has picked up a lot of consideration from both the exploration group and the genuine clients. The analysts additionally proposed a wide range of vitality proficient routing protocols to accomplish the coveted system tasks. In this paper, there is an endeavor to give a wide comparison of PDORP and Modified Trust based approach to Secure WSNs. Besides, removing the qualities and shortcomings of both the systems, giving an examination among them, including a few measurements like PFR, Throughput, Remaining energy, No. of packets sent, Average End to End delay to make it reasonable and easy to choose the most appropriate one according to the necessity of the system.

Speed Adaptive Beacon Broadcast for Information Dissemination in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019

Vehicular Ad hoc Network has been a key component of the Intelligent Transport System. An efficie... more Vehicular Ad hoc Network has been a key component of the Intelligent Transport System. An efficient mechanism for dissemination of information in VANETs is a challenging task. The high mobility of vehicular nodes and varying traffic flows makes selection of best relay vehicle to disseminate information a taxing task. Periodic beaconing for gathering information about the vehicles in the vicinity is though commonly employed in VANETs, but it degrades the performance resulting in channel contention and collisions. This paper presents a Speed Adaptive Beacon Broadcast approach that controls the beaconing rate depending upon the speed at which the vehicle is moving in comparison to the other vehicles in its locality. The selection of the relay vehicle is done keeping in consideration its distance from the source, local density and priority is given to the vehicle at an intersection. The approach is evaluated for both highway and urban scenario and simulation outcome reveals that SABB pe...