Bradley Sample

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University of Kalyani

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Stanford University

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University of Salamanca

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Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

sabina porfido

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)

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University of Nairobi, Kenya

Imam A. Sadisun

Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Papers by Bradley Sample

Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 4. Piscivorous wildlife

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Apr 1, 1999

Over 50 years of operations of facilities on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), Tennessee, has resu... more Over 50 years of operations of facilities on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), Tennessee, has resulted in the release of contaminants into the water, sediment, and biota of the Clinch River and Poplar Creek, downstream of the ORR. An iterative, weight-of-evidence approach was employed to assess risks these contaminants present to four piscivorous wildlife species (osprey [Pandion haliatus], great blue

Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for Antimony

Elsevier eBooks, 2015

Abstract This chapter presents the wildlife toxicity assessment (WTA) for antimony, a metal used ... more Abstract This chapter presents the wildlife toxicity assessment (WTA) for antimony, a metal used in the manufacture of batteries, sheet metal, ammunition, textiles, and as a fire retardant. This WTA addresses its toxicity to mammals; data for amphibians, reptiles, and birds were lacking. Acute, subchronic, and chronic studies were available, representing rats, mice, and voles in a single order (Rodentia). Whereas available data were sufficient to develop dietary and inhalation Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs), dermal and ocular data were inadequate. Antimony is more toxic to rats than to mice and voles, and included reduced growth, lung neoplasms, ocular opacity, and liver and kidney pathologies. The dietary no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for antimony in mammals are estimated as 0.005 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day) and 0.05 mg/kg/day, respectively. The inhalation NOAEL and LOAEL are 0.236 mg/kg/day and 2.36 mg/kg/day, respectively.

Richness and abundance of arthropods in the oak canopy of West Virginia's eastern ridge and valley section during a study of the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis with emphasis on macrolepidoptera larvae

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A probabilistic risk assessment of the effects of methylmercury and PCBs on mink and kingfishers along East Fork Poplar Creek, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Dec 1, 1999

Page 1. 2941 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 29412953, 1999 1999 SE... more

Risks to humans and wildlife from metal contamination in soils/sediments at CERCLA sites

Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 2-Nitrodiphenylamine and 4-Nitrodiphenylamine

Abstract This chapter presents the Wildlife Toxicity Assessment (WTA) for 2- and 4-nitrodiphenyla... more Abstract This chapter presents the Wildlife Toxicity Assessment (WTA) for 2- and 4-nitrodiphenylamine (NDPA). Whereas 2-NDPA is used as a stabilizer for Otto Fuel II, 4-NDPA is strictly an industrial chemical intermediate. This WTA addresses only mammals, as data for amphibians, reptiles, and birds were lacking. Data for 2-NDPA were limited to acute oral lethal dose (LD) 50 values in rats. Data for 4-NDPA consisted of acute, subchronic, and developmental studies on a single species (e.g., rats). Limited inhalation and dermal data for rats were also available for 4-NDPA. Both 2- and 4-NDPA are relatively nontoxic. Feeding studies suggest 4-NDPA reduces palatability; therefore, exposures that may cause adverse effects are unlikely. No observed adverse effect levels and lowest observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL and LOAEL) of 250 and 1,000 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day) were identified for maternal survival and growth, and fetal growth and development in rats exposed to 4-NDPA during days 6 through 15 of gestation. Toxicity Reference Values (TRVs) were developed based on these values following application of an uncertainty factor of 10 to account for interspecies variability.

Key challenges and developments in wildlife ecological risk assessment: Problem formulation

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management

Problem formulation (PF) is a critical initial step in planning risk assessments for chemical exp... more Problem formulation (PF) is a critical initial step in planning risk assessments for chemical exposures to wildlife, used either explicitly or implicitly in various jurisdictions to include registration of new pesticides, evaluation of new and existing chemicals released to the environment, and characterization of impact when chemical releases have occurred. Despite improvements in our understanding of the environment, ecology, and biological sciences, few risk assessments have used this information to enhance their value and predictive capabilities. In addition to advances in organism‐level mechanisms and methods, there have been substantive developments that focus on population‐ and systems‐level processes. Although most of the advances have been recognized as being state‐of‐the‐science for two decades or more, there is scant evidence that they have been incorporated into wildlife risk assessment or risk assessment in general. In this article, we identify opportunities to consider...

Effects of Lead and Arsenic in Soils from Former Orchards on Growth of Three Plant Species

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2022

Historical use of lead arsenate as a pesticide in former orchards of eastern Washington State (US... more Historical use of lead arsenate as a pesticide in former orchards of eastern Washington State (USA) has resulted in legacy lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) soil contamination. However, the impacts on plant growth in soils with residual Pb and As contamination have not yet been quantified. To this end, a comparative study of plant growth impacts was performed for native bluegrass (Poa secunda), invasive cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and buttercrunch lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Using standard plant growth protocols, germination frequency and biomass growth were measured over a wide range of Pb and arsenate concentrations, with maximum concentrations of 3400 and 790 mg kg−1 for Pb and As, respectively. Results indicated that only the biomass growth for all species decreased in soils with the highest concentrations of Pb and As in the soil, with no impacts on soils with lower residual Pb and arsenate concentrations. No impact on percentage of germination was observed at any soil concentration. ...

Assessing the Ecological Risks of Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Current State‐of‐the Science and a Proposed Path Forward

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2020

Per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogenous group of chemicals of... more Per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogenous group of chemicals of potential concern to human health and the environment. Based on information for a few relatively well‐understood PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate, there is ample basis to suspect that at least a subset can be considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic. However, data suitable for determining risks in either prospective or retrospective assessments are lacking for the majority of PFAS. In August 2019, the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry sponsored a workshop that focused on the state‐of‐the‐science supporting risk assessment of PFAS. The present review summarizes discussions concerning the ecotoxicology and ecological risks of PFAS. First, we summarize currently available information relevant to problem formulation/prioritization, exposure, and hazard/effects of PFAS in the context of regulatory and ecological risk assessment activit...

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Biological quality of soils containing hydrocarbons and efficacy of ecological risk reduction by bioremediation alternatives

This project provides technical support to the Petroleum Environmental Research Forum (PERF; a co... more This project provides technical support to the Petroleum Environmental Research Forum (PERF; a consortium of petroleum companies) on environmentally acceptable endpoints that may be used to help assess the ecological risk of petroleum hydrocarbon residuals in soils. The project, was designed in consultation with PERF representatives and focuses on the relationship between {open_quotes}chemically available{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}biologically available{close_quotes} measurements of petroleum hydrocarbon compounds in soils, a discrepancy of considerable interest to the petroleum industry. Presently, clean-up standards for soils contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) constituents are based on concentrations of TPH, as measured in solvent extracts of soil samples. Interestingly, TPH includes a complex mixture of compounds which differ from one another in molecular weight and toxicity. Based on various studies with insecticides, herbicides and metals, some compounds apparently can slowly permeate into soil particles. If this situation occurs, the particle-embedded compounds may be extractable by use of organic solvents, and yet be unavailable biologically. This hypothesis serves as the central focus for our study. If this hypothesis is correct, then soil clean-up standards based on solvent-extractable TPH data may be more stringent than necessary to achieve a desired level of environmental risk. The economic significance of this possibility ismore » considerable, because clean-up costs to achieve a low-risk status would, in most cases, be lower than those needed to achieve a standard based on present limits, which are based on measurements of {open_quotes}extractable{close_quotes} TPH.« less

The risk assessment information system

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Govern... more This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any speafic commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Portions of this document may be illegible electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

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Ecological Risk Assessment for Selenium in the Evaluation of Restoration Alternatives for Salton Sea, California

Selenium is a chemical of ecological concern at the Salton Sea because it occurs at elevated conc... more Selenium is a chemical of ecological concern at the Salton Sea because it occurs at elevated concentrations in water, sediment, and biota of this terminal lake in southern California. The State of California is required to evaluate alternatives for restoration of long-term stable aquatic and shoreline habitats for the historic levels and diversity of fish and wildlife that depend on the Salton Sea and for protection of water quality. Ecological risks associated with selenium were evaluated under eight restoration alternatives (as well as current conditions and no action) in a programmatic-level environmental impact report. Varying types and configurations of marine, estuarine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats would exist under the different alternatives. Ecological risks were associated primarily with existing and future selenium concentrations in sediment and inflow waters. In addition to completing an ecological risk assessment for each of the habitat types in each of the alte...

Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 5. Aerial insectivorous wildlife

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Apr 1, 1999

Risks to aerial insectivores (e.g., rough-winged swallows, little brown bats, and endangered gray... more Risks to aerial insectivores (e.g., rough-winged swallows, little brown bats, and endangered gray bats) were assessed for the remedial investigation of the Clinch River/Poplar Creek (CR/PC) system. Adult mayflies and sediment were collected from three locations and analyzed for contaminants. Sediment-to-mayfly contaminant uptake factors were generated from these data and used to estimate contaminant concentrations in mayflies from 13 additional locations. Contaminants of potential ecological concern (COPECs) were identified by comparing exposure estimates generated using point estimates of parameter values to NOAELs. To incorporate the variation in exposure parameters and to provide a better estimate of the potential exposure, the exposure model was recalculated using Monte Carlo methods. The potential for adverse effects was estimated based on the comparison of exposure distribution and the LOAEL. The results of this assessment suggested that population-level effects to rough-winged swallows and little brown bats are considered unlikely. However, because gray bats are endangered, effects on individuals may be significant from foraging in limited subreaches of the CR/PC system. This assessment illustrates the advantage of an iterative approach to ecological risk assessments, using fewer conservative assumptions and more realistic modeling of exposure.

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Ecological risks associated with the application of sewage sludge to non-agricultural ecosystems

The Clean Water Act of 1977 directed EPA to establish standards for use and disposal of sewage sl... more The Clean Water Act of 1977 directed EPA to establish standards for use and disposal of sewage sludge (biosolids). The application of biosolids to non-agricultural lands is becoming increasingly important as a method of waste disposal. Ecological endpoints at the population, community, and/or ecosystem level have not previously been emphasized in the development of regulatory standards for municipal sewage sludge. This risk assessment focuses on terrestrial endpoints in four ecosystem types to which substantial quantities of sludge have been applied or are expected to be applied in the future: northwest Douglas-fir forest, southeastern loblolly pine plantation, eastern deciduous forest, and semi-arid rangeland. Conceptual models suitable for all ecosystems were developed that depict the links among assessment endpoints. Estimates of risks to wildlife from contaminants and simulations of impacts of nitrogen in sewage sludge on the structure and function of forest communities are presented in detail elsewhere at this conference. This project overview integrates these two assessment components and adds contaminant risks to plants, soil invertebrates, and microbial processes and risk of leaching and erosion altered by biosolids application. Management practices and empirical measures of bioavailability are considered for each ecosystem. Concentrations of constitutents of sewage sludge used for the analysesmore » have been obtained from the 1988 USEPA National Sewage Sludge Survey. Existing regulatory standards that are primarily human health-based are also evaluated for the adequacy of protection of ecological systems and populations. Predicted impacts of sewage sludge applications are presented, even if they may be regarded as benefits rather than risks.« less

Application of sewage sludge to non-agricultural ecosystems: Impacts of nitrogen on forests

This report is part of a larger study evaluating nutrient and contaminant impacts associated with... more This report is part of a larger study evaluating nutrient and contaminant impacts associated with the land application of biosolids in four non-agricultural ecosystems: Pacific Northwest forests, semi-arid rangelands, eastern deciduous forests, and southeasternpine plantations. Because contaminants in biosolids may be taken up by biota and transferred through the food web, they may present a risk to wildlife. Biosolids application scenarios that reflect actual practices in each ecosystem were developed. Concentrations of contaminants in biosolids were obtained from the US EPA`s 1988 National Sewage Sludge Survey. Soil-biota uptake factors for contaminants in sludge were developed from contaminant studies performed in each ecosystem type. Where ecosystem-specific data were unavailable, more generalized factors were used. Endpoints were selected that reflected species expected to be present in each ecosystem. Four trophic groups were considered: herbivores (e.g., deer) vermivores (earthworm-consumers; e.g., shrews), insectivores (e.g., songbirds), and carnivores (e.g., fox). Contaminant concentrations in wildlife foods were estimated using the uptake factors. These estimates were then incorporated into models to estimate the contaminant exposure for endpoints in each trophic group in each ecosystem. Exposure estimates were then compared to NOAELs and LOAELs to determine the nature and magnitude of risks that biosolids may present to wildlife.

Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites

CRC Press eBooks, Apr 21, 2000

BACKGROUND 2.2 RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK 2.3 SOIL REMEDIATION 3 SWEDEN 3.1 LEGAL BACKGROUND 3.2 R... more BACKGROUND 2.2 RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK 2.3 SOIL REMEDIATION 3 SWEDEN 3.1 LEGAL BACKGROUND 3.2 RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK 3.3 RISK CLASSIFICATION. 3.4 BASIC RISK ASSESSMENT 3.5 COMPREHENSIVE RISK ASSESSMENT 3.6 SOIL REMEDIATION 4 THE NETHERLANDS 4.1 LEGAL BACKGROUND 4.1.1 Contamination of fresh water and sediments 4.2 RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK 4.2.1 Environmental risk limits and environmental quality standards 4.2.2 Serious Risk Concentrations (intervention value) 4.2.3 Tiered Risk Assessment 4.3 SOIL REMEDIATION 5 ENGLAND 5.1 LEGAL BACKGROUND 5.1.1 Main actors in the handling of contaminated sites 5.2 RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK 5.2.1 Assessment of risk to ecosystems 5.3 REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES

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Risk Characterization in Definitive Assessments

Risk Characterization in Screening Assessments

Estimation of potential population level effects of contaminants on wildlife. 1998 annual progress report

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A PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF METHYLMERCURY AND PCBs ON MINK AND KINGFISHERS ALONG EAST FORK POPLAR CREEK, OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE, USA

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999

Page 1. 2941 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 29412953, 1999 1999 SE... more

Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 4. Piscivorous wildlife

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Apr 1, 1999

Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for Antimony

Elsevier eBooks, 2015

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A probabilistic risk assessment of the effects of methylmercury and PCBs on mink and kingfishers along East Fork Poplar Creek, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Dec 1, 1999

Page 1. 2941 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 29412953, 1999 1999 SE... more

Risks to humans and wildlife from metal contamination in soils/sediments at CERCLA sites

Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 2-Nitrodiphenylamine and 4-Nitrodiphenylamine

Key challenges and developments in wildlife ecological risk assessment: Problem formulation

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management

Effects of Lead and Arsenic in Soils from Former Orchards on Growth of Three Plant Species

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2022

Assessing the Ecological Risks of Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Current State‐of‐the Science and a Proposed Path Forward

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2020

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Biological quality of soils containing hydrocarbons and efficacy of ecological risk reduction by bioremediation alternatives

The risk assessment information system

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Ecological Risk Assessment for Selenium in the Evaluation of Restoration Alternatives for Salton Sea, California

Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 5. Aerial insectivorous wildlife

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Apr 1, 1999

Download

Ecological risks associated with the application of sewage sludge to non-agricultural ecosystems

Application of sewage sludge to non-agricultural ecosystems: Impacts of nitrogen on forests

Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites

CRC Press eBooks, Apr 21, 2000

Download

Risk Characterization in Definitive Assessments

Risk Characterization in Screening Assessments

Estimation of potential population level effects of contaminants on wildlife. 1998 annual progress report

Download

A PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF METHYLMERCURY AND PCBs ON MINK AND KINGFISHERS ALONG EAST FORK POPLAR CREEK, OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE, USA

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999

Page 1. 2941 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 29412953, 1999 1999 SE... more

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