Papers by Salvatore Pais
International Journal of Innovation Scientific Research and Review, 2023
The term c 4 /G in the Einstein equations of General Relativity is identified as a universal "Sup... more The term c 4 /G in the Einstein equations of General Relativity is identified as a universal "Super Force" that can be understood physically as the force of gravity at the point of contact of two identical merging black holes and is proportional to the Entropic Surface Tension of a Black Hole. It exists from the Planck to the Cosmic scale In the context of the GEM unification theory it is shown that the universal force forms an extension of the Dirac Large Numbers Hypothesis.
The plasma compression fusion device (PCFD) generates the energy gain by plasma compression-induc... more The plasma compression fusion device (PCFD) generates the energy gain by plasma compression-induced nuclear fusion. This concept has the capability of maximizing the product of plasma pressure and energy confinement time to maximize the energy gain, and thus give rise to fusion ignition conditions. The preferred embodiment of this original concept uses a hollow cross-duct configuration of circular cross section in which the concentrated magnetic energy flux from two pairs of opposing curved-headed counter-spinning conical structures (possibly made from an alloy of tungsten with high capacitance) whose outer surfaces are electrically charged compresses a gaseous mixture of fusion fuel into a plasma, heated to extreme temperatures and pressures. The generated high-intensity electromagnetic (EM) radiation heats the plasma and the produced magnetic fields confine it in between the counter-spinning conical structures, named the dynamic fusors (four of them-smoothly curved apex sections opposing each other in pairs). The dynamic fusors can be assemblies of electrified grids and toroidal magnetic coils, arranged within a conical structure whose outer surface is electrically charged. The cross-duct inner surface surrounding the plasma core region is also electrically charged and vibrated in an accelerated mode to minimize the flux of plasma particles (including neutrals) from impacting the PCFD surfaces and initiating a plasma quench. The fusion fuel (preferably deuterium gas) is introduced into the plasma core through the counterspinning conical structures, namely, injected through orifices in the dynamic fusor heads. There is envisioned another even more compact version of this concept, which uses accelerated vibration in a linear-duct configuration (using two counterspinning dynamic fusors only) and would best be suited for fusion power generation on aircraft, or main battle tanks. The concept uses controlled motion of electrically charged matter through accelerated vibration and/or accelerated spin subjected to smooth, yet rapid acceleration transients, to generate extremely high-energy/high-intensity EM radiation (fields of high-energy photons) which not only confines the plasma but also greatly compresses it so as to produce a high power density plasma burn, leading to ignition. The PCFD concept can produce power in the gigawatt to terawatt range (and higher) with input power in the kilowatt to megawatt range and can possibly lead to ignition (selfsustained) plasma burn. Several important practical engineering and operational issues with operating a device such as the PCFD are discussed.
It is found that it is the Planck Force (c 4 /G) that is the ruling force of unification, named t... more It is found that it is the Planck Force (c 4 /G) that is the ruling force of unification, named the Superforce, which also is found in the field equations of Einstein's General Relativity (GR) theory. In this manner, the Superforce unites the world of the very small (quantum field theory) with the world of the very large (GR), thus accounting for a feasible theory of Quantum Gravity. Moreover this Superforce indicates that it is by its very action on the local spatial-temporal geometric structure that Energy Density and hence Matter is created.
It was the German physicist, co-founder of Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck who in 1944 at a confere... more It was the German physicist, co-founder of Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck who in 1944 at a conference in Florence, Italy, stated that, "All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a FORCE which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together…". Indeed, it is found that it is the Planck Force (c 4 /G) that is the ruling force of unification, named the Superforce, which also is found in the field equations of Einstein's General Relativity (GR) theory. In this manner, the Superforce unites the world of the very small (quantum field theory) with the world of the very large (GR), thus accounting for a feasible theory of Quantum Gravity. Moreover this Superforce indicates that it is by its very action on the local spatial-temporal geometric structure that Energy Density and hence Matter is created.
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2017
It may be possible to generate high power / high frequency gravitational waves (HFGWs) by high fr... more It may be possible to generate high power / high frequency gravitational waves (HFGWs) by high frequency accelerated axial rotation (spin) and/or accelerated high frequency vibration of an electrically charged, possibly asymmetric structure, within the context of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, namely far-fromequilibrium physics, highly non-linear in nature. The structure which is the HFGW generator (HFGWG), has the ability to control the accelerated modes of vibration and spin of its electrically charged surfaces, in particular the rapid rates of change of accelerated-decelerated-accelerated vibration and/or accelerateddecelerated-accelerated gyration (axial spin) of these electrified surfaces, in this manner delaying the onset of relaxation to thermodynamic equilibrium, thus generating a physical mechanism which may induce anomalous effects. Under certain conditions, involving rapid acceleration transients, it is observed that there will be exponential growth in electromagnetic energy flux with accelerating vibration. In the present paper, high power HFGWs are generated by enabling the Gertsenshtein effect, that is gravitational wave production by propagating electromagnetic radiation through strong magnetic fields. Controlled motion of charged matter under rapid acceleration transients may enable macroscopic quantum coherence, namely possible quantum mechanical behavior of macroscopic objects. Moreover, the accelerated vibration and/or spin of charged matter may generate high power / high frequency gravitational waves which can be used in a variety of applications, such as advanced field propulsion, namely the design of a workable space drive. Therefore, it may be feasible to propel a hybrid craft equipped with an HFGWG, by producing high frequency gravitational waves which in turn generate their own gravitational fields upon which the craft would propagate in a 'wave-surfing' fashion.
International Journal of Space Science and Engineering, 2015
The concept at hand deals primarily with the application of the conditional replacement technique... more The concept at hand deals primarily with the application of the conditional replacement technique (CRT) (Pais, 1991) to Special Relativity Theory. It is observed that under certain physical conditions, the singularity expressed by the relativistic stretch factor 'gamma' as the spacecraft's speed (v) approaches the speed of light (c), is no longer present in the physical picture. This involves the instantaneous removal of energy-mass from the system (spacecraft) when the spacecraft's speed reaches v = c/2. Hence under such conditions, faster than light spacecraft propulsion, is feasible. The original concept at hand does not violate the Special Theory of Relativity, it rather builds on its foundations.
The high energy electromagnetic field generator
International Journal of Space Science and Engineering, 2015
The original concept described is named the high energy electromagnetic field generator. This con... more The original concept described is named the high energy electromagnetic field generator. This concept's governing physics entail the coupling of gyration (high frequency spin), vibration (high frequency abrupt pulsations/harmonic oscillations) and possible curvilinear translation, of electrically charged systems. If we couple the system's high frequency of rotation (30,000 to 100,000 RPM, and higher) with high vibration (abrupt pulsations/harmonic oscillations) frequencies in the range of 109 to 1018 Hertz (and above) we can obtain electromagnetic field intensity values in the range 1024 to 1028 Watts/m2 (and beyond). These extremely high electromagnetic field intensity values emphasise the novelty of this concept, especially suited for the design of energy generation machinery with power output levels much higher than those currently achievable. The utilisation of such high power sources for space power and propulsion generation, as it pertains to reduction in a spacecraft's inertial mass as a direct result of local vacuum polarisation, is an important application of the described theoretical concept. In this manner, extreme spacecraft speeds can be achieved.
Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the advancement of aeronautics and space science. ... more Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the advancement of aeronautics and space science. The NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office plays a key part in helping NASA maintain this important role. The NASA STI Program Office is operated by Langley Research Center, the Lead Center for NASA's scientific and technical information. The NASA STI Program Office provides access to the NASA STI Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program Office is also NASA's institutional mechanism for disseminating the results of its research and development activities. These results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of NASA programs and include extensive data or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical data and information deemed to be of continuing reference value. NASA's counterpart of peerreviewed formal professional papers but has less stringent limitations on manuscript length and extent of graphic presentations. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific and technical findings that are preliminary or of specialized interest, e.g., quick release reports, working papers, and bibliographies that contain minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive analysis. CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and technical findings by NASA-sponsored contractors and grantees. CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected papers from scientific and technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other meetings sponsored or cosponsored by Cross-flow configuration: Comparison between experimental values of bubble diameter obtained with the cross-flow system (crf) with those obtained with the co-flow system (cof). Fixed Dp= 1.27 cm and DN"= .1, with ULS= 17.4 cm/s 131 23 Comparison of bubble diameter and void fraction for the co and cross-flow configurations. Fixed Qc= 68 cc/s, Dp = 1.9 cm and D N = .38 cm 132 24 Single video frame of bubble generation in the crossflow configuration at high superficial liquid and gas velocities 133 25 Single video frame of bubble formation in the crossflow configuration at lower superficial liquid and gas velocities than those used in figure 23 134 Co-flow configuration used in the Theoretical Model 135 Comparison of bubble diameter experimental values with CHAPTER
Laser augmented turbojet propulsion system
The Induced Thrust Effect; A Propulsion Method
SAE Technical Paper Series, 1991
Bubble formation in a coflow configuration in normal and reduced gravity
AIChE Journal, 1998
A study of bubble generation for constant gas-flux condition by single-nozzle injection in a cofl... more A study of bubble generation for constant gas-flux condition by single-nozzle injection in a coflowing liquid is reported. Focusing on single-bubble generation in the dynamic and bubbly flow regime, the onset condition for bubble coalescence is investigated. The role of uarious ...
AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum
The subject matter of this paper describes the design of an active room temperature superconducto... more The subject matter of this paper describes the design of an active room temperature superconductor, to be incorporated within the Hybrid Aerospace-Undersea Craft (HAUC), described in a recently published paper-Pais, S., "A Hybrid craft using an inertial mass modification device," AIAA 2017-5343 conference paper, AIAA SPACE Forum, 2017. It is envisioned that the electrically charged outer surfaces of this craft, which under accelerated vibration allow for inertial mass modification of the HAUC craft, are of the room temperature superconducting type. A theoretical argument is presented for achieving room temperature superconductivity (RTSC) in a current-carrying special composite metal wire. This concept enables the transmission of electrical power without any losses, which leads to the design and development of novel energy generation and harvesting devices with important benefits to civilization. Simply put, RTSC can be enabled in a current carrying special composite metal wire which is abruptly vibrated by mechanical or electrical means. The wire is composed of a bulk (core) insulator with a 'thin' coating of a normal metal (such as Aluminum), of a thickness on the order of the London penetration depth (but possibly much thicker), given an externally applied magnetic field. For the electrically-driven vibration, the wire is coated with lead zirconate titanate (PZT ceramic / poor metal), or any other material in which the Piezoelectric effect can be induced. Since the RTSC supercurrent may be generated along the metal/insulator interface (boundary), this wire configuration may be termed an unconventional superconductor. Current is pulsed through the wire at the resonance vibration frequency. It is theoretically observed that the superconducting charge carrier mass is inversely proportional to the vibration frequency squared and that the diamagnetism exhibited by the room temperature superconductor is enhanced with increasing frequency of vibration.
A theoretical argument is presented for achieving room temperature superconductivity (RTSC) in a ... more A theoretical argument is presented for achieving room temperature superconductivity (RTSC) in a current-carrying special composite metal wire. The current must be pulsed for maximum effect. This concept enables the transmission of electrical power without any losses, which leads to the design and development of novel energy generation and harvesting devices with enormous benefits to civilization. Simply put, RTSC can be enabled in a current carrying special composite metal wire which is abruptly vibrated by mechanical or electrical means. The wire is composed of a bulk (core) insulator with a 'thin' coating of a normal metal (such as Aluminum), of a thickness on the order of the London penetration depth (but possibly much thicker), given an externally applied magnetic field. For the electrically-driven vibration, the wire is coated with lead zirconate titanate (PZT ceramic / poor metal), or any other material in which the piezoelectric effect can be induced. Since the RTSC supercurrent may be generated along the metal/insulator interface (boundary), this wire configuration may be termed an unconventional superconductor. Current is pulsed through the wire at the resonant vibration frequency. It is theoretically observed that the superconducting charge carrier mass is inversely proportional to the vibration frequency squared and that the diamagnetism exhibited by the room temperature superconductor is enhanced with increasing frequency of vibration.
AIAA SPACE and Astronautics Forum and Exposition
It is possible to envision a hybrid aerospace-undersea craft (HAUC), which due to the physical me... more It is possible to envision a hybrid aerospace-undersea craft (HAUC), which due to the physical mechanisms enabled with an inertial mass reduction device, can function as a submersible craft capable of extreme underwater speeds (lack of water-skin friction due to electromagnetic field-induced water molecules repulsion) and enhanced stealth capabilities (non-linear scattering of radio frequency and sonar signals). This hybrid craft would move with ease through the air, space, water mediums, by being enclosed in a bubble (shield), generated due to the coupled effects of electromagnetic field induced air/water particles repulsion and vacuum energy polarization. Moreover, it may be possible to reduce the inertial mass of a system/object in motion, by applied high energy electromagnetic fields, achieved by a novel coupling of accelerated high frequency vibration with accelerated spin of electrically charged matter in close proximity to the system/object in question. This original method of accelerated spin/accelerated vibration of charged matter would be executed under rapid acceleration transients for maximum effect. The resultant high energy flux (on the order of 10 33 Watts/m 2) when concentrated in a small area around the contour of the object (craft) can generate energy densities of 10 25 Joules/m 3 , commensurate with Schwinger electric field values for vacuum polarization. As a result, extreme craft speeds can be achieved, thus enabling a novel method of advanced propulsion.
The Plasma Compression Fusion Device--Enabling Nuclear Fusion Ignition
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
Drafts by Salvatore Pais
It is found that it is the Planck Force (c 4 /G) that is the ruling force of unification, named t... more It is found that it is the Planck Force (c 4 /G) that is the ruling force of unification, named the Superforce, which also is found in the field equations of Einstein's General Relativity (GR) theory. In this manner, the Superforce unites the world of the very small (quantum field theory) with the world of the very large (GR), thus accounting for a feasible theory of Quantum Gravity. Moreover this Superforce indicates that it is by its very action on the local spatial-temporal geometric structure that Energy Density and hence Matter is created.
It was the German physicist, co-founder of Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck who in 1944 at a confere... more It was the German physicist, co-founder of Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck who in 1944 at a conference in Florence, Italy, stated that, "All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a FORCE which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together…". Indeed, it is found that it is the Planck Force (c 4 /G) that is the ruling force of unification, named the Superforce, which also is found in the field equations of Einstein's General Relativity (GR) theory. In this manner, the Superforce unites the world of the very small (quantum field theory) with the world of the very large (GR), thus accounting for a feasible theory of Quantum Gravity. Moreover this Superforce indicates that it is by its very action on the local spatial-temporal geometric structure that Energy Density and hence Matter is created.
It was the German physicist, co-founder of Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck who in 1944 at a confere... more It was the German physicist, co-founder of Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck who in 1944 at a conference in Florence, Italy, stated that, "All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a FORCE which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together…". Indeed, it is found that it is the Planck Force (c 4 /G) that is the ruling force of unification, named the Superforce, which also is found in the field equations of Einstein's General Relativity (GR) theory. In this manner, the Superforce unites the world of the very small (quantum field theory) with the world of the very large (GR), thus accounting for a feasible theory of Quantum Gravity. Moreover this Superforce indicates that it is by its very action on the local spatial-temporal geometric structure that Energy Density and hence Matter is created.
It was the German physicist, co-founder of Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck who in 1944 at a confere... more It was the German physicist, co-founder of Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck who in 1944 at a conference in Florence, Italy, stated that, "All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a FORCE which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together…". Indeed, it is found that it is the Planck Force (c 4 /G) that is the ruling force of unification, named the Superforce, which also is found in the field equations of Einstein's General Relativity (GR) theory. In this manner, the Superforce unites the world of the very small (quantum field theory) with the world of the very large (GR), thus accounting for a feasible theory of Quantum Gravity. Moreover this Superforce indicates that it is by its very action on the local spatial-temporal geometric structure that Energy Density and hence Matter is created.
Conference Presentations by Salvatore Pais
AIAA 2019 SCITECH Presentation on the Physics of Trans-Medium / Inter-Dimensional Craft (UAP/UFO Physics), 2019
THE MOST IMPORTANT SUMMARY OF MY PAIS EFFECT TECH WORK.
SLIDES 4 TO 9 ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO ... more THE MOST IMPORTANT SUMMARY OF MY PAIS EFFECT TECH WORK.
SLIDES 4 TO 9 ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTANDING HOW TO SOLVE THE VACUUM CATASTROPHE - THEY DEFINE THE SPACE-CELL STRUCTURE OF THE COSMOS, AND SPEAK TO THE POSSIBILITY OF A 'FIFTH' MACROSCOPIC DIMENSION OF 0.01 CM SIZE---THE CONCEPT OF ACHIEVING MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM COHERENCE IS HEREIN DISCUSSED
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Papers by Salvatore Pais
Drafts by Salvatore Pais
Conference Presentations by Salvatore Pais
SLIDES 4 TO 9 ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTANDING HOW TO SOLVE THE VACUUM CATASTROPHE - THEY DEFINE THE SPACE-CELL STRUCTURE OF THE COSMOS, AND SPEAK TO THE POSSIBILITY OF A 'FIFTH' MACROSCOPIC DIMENSION OF 0.01 CM SIZE---THE CONCEPT OF ACHIEVING MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM COHERENCE IS HEREIN DISCUSSED
SLIDES 4 TO 9 ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTANDING HOW TO SOLVE THE VACUUM CATASTROPHE - THEY DEFINE THE SPACE-CELL STRUCTURE OF THE COSMOS, AND SPEAK TO THE POSSIBILITY OF A 'FIFTH' MACROSCOPIC DIMENSION OF 0.01 CM SIZE---THE CONCEPT OF ACHIEVING MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM COHERENCE IS HEREIN DISCUSSED