The removal of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution was studied using natural, thermally-activated a... more The removal of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution was studied using natural, thermally-activated and acid-activated kaolinite samples at different temperatures. The linear Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption equations were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The Langmuir constants for natural kaolinite were found to be negative whereas, for the other samples, the isotherm models gave a good fit. In addition, the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used to determine the kinetic data. The experimental data were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters such as the enthalpy (∆H 0), Gibbs' free energy (∆G 0) and entropy (∆S 0) were calculated for natural, thermally-activated and acid-activated kaolinite. These values showed that the adsorption of Zn(II) ions onto activated kaolinite was controlled by a physical mechanism and occurred spontaneously. The process of adsorption was favoured at high temperatures, with the adsorption capacity of the acid-activated kaolinite being greater relative to that of natural and thermally-activated kaolinite at various temperatures. a Loss on ignition at 1298 K.
This study represents a model of radial heating element made from a combined of (FeCr –Al) metals... more This study represents a model of radial heating element made from a combined of (FeCr –Al) metals in porous, low density briquette foam in an air heater. The heating action occurred by converting the electrical energy into thermal energy and this is done by using electrical closed circuit includes the foam material as electrical resistance. The practical work includes a set of experiments using two types of metal foams different in porosities and same density. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the effects of air flow rates and electrical currents on the outlet temperature. The experimental results show significant changes in outlet temperature, and show reasonably good agreement with theoretical considerations.
A comparison between artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models ... more A comparison between artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models was employed to predict the heat of combustion, and the gross and net heat values, of a diesel fuel engine, based on the chemical composition of the diesel fuel. One hundred and fifty samples of Iraqi diesel provided data from chromatographic analysis. Eight parameters were applied as inputs in order to predict the gross and net heat combustion of the diesel fuel. A trial-and-error method was used to determine the shape of the individual ANN. The results showed that the prediction accuracy of the ANN model was greater than that of the MLR model in predicting the gross heat value. The best neural network for predicting the gross heating value was a back-propagation network (8-8-1), using the Levenberg�Marquardt algorithm for the second step of network training. R = 0.98502 for the test data. In the same way, the best neural network for predicting the net heating value was a back-propagati...
This work is aiming to investigate the removal Cd(II) ions from the aqueous solution using two ty... more This work is aiming to investigate the removal Cd(II) ions from the aqueous solution using two types of biosorbent materials: peanut shells (PS) and hazelnut shells (HS). The effect of several variables on the batch bio-sorption was studied. The process was carried out at room temperature, shacking speed 200 rpm and using fixed adsorbent diameters of 0.75 mm. The highest removal efficiency of Cd(II) ions onto PS was 91.45% in the best conditions (pH=3, initial concentration of Cd(II) ions 50 mg/ L, amount adsorbent was 0.75 g, contact time was 120 min), while the highest removal efficiency when using HS was 85.62% at pH= 4, and contact time of 160 minutes using the same initial concentration of Cd(II) ions as well as the same amount of absorbent material. Isotherm was studied for bio-sorption of Cd(II) ions using these two adsorbents, and the pseudo- first and second order models were used to study bio-sorption kinetics. The results of the infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of (PS) and (H...
The biosorption performance of both batch and liquid-solid fluidized bed operations of dead funga... more The biosorption performance of both batch and liquid-solid fluidized bed operations of dead fungal biomass type (Agaricusbisporus ) for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution was investigated. In batch system, the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of dead fungal biomass were evaluated. In fluidized bed system, the experiments were conducted to study the effects of important parameters such as particle size (701-1400�m), initial dye concentration(10-100 mg/L), bed depth (5-15 cm) and solution flow rate (5-20 ml/min) on breakthrough curves. In batch method, the experimental data was modeled using several models (Langmuir,Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkviechmodels) to study equilibrium isotherms, the experimental data followed Langmuir model and the results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was (28.90, 24.15, 21.23 mg/g) at mean particle size (0.786, 0.935, 1.280 mm) respectively. In Fluidized-bed method, the results show that the total ion u...
Construction and operation of (2 m) parabolic solar dish for hot water application were illustrat... more Construction and operation of (2 m) parabolic solar dish for hot water application were illustrated. The heater was designed to supply hot water up to 100 oC using the clean solar thermal energy. The system includes the design and construction of solar tracking unit in order to increase system performance. Experimental test results, which obtained from clear and sunny day, refer to highly energy-conversion efficiency and promising a well-performed water heating system.
ABSTRACT Industrial effluents containing heavy metals may consider a major source of contaminatio... more ABSTRACT Industrial effluents containing heavy metals may consider a major source of contamination causes serious environmental problems. Decontamination of heavy metals from wastewater has been a challenged for a long time. A number of methods have been developed for removal of toxic metal ions from wastewaters such as precipitation, evaporation, electroplating, ion exchange, membrane processes, etc. However, these conventional technologies are providing expensive due to non- regenerable materials used, high cost and generation of toxic sludge. Biosorption is a process which represents a biotechnological innovation as well as a cost effective excellent tool for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. It represents a typical technique for using economical alternate biological materials for the purpose. Today, biosorption is one of the main components of environmental and bioresource technology. Application of microorganisms (specifically bacteria, algae, yeasts and fungi) as biosorbents for heavy metal removal have received growing interest due to high surface to volume ratio; large availability, rapid kinetics of adsorption and desorption and low cost. The aim of the present study is to review the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using various materials of biological origin such as fungi, algae, yeast and bacterial biomass. This review discuss the significance of heavy metal removal from waste streams and provides brief overview of potential of biosorbents and biosorption technology, highlights the undelaying features of biosorption and the operation conditions such as pH, dose required, initial concentration, temperature, and treatment performance. Also sorption isotherms, sorption kinetics as well as models used to characterize biosorbent sorption are reviewed.
The biosorption of Cr (III), Zn (II) and Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution by dead blue algal bi... more The biosorption of Cr (III), Zn (II) and Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution by dead blue algal biomass (Cyanophyta) was investigated in single metal system and batch conditions. Experimental parameters included contact time (0-140 min), pH (2-8), sorbent dose (0.1-2.0 g), initial concentrations (10-120 mg/L), agitation speeds (50-300 rpm) and temperatures (298-232K) were investigated. The best values of pH were found 4 for Cr+3, Zn+2 and 5 for Ni+2, respectively. The biosorption process was relatively fast and equilibrium established after 90 min. Equilibrium isotherm experiments data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and Langmuir isotherms gives the best fit to the experimental data. Biosorption kinetic models were used for the single metal system using the dead blue algal biomass, good matching was found between pseudo second order kinetic model and experimental data for Cr (III), Zn (II), and Ni (II) ions systems. Thermodynamic parameters included Go; Ho ...
This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer material using type of natural fi... more This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer material using type of natural fiber. Bamboo fiber considered the strongest between the natural fibers group, it have low density, high mechanical strength in addition to its availability makes it economical applicable and have potential for used as engineering material. The study is concerned with evaluate some of the mechanical properties (Tensile strength, Bending strength, Impact strength) for the resultant composite reinforced with 10, 20 and 30 vol.% of bamboo fibers, as compared with received material. With the natural reinforcement, the optimum mechanical properties in comparison with the as received epoxy were achieved. The results indicated that the tensile strength increased from 13.51MPa to 33.50MPa (that is a percentage increase of 150%), also the bending strength increased from 24.25MPa to 44.5MPa (that is a percentage increase about 83%), as well as, the increase of the impact strength from 41kJ/m² to 69k...
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2018
A waste dried mycelium of fungal biomass type white rot fungi was used to remove methylene blue d... more A waste dried mycelium of fungal biomass type white rot fungi was used to remove methylene blue dye from aqueous solution in batch mode. The equilibrium isotherm and kinetics have been investigated. Several parameters such as pH, contact time, dye concentration and biosorbent dosage were evaluated to determine the adsorption capacity and analyze the suitability of biosorption process. The equilibrium of the process was modeled using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) isotherms, while kinetic data were fitted by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-secondorder kinetic models. Kinetic experiments indicated a better fit of process to a pseudo second order model, while the equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm with maximum biosorption capacity of 23.69 mg/g and determination coefficient R 2 equal 0.9909 compared with other isotherm models. The values of heat of sorption b T 0.6062 KJ/mol from Temkin model and mean free energy of sorption E 0.7847 KL/mol from D-R model indicated that the biosorption process was endothermic and physisorption in nature. The results show that dead biomass derived from waste of white rot fungi can be used as a good biosorbent material for removal of methylene blue from wastewater due to its low cost and high efficiency.
The adsorption/biosorption onto granular activated carbon, waste of fungi (white Agaricusbisporus... more The adsorption/biosorption onto granular activated carbon, waste of fungi (white Agaricusbisporus)and sunflower shells for Cu (II) and Co (II) removal from aqueous solutions was evaluated. The effects of experimental parameters pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration on heavy metal sorption were investigated. Maximum sorption capacity was reached at optimum pH 5.0. The results showed that waste of fungi performed better efficiency removed heavy metal compared with granular activated carbon and sunflower shells. Several isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data. Freundlich isotherm model matched very well the adsorption equilibrium data in the studied conditions. Several kinetic models were applied to fit the adsorption results. The experimental data processes were well described by the second-order reaction kinetic. Adsorption of Cu (II) and Co (II) onto different adsorbents was influenced by chemisorption and intraparticle diffusion.
Although physical adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater with activated carbon is effective a... more Although physical adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater with activated carbon is effective and used as one of the most common methods, but it is expensive. Hence, it is necessary to find an alternative low cost biosorbents such as agricultures and microorganisms. Waste of fungi and shells of sunflowers are used here to get optimum uptake removal of lead and cadmium as a function of pH, contact time, dose of adsorbent/biosorbent and initial concentration. The results were compared with the uptake capacity of activated carbon. Equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models have been applied to the experimental results. The results were indicated that the waste of fungi and sunflower shells as a biosorbent were more efficient to uptake the heavy metals from simulated wastewater compared with commercial activated carbon.
Industrial effluents containing heavy metals may consider a major source of contamination causes ... more Industrial effluents containing heavy metals may consider a major source of contamination causes serious environmental problems. Decontamination of heavy metals from wastewater has been a challenged for a long time. A number of methods have been developed for removal of toxic metal ions from wastewaters such as precipitation, evaporation, electroplating, ion exchange, membrane processes, etc. However, these conventional technologies are providing expensive due to non-regenerable materials used, high cost and generation of toxic sludge. Biosorption is a process which represents a biotechnological innovation as well as a cost effective excellent tool for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. It represents a typical technique for using economical alternate biological materials for the purpose. Today, biosorption is one of the main components of environmental and bioresource technology. Application of microorganisms (specifically bacteria, algae, yeasts and fungi) as biosorbents for heavy metal removal have received growing interest due to high surface to volume ratio; large availability, rapid kinetics of adsorption and desorption and low cost. The aim of the present study is to review the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using various materials of biological origin such as fungi, algae, yeast and bacterial biomass. This review discuss the significance of heavy metal removal from waste streams and provides brief overview of potential of biosorbents and biosorption technology, highlights the undelaying features of biosorption and the operation conditions such as pH, dose required, initial concentration, temperature, and treatment performance. Also sorption isotherms, sorption kinetics as well as models used to characterize biosorbent sorption are reviewed.
The removal of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution was studied using natural, thermally-activated a... more The removal of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution was studied using natural, thermally-activated and acid-activated kaolinite samples at different temperatures. The linear Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption equations were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The Langmuir constants for natural kaolinite were found to be negative whereas, for the other samples, the isotherm models gave a good fit. In addition, the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used to determine the kinetic data. The experimental data were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters such as the enthalpy (∆H 0), Gibbs' free energy (∆G 0) and entropy (∆S 0) were calculated for natural, thermally-activated and acid-activated kaolinite. These values showed that the adsorption of Zn(II) ions onto activated kaolinite was controlled by a physical mechanism and occurred spontaneously. The process of adsorption was favoured at high temperatures, with the adsorption capacity of the acid-activated kaolinite being greater relative to that of natural and thermally-activated kaolinite at various temperatures. a Loss on ignition at 1298 K.
This study represents a model of radial heating element made from a combined of (FeCr –Al) metals... more This study represents a model of radial heating element made from a combined of (FeCr –Al) metals in porous, low density briquette foam in an air heater. The heating action occurred by converting the electrical energy into thermal energy and this is done by using electrical closed circuit includes the foam material as electrical resistance. The practical work includes a set of experiments using two types of metal foams different in porosities and same density. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the effects of air flow rates and electrical currents on the outlet temperature. The experimental results show significant changes in outlet temperature, and show reasonably good agreement with theoretical considerations.
A comparison between artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models ... more A comparison between artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models was employed to predict the heat of combustion, and the gross and net heat values, of a diesel fuel engine, based on the chemical composition of the diesel fuel. One hundred and fifty samples of Iraqi diesel provided data from chromatographic analysis. Eight parameters were applied as inputs in order to predict the gross and net heat combustion of the diesel fuel. A trial-and-error method was used to determine the shape of the individual ANN. The results showed that the prediction accuracy of the ANN model was greater than that of the MLR model in predicting the gross heat value. The best neural network for predicting the gross heating value was a back-propagation network (8-8-1), using the Levenberg�Marquardt algorithm for the second step of network training. R = 0.98502 for the test data. In the same way, the best neural network for predicting the net heating value was a back-propagati...
This work is aiming to investigate the removal Cd(II) ions from the aqueous solution using two ty... more This work is aiming to investigate the removal Cd(II) ions from the aqueous solution using two types of biosorbent materials: peanut shells (PS) and hazelnut shells (HS). The effect of several variables on the batch bio-sorption was studied. The process was carried out at room temperature, shacking speed 200 rpm and using fixed adsorbent diameters of 0.75 mm. The highest removal efficiency of Cd(II) ions onto PS was 91.45% in the best conditions (pH=3, initial concentration of Cd(II) ions 50 mg/ L, amount adsorbent was 0.75 g, contact time was 120 min), while the highest removal efficiency when using HS was 85.62% at pH= 4, and contact time of 160 minutes using the same initial concentration of Cd(II) ions as well as the same amount of absorbent material. Isotherm was studied for bio-sorption of Cd(II) ions using these two adsorbents, and the pseudo- first and second order models were used to study bio-sorption kinetics. The results of the infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of (PS) and (H...
The biosorption performance of both batch and liquid-solid fluidized bed operations of dead funga... more The biosorption performance of both batch and liquid-solid fluidized bed operations of dead fungal biomass type (Agaricusbisporus ) for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution was investigated. In batch system, the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of dead fungal biomass were evaluated. In fluidized bed system, the experiments were conducted to study the effects of important parameters such as particle size (701-1400�m), initial dye concentration(10-100 mg/L), bed depth (5-15 cm) and solution flow rate (5-20 ml/min) on breakthrough curves. In batch method, the experimental data was modeled using several models (Langmuir,Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkviechmodels) to study equilibrium isotherms, the experimental data followed Langmuir model and the results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was (28.90, 24.15, 21.23 mg/g) at mean particle size (0.786, 0.935, 1.280 mm) respectively. In Fluidized-bed method, the results show that the total ion u...
Construction and operation of (2 m) parabolic solar dish for hot water application were illustrat... more Construction and operation of (2 m) parabolic solar dish for hot water application were illustrated. The heater was designed to supply hot water up to 100 oC using the clean solar thermal energy. The system includes the design and construction of solar tracking unit in order to increase system performance. Experimental test results, which obtained from clear and sunny day, refer to highly energy-conversion efficiency and promising a well-performed water heating system.
ABSTRACT Industrial effluents containing heavy metals may consider a major source of contaminatio... more ABSTRACT Industrial effluents containing heavy metals may consider a major source of contamination causes serious environmental problems. Decontamination of heavy metals from wastewater has been a challenged for a long time. A number of methods have been developed for removal of toxic metal ions from wastewaters such as precipitation, evaporation, electroplating, ion exchange, membrane processes, etc. However, these conventional technologies are providing expensive due to non- regenerable materials used, high cost and generation of toxic sludge. Biosorption is a process which represents a biotechnological innovation as well as a cost effective excellent tool for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. It represents a typical technique for using economical alternate biological materials for the purpose. Today, biosorption is one of the main components of environmental and bioresource technology. Application of microorganisms (specifically bacteria, algae, yeasts and fungi) as biosorbents for heavy metal removal have received growing interest due to high surface to volume ratio; large availability, rapid kinetics of adsorption and desorption and low cost. The aim of the present study is to review the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using various materials of biological origin such as fungi, algae, yeast and bacterial biomass. This review discuss the significance of heavy metal removal from waste streams and provides brief overview of potential of biosorbents and biosorption technology, highlights the undelaying features of biosorption and the operation conditions such as pH, dose required, initial concentration, temperature, and treatment performance. Also sorption isotherms, sorption kinetics as well as models used to characterize biosorbent sorption are reviewed.
The biosorption of Cr (III), Zn (II) and Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution by dead blue algal bi... more The biosorption of Cr (III), Zn (II) and Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution by dead blue algal biomass (Cyanophyta) was investigated in single metal system and batch conditions. Experimental parameters included contact time (0-140 min), pH (2-8), sorbent dose (0.1-2.0 g), initial concentrations (10-120 mg/L), agitation speeds (50-300 rpm) and temperatures (298-232K) were investigated. The best values of pH were found 4 for Cr+3, Zn+2 and 5 for Ni+2, respectively. The biosorption process was relatively fast and equilibrium established after 90 min. Equilibrium isotherm experiments data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and Langmuir isotherms gives the best fit to the experimental data. Biosorption kinetic models were used for the single metal system using the dead blue algal biomass, good matching was found between pseudo second order kinetic model and experimental data for Cr (III), Zn (II), and Ni (II) ions systems. Thermodynamic parameters included Go; Ho ...
This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer material using type of natural fi... more This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer material using type of natural fiber. Bamboo fiber considered the strongest between the natural fibers group, it have low density, high mechanical strength in addition to its availability makes it economical applicable and have potential for used as engineering material. The study is concerned with evaluate some of the mechanical properties (Tensile strength, Bending strength, Impact strength) for the resultant composite reinforced with 10, 20 and 30 vol.% of bamboo fibers, as compared with received material. With the natural reinforcement, the optimum mechanical properties in comparison with the as received epoxy were achieved. The results indicated that the tensile strength increased from 13.51MPa to 33.50MPa (that is a percentage increase of 150%), also the bending strength increased from 24.25MPa to 44.5MPa (that is a percentage increase about 83%), as well as, the increase of the impact strength from 41kJ/m² to 69k...
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2018
A waste dried mycelium of fungal biomass type white rot fungi was used to remove methylene blue d... more A waste dried mycelium of fungal biomass type white rot fungi was used to remove methylene blue dye from aqueous solution in batch mode. The equilibrium isotherm and kinetics have been investigated. Several parameters such as pH, contact time, dye concentration and biosorbent dosage were evaluated to determine the adsorption capacity and analyze the suitability of biosorption process. The equilibrium of the process was modeled using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R) isotherms, while kinetic data were fitted by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-secondorder kinetic models. Kinetic experiments indicated a better fit of process to a pseudo second order model, while the equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm with maximum biosorption capacity of 23.69 mg/g and determination coefficient R 2 equal 0.9909 compared with other isotherm models. The values of heat of sorption b T 0.6062 KJ/mol from Temkin model and mean free energy of sorption E 0.7847 KL/mol from D-R model indicated that the biosorption process was endothermic and physisorption in nature. The results show that dead biomass derived from waste of white rot fungi can be used as a good biosorbent material for removal of methylene blue from wastewater due to its low cost and high efficiency.
The adsorption/biosorption onto granular activated carbon, waste of fungi (white Agaricusbisporus... more The adsorption/biosorption onto granular activated carbon, waste of fungi (white Agaricusbisporus)and sunflower shells for Cu (II) and Co (II) removal from aqueous solutions was evaluated. The effects of experimental parameters pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration on heavy metal sorption were investigated. Maximum sorption capacity was reached at optimum pH 5.0. The results showed that waste of fungi performed better efficiency removed heavy metal compared with granular activated carbon and sunflower shells. Several isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data. Freundlich isotherm model matched very well the adsorption equilibrium data in the studied conditions. Several kinetic models were applied to fit the adsorption results. The experimental data processes were well described by the second-order reaction kinetic. Adsorption of Cu (II) and Co (II) onto different adsorbents was influenced by chemisorption and intraparticle diffusion.
Although physical adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater with activated carbon is effective a... more Although physical adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater with activated carbon is effective and used as one of the most common methods, but it is expensive. Hence, it is necessary to find an alternative low cost biosorbents such as agricultures and microorganisms. Waste of fungi and shells of sunflowers are used here to get optimum uptake removal of lead and cadmium as a function of pH, contact time, dose of adsorbent/biosorbent and initial concentration. The results were compared with the uptake capacity of activated carbon. Equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models have been applied to the experimental results. The results were indicated that the waste of fungi and sunflower shells as a biosorbent were more efficient to uptake the heavy metals from simulated wastewater compared with commercial activated carbon.
Industrial effluents containing heavy metals may consider a major source of contamination causes ... more Industrial effluents containing heavy metals may consider a major source of contamination causes serious environmental problems. Decontamination of heavy metals from wastewater has been a challenged for a long time. A number of methods have been developed for removal of toxic metal ions from wastewaters such as precipitation, evaporation, electroplating, ion exchange, membrane processes, etc. However, these conventional technologies are providing expensive due to non-regenerable materials used, high cost and generation of toxic sludge. Biosorption is a process which represents a biotechnological innovation as well as a cost effective excellent tool for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. It represents a typical technique for using economical alternate biological materials for the purpose. Today, biosorption is one of the main components of environmental and bioresource technology. Application of microorganisms (specifically bacteria, algae, yeasts and fungi) as biosorbents for heavy metal removal have received growing interest due to high surface to volume ratio; large availability, rapid kinetics of adsorption and desorption and low cost. The aim of the present study is to review the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using various materials of biological origin such as fungi, algae, yeast and bacterial biomass. This review discuss the significance of heavy metal removal from waste streams and provides brief overview of potential of biosorbents and biosorption technology, highlights the undelaying features of biosorption and the operation conditions such as pH, dose required, initial concentration, temperature, and treatment performance. Also sorption isotherms, sorption kinetics as well as models used to characterize biosorbent sorption are reviewed.
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