Excessive salinity reduces crop production and negatively impacts agriculture worldwide. We previ... more Excessive salinity reduces crop production and negatively impacts agriculture worldwide. We previously isolated endophytic bacterial strains from two halophytic species: Artemisia princeps and Chenopodium ficifolium. We used three bacterial isolates: ART-1 (Lysinibacillus fusiformis), ART-10 (Lysinibacillus sphaericus), and CAL-8 (Brevibacterium pityocampae) to alleviate the impact of salinity stress on rice. The impact of 160 mM NaCl salinity on rice was significantly mitigated following inoculation with these bacterial strains, resulting in increased growth and chlorophyll content. Furthermore, OsNHX1, OsAPX1, OsPIN1 and OsCATA expression was increased, but OsSOS expression was decreased. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed reduced K+ and Na+ levels in shoots of bacteria-inoculated plants, whereas that of Mg2+ was increased. Bacterial inoculation reduced the content of total flavonoids in rice leaves. Salinized plants inoculated with bacteria showed redu...
Abiotic stresses, such as salt and heat stress, coexist in some regions of the world and can have... more Abiotic stresses, such as salt and heat stress, coexist in some regions of the world and can have a significant impact on agricultural plant biomass and production. Rice is a valuable crop that is susceptible to salt and high temperatures. Here, we studied the role of flavanol 3-hydroxylase in response to combined salt and heat stress with the aim of better understanding the defensive mechanism of rice. We found that, compared with wild-type plants, the growth and development of transgenic plants were improved due to higher biosynthesis of kaempferol and quercetin. Furthermore, we observed that oxidative stress was decreased in transgenic plants compared with that in wild-type plants due to the reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of kaempferol and quercetin as well as the modulation of glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidase activity. The expression of high-affinity potassium transporter (HKT) and salt overly sensitive (SOS) genes was significantly increased in transgenic plants compared with in control plants after 12 and 24 h, whereas sodiumhydrogen exchanger (NHX) gene expression was significantly reduced in transgenic plants compared with in control plants. The expression of heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the transgenic line increased significantly after 6 and 12 h, although our understanding of the mechanisms by which the F3H gene regulates HKT, SOS, NHX, HSF, and HSP genes is limited. In addition, transgenic plants showed higher levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and lower levels of salicylic acid (SA) than were found in control plants. However, antagonistic cross talk was identified between these hormones when the duration of stress increased; SA accumulation increased, whereas ABA levels decreased. Although transgenic lines showed significantly increased Na+ ion accumulation, K+ ion accumulation was similar in transgenic and control plants, suggesting that increased flavonoid accumulation is crucial for balancing Na+/K+ ions. Overall, this study suggests that flavonoid accumulation increases the tolerance of rice plants to combined salt and heat stress by regulating physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms.
The overall effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) with NaCl on different rice genotypes are inadequat... more The overall effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) with NaCl on different rice genotypes are inadequately understood. The present study determines the effect of different GA3 (50 and 100 µM) concentrations on the morphophysiological, molecular and biochemical effects of 120 mM NaCl salt stress in rice seedlings. Salt stress reduced germination percentages and seedling growth and decreased bioactive GA content. It also downregulated the relative expression of a-amylase-related genes-OsAmy1A, OsAmy1C, and OsAmy3C in the salt-sensitive IR28 cultivar. Salt stress differentially regulated the expression of GA biosynthetic genes. Salt stress increased antioxidant activity in all rice genotypes tested, except in IR28. GA3 mitigates the effect of salt stress, rescuing seed germination and growth attributes. GA3 significantly increased bioactive GA content in Nagdong and pokkali (50 µM) and Cheongcheong and IR28 (100 µM) cultivars. The a-amylase genes were also significantly upregulated by GA3. Similarly, GA3 upregulated OsGA2ox1 and OsGA2ox9 expression in the Cheongcheong and salt-sensitive IR28 cultivars. The present study demonstrated that salt stress inactivates bioactive GAinhibiting germination and seedlings growthand decreases bioactive GA content and GSH activity in IR28 and Pokkali cultivars. Further, GA3 significantly reversed the effects of 120 mM NaCl salt stress in different rice genotypes. The current study suggested that the known coastal area salinity concentration can be significantly recovered with the application of exogenous GA3. Thus, it could be possible to grow eco-friendly rice close to the coastal zone in order to reduce the damage caused by salinity.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Nov 25, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Climate change leads to soil salinization, and the dynamic scarcity of freshwater has negatively ... more Climate change leads to soil salinization, and the dynamic scarcity of freshwater has negatively affected crop production worldwide, especially Oryza sativa. The association among ion uptake, gene expression, antioxidant, biomass, and root and shoot development under different salt stress are not fully understood. Many studies are related to the effect of NaCl only. This study used two salts (CaCl 2 and MgCl 2) along with NaCl and analyzed their effects on mineral uptake (macronutrients and micronutrients), gene expression, seed germination, antioxidants, plant growth, and biomass in different rice genotypes. CaCl 2 (up to 200 mM) slightly increased the germination percentage and seedling growth, whereas, 150 mM MgCl 2 in the soil increased the root, shoot length, and fresh and dry weight in cultivars IR 28 and Cheongcheong. All agronomic traits among rice genotypes were drastically reduced by NaCl stress compared to other salts. Different salt stress differentially regulated ion uptake in the roots and shoots among different rice genotypes. Under different salt stress, a consistent decrease in Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Fe 2+ ions was observed in the roots of Cheongcheong, Nagdong, and IR 28. Similarly, under different salts, the stress in the shoots of Cheongcheong (Ca 2+ , Na + , and Zn 2+) and Nagdong (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , and Zn 2+) and the shoots of IR 28 (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+) consistently increased. Under different salts, a salt stress-related gene was expressed differentially in the roots of rice genotypes. However, after 6 and 12 h, there was consistent OsHKT1, OsNHX1, and OsSOS1 gene upregulation in the shoots of Nagdong and roots and shoots of the salt-tolerant cultivar Pokkali. Under different salt stress, glutathione (GSH) content increased in the shoot of IR 28 and Nagdong by NaCl, and MgCl 2 salt, whereas, POD activity increased significantly by CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 in cultivar Cheongcheong and IR 28 shoot. Therefore, this study suggested that Pokkali responded well to NaCl stress only, whereas, the plant molecular breeding lab cultivar Nagdong showed more salt tolerance to different salts (NaCl, CaCl 2 , and MgCl 2). This can potentially be used by agriculturists to develop the new salt-tolerant cultivar "Nagdong"-like Pokkali.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Dec 4, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Jul 2, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Mar 3, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
The white-backed planthopper (WBPH) is a major pest of rice crops and causes severe loss of yield... more The white-backed planthopper (WBPH) is a major pest of rice crops and causes severe loss of yield. We previously developed the WBPH-resistant rice cultivar “OxF3H” by overexpressing the OsF3H gene. Although there was a higher accumulation of the flavonoids kaempferol (Kr) and quercetin (Qu) as well as salicylic acid (SA) in OxF3H transgenic (OsF3H or Trans) plants compared to the wild type (WT), it is still unclear how OsF3H overexpression affects these WBPH resistant-related changes in gene expression in OxF3H plants. In this study, we analyze RNA-seq data from OxF3H and WT at several points (0 h, 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h) after WBPH infection to explain how overall changes in gene expression happen in these two cultivars. RT-qPCR further validated a number of the genes. Results revealed that the highest number of DEGs (4735) between the two genotypes was detected after 24 h of infection. Interestingly, it was found that several of the DEGs between the WT and OsF3H under control conditi...
The number of corn cultivars that have been improved using genetically modified technology contin... more The number of corn cultivars that have been improved using genetically modified technology continues to increase. However, concerns about the unintentional release of living-modified organisms (LMOs) into the environment still exist. Specifically, there are cases where LMO crops grown as fodder are released into the environment and form a volunteer plant community, which raises concerns about their safety. In this study, we analyzed the possibility of weediness and volunteer plants’ occurrence when GMO fodder corn grains distributed in Korea are unintentionally released into the environment. Volunteer plants’ occurrence was investigated by directly sowing grains in an untreated field. The results showed that the germination rate was extremely low, and even if a corn seed germinated, it could not grow into an adult plant and would die due to weed competition. In addition, the germination rate of edible and fodder grains was affected by temperature (it was high at 20 °C and 30 °C but ...
The gelatinization temperature of rice is an important factor in determining the eating and cooki... more The gelatinization temperature of rice is an important factor in determining the eating and cooking quality, and it affects consumer preference. The alkali digestion value (ADV) is one of the main methods used to test the quality of rice and has a high correlation with the gelatinization temperature. For the development of high-quality rice, it is important to understand the genetic basis of palatability-related traits, and QTL analysis is a statistical method linking phenotypic data and genotype data, and is an effective method to explain the genetic basis of variation in complex traits. QTL mapping related to ADV of brown and milled rice was performed using the 120 Cheongcheong/Nagdong double haploid (CNDH) line. As a result, 12 QTLs related to ADV were detected, and 20 candidate genes were selected from the RM588-RM1163 region of chromosome 6 through screening by gene function analysis. The comparison of the relative expression level of candidate genes showed that OsSS1q6 is highly expressed in CNDH lines with high ADV in both brown rice and milled rice. In addition, OsSS1q6 has high homology with starch synthase 1 protein, and interact with various starch biosynthesis-related proteins, such as GBSSII, SBE, and APL. Therefore, we suggest that OsSS1q6 identi ed through QTL mapping could be one of the various genes involved in the gelatinization temperature of rice by regulating starch biosynthesis. This study can be used as basic data for breeding high-quality rice and provides a new genetic resource that can increase the palatability of rice. 18 hours, and spreadability and transparency were investigated. The value of digestion of brown and milled rice was evaluated on a scale of 1-7 according to the survey criteria of the International Rice Research Institute (Table S1), and all experiments were repeated 3 times. Measurement of amylose, amylopectin, protein, and lipid content The levels of amylose, amylopectin, protein, and lipid content of seed were measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS, AN-820, Kett Electric Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan). Near infrared spectroscopy (FOSS NIR Systems 6500, USA) was performed three times. Construction of genetic map and QTL mapping related to the ADV Window QTL cartographer 2.5 was used to analyze the QTLs related to the ADV, and a genetic map created using the 120 CNDH line in the Plant Molecular Breeding Laboratory at Kyungpook National University was used. The CNDH genetic map was constructed using Mapmaker version 3.0, and 788 SSR markers were used for polymorphism analysis. Among them, 423 SSR markers showed polymorphism in their parent cultivars, Cheongcheong and Nagdong, and nally, 143 SSR markers were used to construct the CNDH genetic map. For QTL analysis, the composite interval mapping (CIM) method applying the kosambi function was used, and the logarithm of the odds (LOD) value was set to 2.5. The nomenclature of the analyzed QTL was set according to the method proposed in (McCouch 2008). Genetic information analysis After QTL mapping was performed, ADV-related genes were searched in the detected QTL region. Rapdb (https://rapdb.dna.affrc.go.jp/) and RiceXpro (https://ricexpro.dna.affrc.go.jp/) were used to search for open reading frames (ORFs) between SSR markers. All ORFs searched were classi ed according to molecular function, and ORFs related to the ADV were selected. The functions of the selected genes were predicted through sequence analysis and protein interaction analysis using the Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART, http://smart.embl-heide lberg.de/) and ExPASy
Jatropha curcas L. is a perennial plant, that emerged as a biodiesel crop attracting the great in... more Jatropha curcas L. is a perennial plant, that emerged as a biodiesel crop attracting the great interest of researchers. However, it is considered a semi-wild plant and needed to apply crop-improving practices to enhance its full yield potential. This study was conducted to improve the growth and development of the J. curcas plant by exogenous application of Gibberellic acid (GA), indole acetic acid (IAA), and fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK)). The experiment was conducted in pots in triplicate and 100 ppm and 250 ppm of GA and IAA were applied separately while NPK was applied in two levels (30 and 60 g/pot). The results revealed a significant difference in growth parameters with the application of hormones and fertilizer. The highest shoot length (47%), root length (63%), root fresh weight (72%), and root dry weight (172%) were shown by plants treated with GA 250 ppm. While plants treated with NPK 60 g showed the highest increases in shoot fresh weight and shoot dry...
Excessive salinity reduces crop production and negatively impacts agriculture worldwide. We previ... more Excessive salinity reduces crop production and negatively impacts agriculture worldwide. We previously isolated endophytic bacterial strains from two halophytic species: Artemisia princeps and Chenopodium ficifolium. We used three bacterial isolates: ART-1 (Lysinibacillus fusiformis), ART-10 (Lysinibacillus sphaericus), and CAL-8 (Brevibacterium pityocampae) to alleviate the impact of salinity stress on rice. The impact of 160 mM NaCl salinity on rice was significantly mitigated following inoculation with these bacterial strains, resulting in increased growth and chlorophyll content. Furthermore, OsNHX1, OsAPX1, OsPIN1 and OsCATA expression was increased, but OsSOS expression was decreased. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed reduced K+ and Na+ levels in shoots of bacteria-inoculated plants, whereas that of Mg2+ was increased. Bacterial inoculation reduced the content of total flavonoids in rice leaves. Salinized plants inoculated with bacteria showed redu...
Abiotic stresses, such as salt and heat stress, coexist in some regions of the world and can have... more Abiotic stresses, such as salt and heat stress, coexist in some regions of the world and can have a significant impact on agricultural plant biomass and production. Rice is a valuable crop that is susceptible to salt and high temperatures. Here, we studied the role of flavanol 3-hydroxylase in response to combined salt and heat stress with the aim of better understanding the defensive mechanism of rice. We found that, compared with wild-type plants, the growth and development of transgenic plants were improved due to higher biosynthesis of kaempferol and quercetin. Furthermore, we observed that oxidative stress was decreased in transgenic plants compared with that in wild-type plants due to the reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of kaempferol and quercetin as well as the modulation of glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidase activity. The expression of high-affinity potassium transporter (HKT) and salt overly sensitive (SOS) genes was significantly increased in transgenic plants compared with in control plants after 12 and 24 h, whereas sodiumhydrogen exchanger (NHX) gene expression was significantly reduced in transgenic plants compared with in control plants. The expression of heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the transgenic line increased significantly after 6 and 12 h, although our understanding of the mechanisms by which the F3H gene regulates HKT, SOS, NHX, HSF, and HSP genes is limited. In addition, transgenic plants showed higher levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and lower levels of salicylic acid (SA) than were found in control plants. However, antagonistic cross talk was identified between these hormones when the duration of stress increased; SA accumulation increased, whereas ABA levels decreased. Although transgenic lines showed significantly increased Na+ ion accumulation, K+ ion accumulation was similar in transgenic and control plants, suggesting that increased flavonoid accumulation is crucial for balancing Na+/K+ ions. Overall, this study suggests that flavonoid accumulation increases the tolerance of rice plants to combined salt and heat stress by regulating physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms.
The overall effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) with NaCl on different rice genotypes are inadequat... more The overall effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) with NaCl on different rice genotypes are inadequately understood. The present study determines the effect of different GA3 (50 and 100 µM) concentrations on the morphophysiological, molecular and biochemical effects of 120 mM NaCl salt stress in rice seedlings. Salt stress reduced germination percentages and seedling growth and decreased bioactive GA content. It also downregulated the relative expression of a-amylase-related genes-OsAmy1A, OsAmy1C, and OsAmy3C in the salt-sensitive IR28 cultivar. Salt stress differentially regulated the expression of GA biosynthetic genes. Salt stress increased antioxidant activity in all rice genotypes tested, except in IR28. GA3 mitigates the effect of salt stress, rescuing seed germination and growth attributes. GA3 significantly increased bioactive GA content in Nagdong and pokkali (50 µM) and Cheongcheong and IR28 (100 µM) cultivars. The a-amylase genes were also significantly upregulated by GA3. Similarly, GA3 upregulated OsGA2ox1 and OsGA2ox9 expression in the Cheongcheong and salt-sensitive IR28 cultivars. The present study demonstrated that salt stress inactivates bioactive GAinhibiting germination and seedlings growthand decreases bioactive GA content and GSH activity in IR28 and Pokkali cultivars. Further, GA3 significantly reversed the effects of 120 mM NaCl salt stress in different rice genotypes. The current study suggested that the known coastal area salinity concentration can be significantly recovered with the application of exogenous GA3. Thus, it could be possible to grow eco-friendly rice close to the coastal zone in order to reduce the damage caused by salinity.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Nov 25, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Climate change leads to soil salinization, and the dynamic scarcity of freshwater has negatively ... more Climate change leads to soil salinization, and the dynamic scarcity of freshwater has negatively affected crop production worldwide, especially Oryza sativa. The association among ion uptake, gene expression, antioxidant, biomass, and root and shoot development under different salt stress are not fully understood. Many studies are related to the effect of NaCl only. This study used two salts (CaCl 2 and MgCl 2) along with NaCl and analyzed their effects on mineral uptake (macronutrients and micronutrients), gene expression, seed germination, antioxidants, plant growth, and biomass in different rice genotypes. CaCl 2 (up to 200 mM) slightly increased the germination percentage and seedling growth, whereas, 150 mM MgCl 2 in the soil increased the root, shoot length, and fresh and dry weight in cultivars IR 28 and Cheongcheong. All agronomic traits among rice genotypes were drastically reduced by NaCl stress compared to other salts. Different salt stress differentially regulated ion uptake in the roots and shoots among different rice genotypes. Under different salt stress, a consistent decrease in Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Fe 2+ ions was observed in the roots of Cheongcheong, Nagdong, and IR 28. Similarly, under different salts, the stress in the shoots of Cheongcheong (Ca 2+ , Na + , and Zn 2+) and Nagdong (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , and Zn 2+) and the shoots of IR 28 (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+) consistently increased. Under different salts, a salt stress-related gene was expressed differentially in the roots of rice genotypes. However, after 6 and 12 h, there was consistent OsHKT1, OsNHX1, and OsSOS1 gene upregulation in the shoots of Nagdong and roots and shoots of the salt-tolerant cultivar Pokkali. Under different salt stress, glutathione (GSH) content increased in the shoot of IR 28 and Nagdong by NaCl, and MgCl 2 salt, whereas, POD activity increased significantly by CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 in cultivar Cheongcheong and IR 28 shoot. Therefore, this study suggested that Pokkali responded well to NaCl stress only, whereas, the plant molecular breeding lab cultivar Nagdong showed more salt tolerance to different salts (NaCl, CaCl 2 , and MgCl 2). This can potentially be used by agriculturists to develop the new salt-tolerant cultivar "Nagdong"-like Pokkali.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Dec 4, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Jul 2, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Mar 3, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
The white-backed planthopper (WBPH) is a major pest of rice crops and causes severe loss of yield... more The white-backed planthopper (WBPH) is a major pest of rice crops and causes severe loss of yield. We previously developed the WBPH-resistant rice cultivar “OxF3H” by overexpressing the OsF3H gene. Although there was a higher accumulation of the flavonoids kaempferol (Kr) and quercetin (Qu) as well as salicylic acid (SA) in OxF3H transgenic (OsF3H or Trans) plants compared to the wild type (WT), it is still unclear how OsF3H overexpression affects these WBPH resistant-related changes in gene expression in OxF3H plants. In this study, we analyze RNA-seq data from OxF3H and WT at several points (0 h, 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h) after WBPH infection to explain how overall changes in gene expression happen in these two cultivars. RT-qPCR further validated a number of the genes. Results revealed that the highest number of DEGs (4735) between the two genotypes was detected after 24 h of infection. Interestingly, it was found that several of the DEGs between the WT and OsF3H under control conditi...
The number of corn cultivars that have been improved using genetically modified technology contin... more The number of corn cultivars that have been improved using genetically modified technology continues to increase. However, concerns about the unintentional release of living-modified organisms (LMOs) into the environment still exist. Specifically, there are cases where LMO crops grown as fodder are released into the environment and form a volunteer plant community, which raises concerns about their safety. In this study, we analyzed the possibility of weediness and volunteer plants’ occurrence when GMO fodder corn grains distributed in Korea are unintentionally released into the environment. Volunteer plants’ occurrence was investigated by directly sowing grains in an untreated field. The results showed that the germination rate was extremely low, and even if a corn seed germinated, it could not grow into an adult plant and would die due to weed competition. In addition, the germination rate of edible and fodder grains was affected by temperature (it was high at 20 °C and 30 °C but ...
The gelatinization temperature of rice is an important factor in determining the eating and cooki... more The gelatinization temperature of rice is an important factor in determining the eating and cooking quality, and it affects consumer preference. The alkali digestion value (ADV) is one of the main methods used to test the quality of rice and has a high correlation with the gelatinization temperature. For the development of high-quality rice, it is important to understand the genetic basis of palatability-related traits, and QTL analysis is a statistical method linking phenotypic data and genotype data, and is an effective method to explain the genetic basis of variation in complex traits. QTL mapping related to ADV of brown and milled rice was performed using the 120 Cheongcheong/Nagdong double haploid (CNDH) line. As a result, 12 QTLs related to ADV were detected, and 20 candidate genes were selected from the RM588-RM1163 region of chromosome 6 through screening by gene function analysis. The comparison of the relative expression level of candidate genes showed that OsSS1q6 is highly expressed in CNDH lines with high ADV in both brown rice and milled rice. In addition, OsSS1q6 has high homology with starch synthase 1 protein, and interact with various starch biosynthesis-related proteins, such as GBSSII, SBE, and APL. Therefore, we suggest that OsSS1q6 identi ed through QTL mapping could be one of the various genes involved in the gelatinization temperature of rice by regulating starch biosynthesis. This study can be used as basic data for breeding high-quality rice and provides a new genetic resource that can increase the palatability of rice. 18 hours, and spreadability and transparency were investigated. The value of digestion of brown and milled rice was evaluated on a scale of 1-7 according to the survey criteria of the International Rice Research Institute (Table S1), and all experiments were repeated 3 times. Measurement of amylose, amylopectin, protein, and lipid content The levels of amylose, amylopectin, protein, and lipid content of seed were measured using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS, AN-820, Kett Electric Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan). Near infrared spectroscopy (FOSS NIR Systems 6500, USA) was performed three times. Construction of genetic map and QTL mapping related to the ADV Window QTL cartographer 2.5 was used to analyze the QTLs related to the ADV, and a genetic map created using the 120 CNDH line in the Plant Molecular Breeding Laboratory at Kyungpook National University was used. The CNDH genetic map was constructed using Mapmaker version 3.0, and 788 SSR markers were used for polymorphism analysis. Among them, 423 SSR markers showed polymorphism in their parent cultivars, Cheongcheong and Nagdong, and nally, 143 SSR markers were used to construct the CNDH genetic map. For QTL analysis, the composite interval mapping (CIM) method applying the kosambi function was used, and the logarithm of the odds (LOD) value was set to 2.5. The nomenclature of the analyzed QTL was set according to the method proposed in (McCouch 2008). Genetic information analysis After QTL mapping was performed, ADV-related genes were searched in the detected QTL region. Rapdb (https://rapdb.dna.affrc.go.jp/) and RiceXpro (https://ricexpro.dna.affrc.go.jp/) were used to search for open reading frames (ORFs) between SSR markers. All ORFs searched were classi ed according to molecular function, and ORFs related to the ADV were selected. The functions of the selected genes were predicted through sequence analysis and protein interaction analysis using the Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART, http://smart.embl-heide lberg.de/) and ExPASy
Jatropha curcas L. is a perennial plant, that emerged as a biodiesel crop attracting the great in... more Jatropha curcas L. is a perennial plant, that emerged as a biodiesel crop attracting the great interest of researchers. However, it is considered a semi-wild plant and needed to apply crop-improving practices to enhance its full yield potential. This study was conducted to improve the growth and development of the J. curcas plant by exogenous application of Gibberellic acid (GA), indole acetic acid (IAA), and fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK)). The experiment was conducted in pots in triplicate and 100 ppm and 250 ppm of GA and IAA were applied separately while NPK was applied in two levels (30 and 60 g/pot). The results revealed a significant difference in growth parameters with the application of hormones and fertilizer. The highest shoot length (47%), root length (63%), root fresh weight (72%), and root dry weight (172%) were shown by plants treated with GA 250 ppm. While plants treated with NPK 60 g showed the highest increases in shoot fresh weight and shoot dry...
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