A successive embryonic developmental study was conducted on the brain of twenty eight embryos and... more A successive embryonic developmental study was conducted on the brain of twenty eight embryos and fetuses of one humped camel (Camelus Dromedarius), whose crown vertebral rump lengths (CVRL) ranged from 9 to 80 mm, collected from the El-Basateen (Cairo) and Belbees (ElSharqya) Slaughterhouse. The current investigation revealed that camel brain was found to consist of fore, mid and hind brains. The fore brain is divided into telencephalon and diencephalon while the rhombencephalon divided into metencephalon and myelencephalon. Flexures appeared between the vesicles are cervical flexure between the rhomencephalon and the spinal cord, cephalic flexure in the mesencephalon and pontine flexure between the metencephalon, and the myelencephalon of the hind brain (rhombencephalon). The cavity of the rhombencephalon is the fourth ventricle, while that of the diencephalon is the third ventricle, and those of the telencephalon are the lateral ventricles but that of mid brain is the cerebral aqueduct. myelencephalon becomes medulla oblongata and metencephalon developed to pons and cerebellum while mesencephalon gives rise to the cerebral crura and anterior and a posterior colliculus. Diencephalon gives the thalamus, hypothalamus, mamillary body, infundibulum and pineal body while telencephalon becomes the cerebral hemispheres and corpus striatum
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 2018
Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate morphometric and histopathological abnor... more Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate morphometric and histopathological abnormalities during organogenesis in liver, kidney, brain, spinal cord, heart, Lung, digestive tract and spleen in rabbit feti in response to oral administration of Khat prepared from leaves of khat tree (Catha edulis). Materials and methods: The current work was carried out with apparently healthy adult New Zealand rabbits (n=27; 3 males and 24 females) weighing 2.5±0.5 Kg. The female rabbits were divided into four equal groups. Three goups (low, medium and high dose groups) were treated with Khat. The groups were given 3 mL, 6 mL and 12 mL extract/Kg bwt once daily from day 8 to 18 of gestation, respectively. The control group was given distilled water only. All females were slaughtered on day 28 of gestation. Visceral organ were subjected for histopathological examinations. Results: Khat was found to be associated with hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rabbits. The kidney of feti of treated dams showed subcapsular hemorrhages along with mild vacuolar degeneration of some renal tubular epithelium. Glomeruli were atrophied, and moderate degenerative changes were observed in renal tubular epithelium and hemorrhages between renal tubules. The liver of the feti showed vacuolar degeneration, necrotic hepatitis, congestion of central veins and hepatic sinusoids, pyknotic clumped nuclei, hemorrhages, edema with atrophy of some hepatocytes, and hyperplasia of Megakaryocytic cells. The Khat also harmed the brain causing hemorrhage, edema, degenerative changes, swelling and necrotic changes of some nerve cells as well as supporting cells. The spinal cord was affected showing degeneration of nerve fibers in white matter and some neurons in grey matter. The heart of treated feti showed congestion of epicardial blood vessels and diffuse degeneration of heart muscles. Lung and alimentary tract only showed congestion of blood vessels. Conclusion: Prenatal exposure of Khat in rabbit induces harmful effects in defferent visceral organs including liver, kidney, brain, spinal cord, spleen, intestine, heart and lung.
SummaryTen apparently healthy, adult laughing doves were used to document detailed histological, ... more SummaryTen apparently healthy, adult laughing doves were used to document detailed histological, histochemical and surface ultrastructural features of the nasal cavity and to investigate the structure‐function relationship of the nasal cavity in this species. We observed that the nasal cavity of the laughing dove was composed of three main regions: nasal vestibule, respiratory and olfactory. Each region presented a characteristic epithelial lining. The epithelium varied along the nasal vestibule from keratinized stratified squamous rostrally to non‐keratinized stratified squamous in the middle and stratified cuboidal in the caudal region of the nasal vestibule. The respiratory region was lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and was initially devoid of both goblet cells and cilia, but cilia then appeared and increased gradually in number close to the olfactory region. The caudal part of the respiratory region presented a stratified cuboidal epithelium. Strong alcianophilic...
Blood to the pelvic limb of the ostrich is provided by the external iliac and ischiatic arteries ... more Blood to the pelvic limb of the ostrich is provided by the external iliac and ischiatic arteries that arise from the descending aorta. The external iliac artery (a.) gave rise to the pubic a. that supplied the obturator muscles and continued as the femoral a. The femoral a. gave off three branches: (1) cranial coxal a. to muscles above the pre-acetabular ilium; (2) cranial femoral a. to muscles cranial to the femur, the gastrocnemius muscle, hip and stifle joints and (3) medial femoral a. to muscles caudal and medial to the femur. The ischiatic a. gave rise to the caudal coxal a. that supplied muscles caudal to the femur, muscular branches to the iliotibialis lateralis muscle and to the deep femoral a. that supplied the iliofibularis muscle, cutanea femoralis caudalis and lateralis aa., and branches to the flexors of the leg and knee joint, then terminated as the sural and popliteal arteries. The sural a. supplied most of the flexors of the foot. The popliteal a. supplied the knee joint and flexors of the leg, and then terminated as the cranial and caudal tibial arteries. The caudal tibial a. supplied flexors of the foot. The cranial tibial a. provided four branches to the knee and ankle joints and to the leg. The cranial tibial a. continued into the foot as the common dorsal metatarsal a., which gave off seven different branches to the ankle and foot. With few exceptions, the arteries of the ostrich pelvic limb are similar to those of domestic fowl.
The pelvic limb of the ostrich is innervated by the lumbar and sacral plexuses. The lumbar plexus... more The pelvic limb of the ostrich is innervated by the lumbar and sacral plexuses. The lumbar plexus gave rise to several nerves (N.s) including, N. coxalis cranialis, lateral and cranial femoral cutaneous N.s, N. femoralis, cranial, caudal and medial crural cutaneous N.s, and N. obturatorius. The remaining nerves emanated from the sacral plexus. The N. iliotibial, N. ischiofemoralis, N. iliofibularis, and N. coxae caudalis were distributed in the thigh, while the N. ischiadica, which terminated as the tibial and fibular N.s that innervated the leg and foot. The tibial N. gave rise to the parafibular N. then divided to form the Nn. suralis medialis and lateralis. The N. suralis medialis continued as the N. metatarsalis plantaris medialis. The parafibular N. continued as the N. plantaris lateralis, which terminated as the R. digitalis of the fourth digit. The fibular N. terminated as the superficial and deep fibular N.s. The superficial fibular N. continued as the N. metatarsalis dorsalis lateralis and divided into two digital N.s to the third and fourth digits. The deep fibular N. crossed the ankle joint and continued as the N. metatarsalis dorsalis medialis that continued as the R. digitalis of the third digit. In general, the innervation of the pelvic limb of the ostrich was similar to the pelvic limbs of several different species of domesticated birds, including the chicken. We discuss the few differences as well as appropriate sites to perform nerve blocks for the lateral and medial dorsal and the lateral plantar N.s.
The Celiac artery in hooded crow originated from descending aorta. It gives off the proventricula... more The Celiac artery in hooded crow originated from descending aorta. It gives off the proventricular artery, splenic arteries then terminated with the right and left celiac arteries. The right celiac artery detached the right hepatic, left hepatic, gastroduodenal and the right gastric arteries. The gastro duodenal artery supplies the pylorus and duodenum. The right gastric artery gives off the ventral proventricular, dorsal gastric and ventral gastric arteries. The dorsal and ventral gastric arteries supply the gizzard. The left celiac artery gives off the left gastric artery to gizzard, the jejunal branch, duodenal branch, and pancreatico-duodenal artery. The cranial mesenteric artery originated from the descending aorta then gives off the duodo-jejunal artery, ileal branches, jejunal arteries. the duodo-jejunal artery divided into duodenal and jejunal branches. The ileal branches are the dorsal and ventral ileal arteries. The caudal mesenteric artery arose from the descending aorta then divided into cranial and caudal branches. The cranial branch is distributed in the cranial part of rectum and cecum. The caudal branch supplies the caudal half of rectum, cloaca and cloacal bursa.
The avian respiratory system includes a number of remarkable structures. Air sacs (Sacci pneumati... more The avian respiratory system includes a number of remarkable structures. Air sacs (Sacci pneumatici) are one of these unique structures that help to maintain constant airflow and ventilation of the lung throughout the breathing cycle (Powell & Mitchell, 2000). Air sacs also have an important role in body temperature regulation (Dawson & Whittow, 2000b). Avian air sacs are critical in flight and swimming by reducing the density of the body (Dyce, Sack, & Wensing, 2010; Kent & Carr, 2008). Because air sacs are expansions of the bronchial system that are intimately arranged among the internal body organs and even penetrate some of the skeletal bones via diverticula
Ten adult domestic Mallard ducks and ten adult domestic pigeons of both sexes were used for morph... more Ten adult domestic Mallard ducks and ten adult domestic pigeons of both sexes were used for morphologic and histological study. The proventriculus was the last part of the foregut. It was cone-shaped in pigeon while it was tubular in duck and arose from the esophagus. The
Exposure to mercury in the environment continues to be a significant worldwide concern, especiall... more Exposure to mercury in the environment continues to be a significant worldwide concern, especially for developing embryos and fetuses. While extensive research effort has focused on the effects of mercury on the developing nervous system, much less is known concerning adverse effects of mercury on other organ systems, including the development of skeletal muscle. We exposed developing zebrafish embryos to a range of concentrations of mercuric chloride (100 to 400 µg/liter or ppb) and compared them to control embryos (0 µg/L mercuric chloride). Embryos were examined at 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) for morphometry and morphological deformities of skeletal muscle fibers in the trunk and tail. Embryos exposed to 400 ppb mercuric chloride showed decreased trunk and tail areas compared to control embryos. A dose-dependent reduction in muscle fiber length was observed, and exposure to all concentrations of mercuric chloride used in this study resulted in decreased muscle fiber immunohistochemical staining with anti-myosin antibodies. Irregular muscle fiber diameters, twisted muscle fibers, and degenerated muscle fibers were observed in sections of embryos stained with eosin at the higher exposure concentrations. Evidence presented in this study suggests that exposure to even low concentrations of mercuric chloride adversely affects skeletal muscle fiber development or muscle fiber integrity, or both.
Ten adult hooded crow and another ten adult cattle egret were used to study the oropharyngeal cav... more Ten adult hooded crow and another ten adult cattle egret were used to study the oropharyngeal cavity macro and microscopically. The oropharynx in both birds was a dorsoventrally flattened tube, presented four openings, choanal and infundibular slits in the roof and glottis and oesophageal opening in the floor. The choanal slit divided into rostral and caudal part in hooded crow while in cattle egret it was undivided. The roof of oropharynx presents infundibular slit in midline. The horny conical papillae were widely distributed in the roof and floor of the oropharynx of hooded crow while in cattle egret it was absent except two rows in the roof of oropharynx. The opening of salivary glands ducts were widely distributed in the roof and floor of the oropharynx of the hooded crow while in cattle egret they were few in number only in the caudal part of the roof of the oropharynx. The microfolds in both birds are present in the roof of the oropharynx but absent in the floor. The cattle egret is characterized by the presence of hills and deep microgrooves in addition to micropits.
Sections from duodenum, jejunum and ileum of local breeds of goat (Capra hircus) were studied his... more Sections from duodenum, jejunum and ileum of local breeds of goat (Capra hircus) were studied histologically using light and scanning electron microscopy. The wall of goat small intestine is composed of typical layers: lamina epithelialis mucosae, lamina propria, lamina muscularis mucosae, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Small intestine villi were covered by a simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells and simple tubular glands, the crypts of Lieberkühn, containing paneth cells were observed between the villi. The presence of mucus was extensive in the duodenum and the number of goblet cells was highest in the duodenum. The lamina propria consisted of loose connective tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels. The lamina muscularis mucosa was presented as a thin layer of circular smooth muscle fibers at the base of the crypts. The submucosa consisted of conjunctive tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels. The tunica muscularis consisted of the typical inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. The tunica serosa was the thin, outermost small intestine layer that consisted of a very small amount of conjunctive tissue covered by mesothelium. The submucosa was devoid of glands in all three small intestine regions. Scanning electron microscopy showed finger shaped villi in the jujenum, tongue shaped in ileum, leave like in duodenum; the villus has corrugated surface. The corrugations are deep, irregular clefts cutting into the side of the villus. The corrugations are scarce in the duodenum, few in jujenum and numerous in ileum. The surface of villi presents the goblet cell orifices.
Histología y Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido de las Vías Respiratorias Inferiores en el Zorro ... more Histología y Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido de las Vías Respiratorias Inferiores en el Zorro Rojo Adulto (Vulpes vulpes
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of various Dexa... more The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of various Dexamethasone (DEX) concentrations on productive and reproductive performance of premature male and female Japanese quails. Japanese quail of 3-weeks-old were received DEX at 0 (control group), 0.25 (low dose treated group) and 0.5 (high dose treated group) mg/kg diet, mixed in their mash, till the 42 th day of age. As a result of this study, in high dose treated group, there were significant (P≤ 0.05) increases in the sex organs weight (g) and laying rate (%) of females meanwhile there was a significant decrease in egg weight and fertility percentage (P≤ 0.001). No significant differences were observed in total testes weight (g) of males but cloacal gland area (mm 2 ) was smaller in both low and high dose male groups compared to control. The serum corticosterone (CORT) level was significantly (P≤ 0.001) higher in low dose treated males whereas no significant changes were recorded in high an...
BACKGROUND Khat leaves are chewed by many people worldwide, mainly in Africa and the southwest Ar... more BACKGROUND Khat leaves are chewed by many people worldwide, mainly in Africa and the southwest Arabian peninsula. Materials and methods: 27 apparently healthy adult New Zealand rabbits (3 males & 24 females) of 2.5 ± 0.5 kg body weight were used in this work. The animals were divided into 4 groups (control, low, medium and high doses groups). The khat extract was administered orally during (8th -18th) day of gestation. The mothers were sacrificed on the 29th day of gestation. The skeletons of the fetuses were stained with Alizarin Red S and Alcian Blue. Results: Skeletal examination of the fetuses of treated dams showed several types of malformations and variations in all treated groups such as unossified phalanges, deformed sternum, completely unossified vertebral lamina and opened anterior and posterior fontanelles, and reduced length of limb long bones. Conclusion: These findings support the teratogenic effect of the khat on the developing rabbit fetus.
A successive embryonic developmental study was conducted on the brain of twenty eight embryos and... more A successive embryonic developmental study was conducted on the brain of twenty eight embryos and fetuses of one humped camel (Camelus Dromedarius), whose crown vertebral rump lengths (CVRL) ranged from 9 to 80 mm, collected from the El-Basateen (Cairo) and Belbees (ElSharqya) Slaughterhouse. The current investigation revealed that camel brain was found to consist of fore, mid and hind brains. The fore brain is divided into telencephalon and diencephalon while the rhombencephalon divided into metencephalon and myelencephalon. Flexures appeared between the vesicles are cervical flexure between the rhomencephalon and the spinal cord, cephalic flexure in the mesencephalon and pontine flexure between the metencephalon, and the myelencephalon of the hind brain (rhombencephalon). The cavity of the rhombencephalon is the fourth ventricle, while that of the diencephalon is the third ventricle, and those of the telencephalon are the lateral ventricles but that of mid brain is the cerebral aqueduct. myelencephalon becomes medulla oblongata and metencephalon developed to pons and cerebellum while mesencephalon gives rise to the cerebral crura and anterior and a posterior colliculus. Diencephalon gives the thalamus, hypothalamus, mamillary body, infundibulum and pineal body while telencephalon becomes the cerebral hemispheres and corpus striatum
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 2018
Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate morphometric and histopathological abnor... more Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate morphometric and histopathological abnormalities during organogenesis in liver, kidney, brain, spinal cord, heart, Lung, digestive tract and spleen in rabbit feti in response to oral administration of Khat prepared from leaves of khat tree (Catha edulis). Materials and methods: The current work was carried out with apparently healthy adult New Zealand rabbits (n=27; 3 males and 24 females) weighing 2.5±0.5 Kg. The female rabbits were divided into four equal groups. Three goups (low, medium and high dose groups) were treated with Khat. The groups were given 3 mL, 6 mL and 12 mL extract/Kg bwt once daily from day 8 to 18 of gestation, respectively. The control group was given distilled water only. All females were slaughtered on day 28 of gestation. Visceral organ were subjected for histopathological examinations. Results: Khat was found to be associated with hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rabbits. The kidney of feti of treated dams showed subcapsular hemorrhages along with mild vacuolar degeneration of some renal tubular epithelium. Glomeruli were atrophied, and moderate degenerative changes were observed in renal tubular epithelium and hemorrhages between renal tubules. The liver of the feti showed vacuolar degeneration, necrotic hepatitis, congestion of central veins and hepatic sinusoids, pyknotic clumped nuclei, hemorrhages, edema with atrophy of some hepatocytes, and hyperplasia of Megakaryocytic cells. The Khat also harmed the brain causing hemorrhage, edema, degenerative changes, swelling and necrotic changes of some nerve cells as well as supporting cells. The spinal cord was affected showing degeneration of nerve fibers in white matter and some neurons in grey matter. The heart of treated feti showed congestion of epicardial blood vessels and diffuse degeneration of heart muscles. Lung and alimentary tract only showed congestion of blood vessels. Conclusion: Prenatal exposure of Khat in rabbit induces harmful effects in defferent visceral organs including liver, kidney, brain, spinal cord, spleen, intestine, heart and lung.
SummaryTen apparently healthy, adult laughing doves were used to document detailed histological, ... more SummaryTen apparently healthy, adult laughing doves were used to document detailed histological, histochemical and surface ultrastructural features of the nasal cavity and to investigate the structure‐function relationship of the nasal cavity in this species. We observed that the nasal cavity of the laughing dove was composed of three main regions: nasal vestibule, respiratory and olfactory. Each region presented a characteristic epithelial lining. The epithelium varied along the nasal vestibule from keratinized stratified squamous rostrally to non‐keratinized stratified squamous in the middle and stratified cuboidal in the caudal region of the nasal vestibule. The respiratory region was lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium and was initially devoid of both goblet cells and cilia, but cilia then appeared and increased gradually in number close to the olfactory region. The caudal part of the respiratory region presented a stratified cuboidal epithelium. Strong alcianophilic...
Blood to the pelvic limb of the ostrich is provided by the external iliac and ischiatic arteries ... more Blood to the pelvic limb of the ostrich is provided by the external iliac and ischiatic arteries that arise from the descending aorta. The external iliac artery (a.) gave rise to the pubic a. that supplied the obturator muscles and continued as the femoral a. The femoral a. gave off three branches: (1) cranial coxal a. to muscles above the pre-acetabular ilium; (2) cranial femoral a. to muscles cranial to the femur, the gastrocnemius muscle, hip and stifle joints and (3) medial femoral a. to muscles caudal and medial to the femur. The ischiatic a. gave rise to the caudal coxal a. that supplied muscles caudal to the femur, muscular branches to the iliotibialis lateralis muscle and to the deep femoral a. that supplied the iliofibularis muscle, cutanea femoralis caudalis and lateralis aa., and branches to the flexors of the leg and knee joint, then terminated as the sural and popliteal arteries. The sural a. supplied most of the flexors of the foot. The popliteal a. supplied the knee joint and flexors of the leg, and then terminated as the cranial and caudal tibial arteries. The caudal tibial a. supplied flexors of the foot. The cranial tibial a. provided four branches to the knee and ankle joints and to the leg. The cranial tibial a. continued into the foot as the common dorsal metatarsal a., which gave off seven different branches to the ankle and foot. With few exceptions, the arteries of the ostrich pelvic limb are similar to those of domestic fowl.
The pelvic limb of the ostrich is innervated by the lumbar and sacral plexuses. The lumbar plexus... more The pelvic limb of the ostrich is innervated by the lumbar and sacral plexuses. The lumbar plexus gave rise to several nerves (N.s) including, N. coxalis cranialis, lateral and cranial femoral cutaneous N.s, N. femoralis, cranial, caudal and medial crural cutaneous N.s, and N. obturatorius. The remaining nerves emanated from the sacral plexus. The N. iliotibial, N. ischiofemoralis, N. iliofibularis, and N. coxae caudalis were distributed in the thigh, while the N. ischiadica, which terminated as the tibial and fibular N.s that innervated the leg and foot. The tibial N. gave rise to the parafibular N. then divided to form the Nn. suralis medialis and lateralis. The N. suralis medialis continued as the N. metatarsalis plantaris medialis. The parafibular N. continued as the N. plantaris lateralis, which terminated as the R. digitalis of the fourth digit. The fibular N. terminated as the superficial and deep fibular N.s. The superficial fibular N. continued as the N. metatarsalis dorsalis lateralis and divided into two digital N.s to the third and fourth digits. The deep fibular N. crossed the ankle joint and continued as the N. metatarsalis dorsalis medialis that continued as the R. digitalis of the third digit. In general, the innervation of the pelvic limb of the ostrich was similar to the pelvic limbs of several different species of domesticated birds, including the chicken. We discuss the few differences as well as appropriate sites to perform nerve blocks for the lateral and medial dorsal and the lateral plantar N.s.
The Celiac artery in hooded crow originated from descending aorta. It gives off the proventricula... more The Celiac artery in hooded crow originated from descending aorta. It gives off the proventricular artery, splenic arteries then terminated with the right and left celiac arteries. The right celiac artery detached the right hepatic, left hepatic, gastroduodenal and the right gastric arteries. The gastro duodenal artery supplies the pylorus and duodenum. The right gastric artery gives off the ventral proventricular, dorsal gastric and ventral gastric arteries. The dorsal and ventral gastric arteries supply the gizzard. The left celiac artery gives off the left gastric artery to gizzard, the jejunal branch, duodenal branch, and pancreatico-duodenal artery. The cranial mesenteric artery originated from the descending aorta then gives off the duodo-jejunal artery, ileal branches, jejunal arteries. the duodo-jejunal artery divided into duodenal and jejunal branches. The ileal branches are the dorsal and ventral ileal arteries. The caudal mesenteric artery arose from the descending aorta then divided into cranial and caudal branches. The cranial branch is distributed in the cranial part of rectum and cecum. The caudal branch supplies the caudal half of rectum, cloaca and cloacal bursa.
The avian respiratory system includes a number of remarkable structures. Air sacs (Sacci pneumati... more The avian respiratory system includes a number of remarkable structures. Air sacs (Sacci pneumatici) are one of these unique structures that help to maintain constant airflow and ventilation of the lung throughout the breathing cycle (Powell & Mitchell, 2000). Air sacs also have an important role in body temperature regulation (Dawson & Whittow, 2000b). Avian air sacs are critical in flight and swimming by reducing the density of the body (Dyce, Sack, & Wensing, 2010; Kent & Carr, 2008). Because air sacs are expansions of the bronchial system that are intimately arranged among the internal body organs and even penetrate some of the skeletal bones via diverticula
Ten adult domestic Mallard ducks and ten adult domestic pigeons of both sexes were used for morph... more Ten adult domestic Mallard ducks and ten adult domestic pigeons of both sexes were used for morphologic and histological study. The proventriculus was the last part of the foregut. It was cone-shaped in pigeon while it was tubular in duck and arose from the esophagus. The
Exposure to mercury in the environment continues to be a significant worldwide concern, especiall... more Exposure to mercury in the environment continues to be a significant worldwide concern, especially for developing embryos and fetuses. While extensive research effort has focused on the effects of mercury on the developing nervous system, much less is known concerning adverse effects of mercury on other organ systems, including the development of skeletal muscle. We exposed developing zebrafish embryos to a range of concentrations of mercuric chloride (100 to 400 µg/liter or ppb) and compared them to control embryos (0 µg/L mercuric chloride). Embryos were examined at 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) for morphometry and morphological deformities of skeletal muscle fibers in the trunk and tail. Embryos exposed to 400 ppb mercuric chloride showed decreased trunk and tail areas compared to control embryos. A dose-dependent reduction in muscle fiber length was observed, and exposure to all concentrations of mercuric chloride used in this study resulted in decreased muscle fiber immunohistochemical staining with anti-myosin antibodies. Irregular muscle fiber diameters, twisted muscle fibers, and degenerated muscle fibers were observed in sections of embryos stained with eosin at the higher exposure concentrations. Evidence presented in this study suggests that exposure to even low concentrations of mercuric chloride adversely affects skeletal muscle fiber development or muscle fiber integrity, or both.
Ten adult hooded crow and another ten adult cattle egret were used to study the oropharyngeal cav... more Ten adult hooded crow and another ten adult cattle egret were used to study the oropharyngeal cavity macro and microscopically. The oropharynx in both birds was a dorsoventrally flattened tube, presented four openings, choanal and infundibular slits in the roof and glottis and oesophageal opening in the floor. The choanal slit divided into rostral and caudal part in hooded crow while in cattle egret it was undivided. The roof of oropharynx presents infundibular slit in midline. The horny conical papillae were widely distributed in the roof and floor of the oropharynx of hooded crow while in cattle egret it was absent except two rows in the roof of oropharynx. The opening of salivary glands ducts were widely distributed in the roof and floor of the oropharynx of the hooded crow while in cattle egret they were few in number only in the caudal part of the roof of the oropharynx. The microfolds in both birds are present in the roof of the oropharynx but absent in the floor. The cattle egret is characterized by the presence of hills and deep microgrooves in addition to micropits.
Sections from duodenum, jejunum and ileum of local breeds of goat (Capra hircus) were studied his... more Sections from duodenum, jejunum and ileum of local breeds of goat (Capra hircus) were studied histologically using light and scanning electron microscopy. The wall of goat small intestine is composed of typical layers: lamina epithelialis mucosae, lamina propria, lamina muscularis mucosae, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Small intestine villi were covered by a simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells and simple tubular glands, the crypts of Lieberkühn, containing paneth cells were observed between the villi. The presence of mucus was extensive in the duodenum and the number of goblet cells was highest in the duodenum. The lamina propria consisted of loose connective tissue rich in blood and lymphatic vessels. The lamina muscularis mucosa was presented as a thin layer of circular smooth muscle fibers at the base of the crypts. The submucosa consisted of conjunctive tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels. The tunica muscularis consisted of the typical inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. The tunica serosa was the thin, outermost small intestine layer that consisted of a very small amount of conjunctive tissue covered by mesothelium. The submucosa was devoid of glands in all three small intestine regions. Scanning electron microscopy showed finger shaped villi in the jujenum, tongue shaped in ileum, leave like in duodenum; the villus has corrugated surface. The corrugations are deep, irregular clefts cutting into the side of the villus. The corrugations are scarce in the duodenum, few in jujenum and numerous in ileum. The surface of villi presents the goblet cell orifices.
Histología y Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido de las Vías Respiratorias Inferiores en el Zorro ... more Histología y Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido de las Vías Respiratorias Inferiores en el Zorro Rojo Adulto (Vulpes vulpes
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of various Dexa... more The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of various Dexamethasone (DEX) concentrations on productive and reproductive performance of premature male and female Japanese quails. Japanese quail of 3-weeks-old were received DEX at 0 (control group), 0.25 (low dose treated group) and 0.5 (high dose treated group) mg/kg diet, mixed in their mash, till the 42 th day of age. As a result of this study, in high dose treated group, there were significant (P≤ 0.05) increases in the sex organs weight (g) and laying rate (%) of females meanwhile there was a significant decrease in egg weight and fertility percentage (P≤ 0.001). No significant differences were observed in total testes weight (g) of males but cloacal gland area (mm 2 ) was smaller in both low and high dose male groups compared to control. The serum corticosterone (CORT) level was significantly (P≤ 0.001) higher in low dose treated males whereas no significant changes were recorded in high an...
BACKGROUND Khat leaves are chewed by many people worldwide, mainly in Africa and the southwest Ar... more BACKGROUND Khat leaves are chewed by many people worldwide, mainly in Africa and the southwest Arabian peninsula. Materials and methods: 27 apparently healthy adult New Zealand rabbits (3 males & 24 females) of 2.5 ± 0.5 kg body weight were used in this work. The animals were divided into 4 groups (control, low, medium and high doses groups). The khat extract was administered orally during (8th -18th) day of gestation. The mothers were sacrificed on the 29th day of gestation. The skeletons of the fetuses were stained with Alizarin Red S and Alcian Blue. Results: Skeletal examination of the fetuses of treated dams showed several types of malformations and variations in all treated groups such as unossified phalanges, deformed sternum, completely unossified vertebral lamina and opened anterior and posterior fontanelles, and reduced length of limb long bones. Conclusion: These findings support the teratogenic effect of the khat on the developing rabbit fetus.
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