Salvia officinalis is frequently used in traditional Algerian medicine to treat diverse microbial... more Salvia officinalis is frequently used in traditional Algerian medicine to treat diverse microbial infections, including oral and vaginal candidiasis. The aerial parts of S. officinalis collected in Annaba, Algeria were extracted in parallel by maceration with four solvents viz. hexane, acetone, methanol and water. All the extracts were tested in vitro against several Candida species: C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. Furthermore, the activity against biofilm-forming C. albicans was investigated using bioassay-guided fractionation. A large-scale extract was prepared via maceration in methanol, followed by fractionation on a silica gel column using increasingly polar mixtures of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetic acid as mobile phase, to yield a total of 150 fractions. Two major active fractions (F-31 and F-39), were further separated by HPLC, resulting in several active chromatographic peaks. Carnosol and 12-methoxy-trans-carnosic acid were isolated as two major active compounds, and identified by a combination of NMR and mass spectrometry. The biofilm inhibitory concentration showed that 12-methoxy-trans-carnosic acid is more effective than carnosol with BIC 50 values of 94 µM (95% confidence interval, 78.9-112.1 µM) and 314 µM (95% confidence interval, 200.7-491.2 µM), respectively. The present study supports the traditional use of sage in the treatment of various fungal infections caused by Candida. Further studies of the bioactive compounds in an in vivo Candida biofilm model are required to validate their clinical potential as antifungals.
Objectives: The objective of the present work was to examine the bacterial flora associated with ... more Objectives: The objective of the present work was to examine the bacterial flora associated with the oral cavity of Indian cobra and to study their antibiogram. Methods: Oral swabs, collected from six healthy (4 males and 2 females) adult cobra, were subjected to microbiological examination through differential media.
The Asteraceae (Compositae), also known as the daisy family, sunflower family, or thistle family,... more The Asteraceae (Compositae), also known as the daisy family, sunflower family, or thistle family, is one of the largest plant families with 32,913 accepted species divided into 1,911 genera and 13 subfamilies. The importance of the Asteraceae in traditional medicine and for food purposes is reported since antiquity and from different parts of the world. Despite the discovery of several secondary metabolites in Asteraceae, they attracted disproportionately little attention in the context of ethnopharmacological research, resulting in few systematic explorations and few commercialized products. The focus of this research topic is to make a special contribution to the ethnopharmacology of Asteraceae, considering their phytochemistry (as it relates to medical uses) and molecular pharmacology of their secondary metabolites. This special issue consists of five articles covering diverse topics related to the pharmacology of Asteraceae species.
Different parts of Cnestis ferruginea are used in traditional African medicine for treating infec... more Different parts of Cnestis ferruginea are used in traditional African medicine for treating infectious diseases such as dysentery, bronchitis, eye troubles, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Despite its long traditional use in the treatment of infections, this plant is not well studied for its in vitro antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the present study aims to establish the antimicrobial activity profile of extracts from this plant, as well as to isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the most abundant bioactive compound in C. ferruginea leaves through bioassay-guided purification, using Staphylococcus aureus as a target organism. Although both methanol and water extracts of the plant leaves proved active against S. aureus, a water extract was pursued, and subjected further to liquid-liquid partitioning (ethyl acetate, butanol, and water). The ethyl acetate fraction was found to be the most potent and was subjected to silica gel chromatography. In total, 250 fractions were obtained, and those with similar TLC profiles were clustered into 22 major groups, of which pooled fraction-F6 (83 mg) was the most potent. Additional purification by HPLC resulted in two active peaks, which were identified, using a combination of NMR and mass spectrometry, as hydroquinone and caffeic acid methyl ester. Their antimicrobial activity was confirmed using a microdilution protocol on S. aureus, where hydroquinone had a stronger activity (MIC 50 = 63 µg/mL) compared to caffeic acid methyl ester (>200 µg/mL). Traditionally this plant is used as an aqueous preparation to treat many infections, and the present study also demonstrated antimicrobial activity in the aqueous extract, which appears due mainly to two major water-soluble compounds isolated through bioassay-guided purification. This supports the clinical use of the aqueous extract of C. ferruginea leaves as a phytotherapeutic for bacterial infections.
A novel aerobic, obligately mixotrophic, moderately thermophilic, thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium... more A novel aerobic, obligately mixotrophic, moderately thermophilic, thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium, S10 T , was isolated from hot-spring sediment samples collected from Atri, Bhubaneswar, India. The cells of this isolate stained Gram-negative and were strictly aerobic, non-sporulating, rod-shaped and motile with a single polar flagellum. Strain S10 T was positive for oxidase and catalase activities. It was capable of utilizing thiosulfate under mixotrophic growth conditions. Mixotrophic growth was observed at pH 6.0–8.5 and 25–45 6C; optimum growth occurred at pH 7.5–8.0 and 30–37 6C. The major cellular fatty acids were C 12 : 0 3-OH, C 16 : 1 v7c, C 16 : 0 , C 17 : 0 cyclo, C 18 : 1 v7c and C 19 : 0 cyclo v8c. The DNA G+C content of strain S10 T was 64.8 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the bacterium clustered within the radiation of the genus Thiomonas and showed 98.0 % similarity with Thiomonas perometabolis ATCC 23370 T and Thiomonas intermedia ATCC 15466 T. However, DNA–DNA reassociation values of strain S10 T with Thiomonas perometabolis JCM 20426 T and Thiomonas intermedia JCM 20425 T , its nearest phylogenetic relatives, were 46 and 39 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, physiological and chemotaxonomic properties, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and DNA– DNA reassociation studies, it is proposed that strain S10 T represents a novel species of the genus Thiomonas, Thiomonas bhubaneswarensis sp. nov.; the type strain is S10 T (5DSM 18181 T 5JCM 14806 T).
Rice beer, popularly known as Handia, is a fashionable drink among the tribals of northern Odisha... more Rice beer, popularly known as Handia, is a fashionable drink among the tribals of northern Odisha. It influences their social, cultural and economic life. It is prepared in almost every third house following traditional knowledge. Different parts of 20 plant species are utilized for the preparation of ranu or bakhar tablets which act as starter cultures for preparing handia. De-husked rice after boiling is fermented with required amounts of bakhar tablets for a specific period for handia production. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are predominant microorganisms in the fermentation process. The beverage has acidic pH (4.44±0.97). The lower nutrient quality (protein and carbohydrate content) is compensated by the cost factor (Rs. 7/-per L) which matters much for the poor tribals. Its lower alcoholic content (1.21±0.98%) does not make the consumer alcoholic even after repeated consumption. It compensates the water loss of the body during heavy physical labour particularly in summer months.
Ethnopharamcological relevance: The present study examined the variety and the extent of medicina... more Ethnopharamcological relevance: The present study examined the variety and the extent of medicinal plants used in the health care system of tribal inhabitants of Similipal Biosphere Reserve. In addition to this, such plants were also screened for antibacterial properties against common pathogenic bacteria. Material and methods: Semi-structured interview was carried out with 42 informants (mean age 42, 86% male, 14% female) at 24 locations in and around SBR, regarding the use of plants for the treatment of various human ailments. Antibacterial screening is adopted with the documented ethnomedicinal plants using methanol and aqueous extracts against eight bacterial strains. Results: A total of 187 plant species belonging to 74 families were documented for frequent medicinal uses against common ailments such as stomach problems, fever, skin diseases, diarrhea and dysentery. Although all parts of plant are used, leaves and bark are most common. Tribals used the plant parts both in form of decoction (taken orally as in internal problems) and paste (external use). Out of 187 plant species, 120 plants recorded antibacterial activity against test bacterial strain. Conclusions: This study revealed that self care using medicinal plants is a common practice by the tribes of SBR. About 64% of the used plants have scientifically proved medicinal values with respect to the antibacterial properties.
Yugal Kishore Mohanta, LaxmipriyaPadhi and Sujogya Kumar Panda (2014) Antifungal activity of Eleu... more Yugal Kishore Mohanta, LaxmipriyaPadhi and Sujogya Kumar Panda (2014) Antifungal activity of Eleutherine bulbosa bulb against mycelial fungus. Journal of Agricultural Technology 10(5):1165-1171. The present study was undertaken to find out antifungal activity of Eleutherine bulbosa bulb (Iridaceae). Agar cup, MIC, TLC bioautography studies were performed against seven fungal isolates of clinical origin using various solvent extracts from the bulb of E. bulbosa.. Butanol and ethanol extracts showed promising antifungal activity. The diameter of inhibition of zones varies in between 12-24 mm. MIC of all test extracts ranged in between 0.375-3.0 mg/ml. TLC bioautography was set up with butanol extract against Trichophyton sp. and result found that butanol extract have clear zone of inhibition all over the entire TLC plate. The results justify that the bulb extract of E. bulbosa can be used as potent antifungal agent.
Background: Recent interest in plant-based medicine is justified, as synthetic antioxidants and a... more Background: Recent interest in plant-based medicine is justified, as synthetic antioxidants and antibiotics suffer from several drawbacks. Plant extracts have been shown to possess health promoting properties, and they exert no selective physiological pressure on the pathogens that can result in development of drug resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of Eleutherine bulbosa plant extracts against a series of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria by calculating zones of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and timeekill kinetics. Methods: Dried bulb powder of E. bulbosa was extracted with five solvents (ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol, ethanol and water) to select the best extractant for subsequent isolation of bioactive compounds to use against a battery of MDR bacteria. Results: Butanol was found to be the best extractant with an MIC ranging from 46 mg/mL to 187 mg/mL. Butanol and aqueous extracts showed higher zones of inhibition in comparison with standard antibiotics gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-bio-autography was carried out with the butanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella boydii. A synergistic effect was established against S. boydii by combining the chloroform extract with gentamicin. Conclusion: The bulb extracts of E. bulbosa exhibited significant antibacterial activity. Further study is necessary to characterize the antibacterial compounds of this plant for use in clinical applications.
The global burden of bacterial infections is very high and has been exacerbated by increasing res... more The global burden of bacterial infections is very high and has been exacerbated by increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance leads to failed treatment of infections, which can ultimately lead to death. To overcome antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to identify new antibacterial agents. In this study, a total of 662 plant extracts (diverse parts) from 222 plant species (82 families, 177 genera) were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar cup plate method. The aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared from diverse plant parts and screened against eight bacterial (two Gram-positive and six Gram-negative) species, most of which are involved in common infections with multiple antibiotic resistance. The methanolic extracts of several plants were shown to have zones of inhibition ě 12 mm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated only with methanolic extracts of selected plants, those showed zone of inhibition ě 12 mm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Several extracts had minimum inhibitory concentration ď 1 mg/mL. Specifically Adhatoda vasica, Terminalia alata and Vitex negundo were shown to have significant antimicrobial activity. The species listed here were shown to have anti-infective activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These results may serve as a guide for selecting plant species that could yield the highest probability of finding promising compounds responsible for the antibacterial activities against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. Further investigation of the phytochemicals from these plants will help to identify the lead compounds for drug discovery.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is characterized by the presence of the T-E-Y, T-D-Y,... more The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is characterized by the presence of the T-E-Y, T-D-Y, and T-G-Y motifs in its activation loop region and plays a significant role in regulating diverse cellular responses in eukaryotic organisms. Availability of large-scale genome data in the fungal kingdom encouraged us to identify and analyse the fungal MAPK gene family consisting of 173 fungal species. The analysis of the MAPK gene family resulted in the discovery of several novel activation loop motifs (T fungal MAPKs. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that fungal MAPKs are non-polymorphic, had evolved from their common ancestors around 1500 million years ago, and are distantly related to plant MAPKs. We are the first to report the presence of nine novel activation loop motifs in fungal MAPKs. The specificity of the activation loop motif plays a significant role in controlling different growth and stress related pathways in fungi. Hence, the presences of these nine novel activation loop motifs in fungi are of special interest.
In the present study, green synthesis and cost effective approach of silver nanoparticles using w... more In the present study, green synthesis and cost effective approach of silver nanoparticles using wild medicinal mushroom Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India is reported. The biosynthesised AgNPs were characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, particle analyser and scanning electron microscopy studies. It was found by dynamic light scattering analysis, that the average size and charges of the AgNPs were 133.0 ± 0.361 nm and −6.01 ± 5.30 mV, respectively. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared study was also conducted to identify the biomolecules or functional groups responsible for the reduction of Ag and stabilisation of the AgNPs. The potential biomedical application with reference to antimicrobial activity of the synthesised AgNPs was investigated against some pathogenic microorganisms viz.
The present study reports on biogenic-synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived by treatin... more The present study reports on biogenic-synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived by treating Ag ions with an extract of Cassia fistula leaf, a popular Indian medicinal plant found in natural habitation. The progress of biogenic synthesis was monitored time to time using a ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The effect of phytochemicals present in C. fistula including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds and alkaloids on the homogeneous growth of AgNPs was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The dynamic light scattering studies have revealed an average size and surface Zeta potential of the NPs as, −39.5 nm and −21.6 mV, respectively. The potential antibacterial and antifungal activities of the AgNPs were evaluated against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida kruseii and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Moreover, their strong antioxidant capability was determined by radical scavenging methods (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil assay). Furthermore, the AgNPs displayed an effective cytotoxicity against A-431 skin cancer cell line by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, with the inhibitory concentration (IC 50) predicted as, 92.2 ± 1.2 μg/ml. The biogenically derived AgNPs could find immense scope as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer agents apart from their potential use in chemical sensors and translational medicine.
In this experiment, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous le... more In this experiment, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Erythrina suberosa (Roxb.). The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle was continuously followed by UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis. The response of the phytoconstituents resides in E. suberusa during synthesis of stable AgNPs were analyzed by ATR-fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Further, the size, charge, and polydispersity nature of AgNPs were studied using dynamic light scattering spectroscopy. The morphology of the nanoparticles was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Current result shows core involvement of plant extracts containing glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds played a crucial role in the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles were evaluated against different pathogenic bacterium and fungi. The antioxidant property was studied by radical scavenging (DPPH) assay and cytotoxic activity was evaluated against A-431 osteosarcoma cell line by MTT assay. The characteristics of the synthesized silver nanoparticles suggest their application as a potential antimicrobial and anticancer agent.
Silver nanoparticles play an integral part in the evolution of new antimicrobials against the bro... more Silver nanoparticles play an integral part in the evolution of new antimicrobials against the broad ranges of pathogenic microorganisms. Recently, biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts has been successfully consummated. In the present study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was conducted using the leaf extract of plant Protium serratum, having novel ethnomedicinal. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy. The DLS study revealed the surface charge of the resulted nanoparticles that was highly negative, i.e., −25.0 ± 7.84 mV and the size was 74.56 ± 0.46 nm. The phytochemical and FTIR analysis confirmed the role of water-soluble phyto-compounds for the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. The potential antibacterial activity of AgNPs was studied against the food borne pathogens viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IC 50 = 74.26 ± 0.14 µg/ml), Escherichia coli (IC 50 = 84.28 ± 0.36 µg/ml), Bacillus subtilis (IC 50 = 94.43 ± 0.4236 µg/ml). The in vitro antioxidant potential of AgNPs was evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (IC 50 = 6.78 ± 0.15 µg/ml) and hydroxyl radical assay (IC 50 = 89.58 ± 1.15 µg/ml). In addition, the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was performed against fibroblast cell line L-929 to evaluate their biocompatibility. The overall results of the present investigation displayed the potential use of P. serratum leaf extract as a good bio-resource for the biosynthesis of AgNPs and their implementation in diverse applications, specifically as antibacterial agent in food packaging and preservation to combat against various food borne pathogenic bacteria along with its pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Salvia officinalis is frequently used in traditional Algerian medicine to treat diverse microbial... more Salvia officinalis is frequently used in traditional Algerian medicine to treat diverse microbial infections, including oral and vaginal candidiasis. The aerial parts of S. officinalis collected in Annaba, Algeria were extracted in parallel by maceration with four solvents viz. hexane, acetone, methanol and water. All the extracts were tested in vitro against several Candida species: C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. Furthermore, the activity against biofilm-forming C. albicans was investigated using bioassay-guided fractionation. A large-scale extract was prepared via maceration in methanol, followed by fractionation on a silica gel column using increasingly polar mixtures of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetic acid as mobile phase, to yield a total of 150 fractions. Two major active fractions (F-31 and F-39), were further separated by HPLC, resulting in several active chromatographic peaks. Carnosol and 12-methoxy-trans-carnosic acid were isolated as two major active compounds, and identified by a combination of NMR and mass spectrometry. The biofilm inhibitory concentration showed that 12-methoxy-trans-carnosic acid is more effective than carnosol with BIC 50 values of 94 µM (95% confidence interval, 78.9-112.1 µM) and 314 µM (95% confidence interval, 200.7-491.2 µM), respectively. The present study supports the traditional use of sage in the treatment of various fungal infections caused by Candida. Further studies of the bioactive compounds in an in vivo Candida biofilm model are required to validate their clinical potential as antifungals.
Objectives: The objective of the present work was to examine the bacterial flora associated with ... more Objectives: The objective of the present work was to examine the bacterial flora associated with the oral cavity of Indian cobra and to study their antibiogram. Methods: Oral swabs, collected from six healthy (4 males and 2 females) adult cobra, were subjected to microbiological examination through differential media.
The Asteraceae (Compositae), also known as the daisy family, sunflower family, or thistle family,... more The Asteraceae (Compositae), also known as the daisy family, sunflower family, or thistle family, is one of the largest plant families with 32,913 accepted species divided into 1,911 genera and 13 subfamilies. The importance of the Asteraceae in traditional medicine and for food purposes is reported since antiquity and from different parts of the world. Despite the discovery of several secondary metabolites in Asteraceae, they attracted disproportionately little attention in the context of ethnopharmacological research, resulting in few systematic explorations and few commercialized products. The focus of this research topic is to make a special contribution to the ethnopharmacology of Asteraceae, considering their phytochemistry (as it relates to medical uses) and molecular pharmacology of their secondary metabolites. This special issue consists of five articles covering diverse topics related to the pharmacology of Asteraceae species.
Different parts of Cnestis ferruginea are used in traditional African medicine for treating infec... more Different parts of Cnestis ferruginea are used in traditional African medicine for treating infectious diseases such as dysentery, bronchitis, eye troubles, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Despite its long traditional use in the treatment of infections, this plant is not well studied for its in vitro antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the present study aims to establish the antimicrobial activity profile of extracts from this plant, as well as to isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the most abundant bioactive compound in C. ferruginea leaves through bioassay-guided purification, using Staphylococcus aureus as a target organism. Although both methanol and water extracts of the plant leaves proved active against S. aureus, a water extract was pursued, and subjected further to liquid-liquid partitioning (ethyl acetate, butanol, and water). The ethyl acetate fraction was found to be the most potent and was subjected to silica gel chromatography. In total, 250 fractions were obtained, and those with similar TLC profiles were clustered into 22 major groups, of which pooled fraction-F6 (83 mg) was the most potent. Additional purification by HPLC resulted in two active peaks, which were identified, using a combination of NMR and mass spectrometry, as hydroquinone and caffeic acid methyl ester. Their antimicrobial activity was confirmed using a microdilution protocol on S. aureus, where hydroquinone had a stronger activity (MIC 50 = 63 µg/mL) compared to caffeic acid methyl ester (>200 µg/mL). Traditionally this plant is used as an aqueous preparation to treat many infections, and the present study also demonstrated antimicrobial activity in the aqueous extract, which appears due mainly to two major water-soluble compounds isolated through bioassay-guided purification. This supports the clinical use of the aqueous extract of C. ferruginea leaves as a phytotherapeutic for bacterial infections.
A novel aerobic, obligately mixotrophic, moderately thermophilic, thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium... more A novel aerobic, obligately mixotrophic, moderately thermophilic, thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium, S10 T , was isolated from hot-spring sediment samples collected from Atri, Bhubaneswar, India. The cells of this isolate stained Gram-negative and were strictly aerobic, non-sporulating, rod-shaped and motile with a single polar flagellum. Strain S10 T was positive for oxidase and catalase activities. It was capable of utilizing thiosulfate under mixotrophic growth conditions. Mixotrophic growth was observed at pH 6.0–8.5 and 25–45 6C; optimum growth occurred at pH 7.5–8.0 and 30–37 6C. The major cellular fatty acids were C 12 : 0 3-OH, C 16 : 1 v7c, C 16 : 0 , C 17 : 0 cyclo, C 18 : 1 v7c and C 19 : 0 cyclo v8c. The DNA G+C content of strain S10 T was 64.8 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the bacterium clustered within the radiation of the genus Thiomonas and showed 98.0 % similarity with Thiomonas perometabolis ATCC 23370 T and Thiomonas intermedia ATCC 15466 T. However, DNA–DNA reassociation values of strain S10 T with Thiomonas perometabolis JCM 20426 T and Thiomonas intermedia JCM 20425 T , its nearest phylogenetic relatives, were 46 and 39 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, physiological and chemotaxonomic properties, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and DNA– DNA reassociation studies, it is proposed that strain S10 T represents a novel species of the genus Thiomonas, Thiomonas bhubaneswarensis sp. nov.; the type strain is S10 T (5DSM 18181 T 5JCM 14806 T).
Rice beer, popularly known as Handia, is a fashionable drink among the tribals of northern Odisha... more Rice beer, popularly known as Handia, is a fashionable drink among the tribals of northern Odisha. It influences their social, cultural and economic life. It is prepared in almost every third house following traditional knowledge. Different parts of 20 plant species are utilized for the preparation of ranu or bakhar tablets which act as starter cultures for preparing handia. De-husked rice after boiling is fermented with required amounts of bakhar tablets for a specific period for handia production. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are predominant microorganisms in the fermentation process. The beverage has acidic pH (4.44±0.97). The lower nutrient quality (protein and carbohydrate content) is compensated by the cost factor (Rs. 7/-per L) which matters much for the poor tribals. Its lower alcoholic content (1.21±0.98%) does not make the consumer alcoholic even after repeated consumption. It compensates the water loss of the body during heavy physical labour particularly in summer months.
Ethnopharamcological relevance: The present study examined the variety and the extent of medicina... more Ethnopharamcological relevance: The present study examined the variety and the extent of medicinal plants used in the health care system of tribal inhabitants of Similipal Biosphere Reserve. In addition to this, such plants were also screened for antibacterial properties against common pathogenic bacteria. Material and methods: Semi-structured interview was carried out with 42 informants (mean age 42, 86% male, 14% female) at 24 locations in and around SBR, regarding the use of plants for the treatment of various human ailments. Antibacterial screening is adopted with the documented ethnomedicinal plants using methanol and aqueous extracts against eight bacterial strains. Results: A total of 187 plant species belonging to 74 families were documented for frequent medicinal uses against common ailments such as stomach problems, fever, skin diseases, diarrhea and dysentery. Although all parts of plant are used, leaves and bark are most common. Tribals used the plant parts both in form of decoction (taken orally as in internal problems) and paste (external use). Out of 187 plant species, 120 plants recorded antibacterial activity against test bacterial strain. Conclusions: This study revealed that self care using medicinal plants is a common practice by the tribes of SBR. About 64% of the used plants have scientifically proved medicinal values with respect to the antibacterial properties.
Yugal Kishore Mohanta, LaxmipriyaPadhi and Sujogya Kumar Panda (2014) Antifungal activity of Eleu... more Yugal Kishore Mohanta, LaxmipriyaPadhi and Sujogya Kumar Panda (2014) Antifungal activity of Eleutherine bulbosa bulb against mycelial fungus. Journal of Agricultural Technology 10(5):1165-1171. The present study was undertaken to find out antifungal activity of Eleutherine bulbosa bulb (Iridaceae). Agar cup, MIC, TLC bioautography studies were performed against seven fungal isolates of clinical origin using various solvent extracts from the bulb of E. bulbosa.. Butanol and ethanol extracts showed promising antifungal activity. The diameter of inhibition of zones varies in between 12-24 mm. MIC of all test extracts ranged in between 0.375-3.0 mg/ml. TLC bioautography was set up with butanol extract against Trichophyton sp. and result found that butanol extract have clear zone of inhibition all over the entire TLC plate. The results justify that the bulb extract of E. bulbosa can be used as potent antifungal agent.
Background: Recent interest in plant-based medicine is justified, as synthetic antioxidants and a... more Background: Recent interest in plant-based medicine is justified, as synthetic antioxidants and antibiotics suffer from several drawbacks. Plant extracts have been shown to possess health promoting properties, and they exert no selective physiological pressure on the pathogens that can result in development of drug resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of Eleutherine bulbosa plant extracts against a series of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria by calculating zones of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and timeekill kinetics. Methods: Dried bulb powder of E. bulbosa was extracted with five solvents (ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol, ethanol and water) to select the best extractant for subsequent isolation of bioactive compounds to use against a battery of MDR bacteria. Results: Butanol was found to be the best extractant with an MIC ranging from 46 mg/mL to 187 mg/mL. Butanol and aqueous extracts showed higher zones of inhibition in comparison with standard antibiotics gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-bio-autography was carried out with the butanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella boydii. A synergistic effect was established against S. boydii by combining the chloroform extract with gentamicin. Conclusion: The bulb extracts of E. bulbosa exhibited significant antibacterial activity. Further study is necessary to characterize the antibacterial compounds of this plant for use in clinical applications.
The global burden of bacterial infections is very high and has been exacerbated by increasing res... more The global burden of bacterial infections is very high and has been exacerbated by increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance leads to failed treatment of infections, which can ultimately lead to death. To overcome antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to identify new antibacterial agents. In this study, a total of 662 plant extracts (diverse parts) from 222 plant species (82 families, 177 genera) were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar cup plate method. The aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared from diverse plant parts and screened against eight bacterial (two Gram-positive and six Gram-negative) species, most of which are involved in common infections with multiple antibiotic resistance. The methanolic extracts of several plants were shown to have zones of inhibition ě 12 mm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated only with methanolic extracts of selected plants, those showed zone of inhibition ě 12 mm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Several extracts had minimum inhibitory concentration ď 1 mg/mL. Specifically Adhatoda vasica, Terminalia alata and Vitex negundo were shown to have significant antimicrobial activity. The species listed here were shown to have anti-infective activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These results may serve as a guide for selecting plant species that could yield the highest probability of finding promising compounds responsible for the antibacterial activities against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. Further investigation of the phytochemicals from these plants will help to identify the lead compounds for drug discovery.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is characterized by the presence of the T-E-Y, T-D-Y,... more The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is characterized by the presence of the T-E-Y, T-D-Y, and T-G-Y motifs in its activation loop region and plays a significant role in regulating diverse cellular responses in eukaryotic organisms. Availability of large-scale genome data in the fungal kingdom encouraged us to identify and analyse the fungal MAPK gene family consisting of 173 fungal species. The analysis of the MAPK gene family resulted in the discovery of several novel activation loop motifs (T fungal MAPKs. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that fungal MAPKs are non-polymorphic, had evolved from their common ancestors around 1500 million years ago, and are distantly related to plant MAPKs. We are the first to report the presence of nine novel activation loop motifs in fungal MAPKs. The specificity of the activation loop motif plays a significant role in controlling different growth and stress related pathways in fungi. Hence, the presences of these nine novel activation loop motifs in fungi are of special interest.
In the present study, green synthesis and cost effective approach of silver nanoparticles using w... more In the present study, green synthesis and cost effective approach of silver nanoparticles using wild medicinal mushroom Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India is reported. The biosynthesised AgNPs were characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, particle analyser and scanning electron microscopy studies. It was found by dynamic light scattering analysis, that the average size and charges of the AgNPs were 133.0 ± 0.361 nm and −6.01 ± 5.30 mV, respectively. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared study was also conducted to identify the biomolecules or functional groups responsible for the reduction of Ag and stabilisation of the AgNPs. The potential biomedical application with reference to antimicrobial activity of the synthesised AgNPs was investigated against some pathogenic microorganisms viz.
The present study reports on biogenic-synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived by treatin... more The present study reports on biogenic-synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived by treating Ag ions with an extract of Cassia fistula leaf, a popular Indian medicinal plant found in natural habitation. The progress of biogenic synthesis was monitored time to time using a ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The effect of phytochemicals present in C. fistula including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds and alkaloids on the homogeneous growth of AgNPs was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The dynamic light scattering studies have revealed an average size and surface Zeta potential of the NPs as, −39.5 nm and −21.6 mV, respectively. The potential antibacterial and antifungal activities of the AgNPs were evaluated against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida kruseii and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Moreover, their strong antioxidant capability was determined by radical scavenging methods (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil assay). Furthermore, the AgNPs displayed an effective cytotoxicity against A-431 skin cancer cell line by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, with the inhibitory concentration (IC 50) predicted as, 92.2 ± 1.2 μg/ml. The biogenically derived AgNPs could find immense scope as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer agents apart from their potential use in chemical sensors and translational medicine.
In this experiment, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous le... more In this experiment, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Erythrina suberosa (Roxb.). The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle was continuously followed by UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis. The response of the phytoconstituents resides in E. suberusa during synthesis of stable AgNPs were analyzed by ATR-fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Further, the size, charge, and polydispersity nature of AgNPs were studied using dynamic light scattering spectroscopy. The morphology of the nanoparticles was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Current result shows core involvement of plant extracts containing glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds played a crucial role in the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles were evaluated against different pathogenic bacterium and fungi. The antioxidant property was studied by radical scavenging (DPPH) assay and cytotoxic activity was evaluated against A-431 osteosarcoma cell line by MTT assay. The characteristics of the synthesized silver nanoparticles suggest their application as a potential antimicrobial and anticancer agent.
Silver nanoparticles play an integral part in the evolution of new antimicrobials against the bro... more Silver nanoparticles play an integral part in the evolution of new antimicrobials against the broad ranges of pathogenic microorganisms. Recently, biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts has been successfully consummated. In the present study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was conducted using the leaf extract of plant Protium serratum, having novel ethnomedicinal. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy. The DLS study revealed the surface charge of the resulted nanoparticles that was highly negative, i.e., −25.0 ± 7.84 mV and the size was 74.56 ± 0.46 nm. The phytochemical and FTIR analysis confirmed the role of water-soluble phyto-compounds for the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. The potential antibacterial activity of AgNPs was studied against the food borne pathogens viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IC 50 = 74.26 ± 0.14 µg/ml), Escherichia coli (IC 50 = 84.28 ± 0.36 µg/ml), Bacillus subtilis (IC 50 = 94.43 ± 0.4236 µg/ml). The in vitro antioxidant potential of AgNPs was evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (IC 50 = 6.78 ± 0.15 µg/ml) and hydroxyl radical assay (IC 50 = 89.58 ± 1.15 µg/ml). In addition, the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was performed against fibroblast cell line L-929 to evaluate their biocompatibility. The overall results of the present investigation displayed the potential use of P. serratum leaf extract as a good bio-resource for the biosynthesis of AgNPs and their implementation in diverse applications, specifically as antibacterial agent in food packaging and preservation to combat against various food borne pathogenic bacteria along with its pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
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