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S. Lahiri

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Md Didarul Hasan

Md. Didarul Hasan

Colgate University

Joao Correia-da-Silva

Universidade do Porto

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)

Auburn University

Brunel University

Motohico Mulase

Ryuhei Wakasugi

Janie M Chermak

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Papers by S. Lahiri

A Two-Period Model of Natural Resources and Inter-Country Conflicts: Effects of Trade Sanctions

by Md. Didarul Hasan and S. Lahiri

International Journal of Development and Conflict, 2015

We develop a two-period general equilibrium model linking natural resources to inter-country conf... more We develop a two-period general equilibrium model linking natural resources to inter-country conflict, treating resource extraction and wage rate are endogenous. First, we characterize the war equilibrium and derive a number of properties of it. Second, we examine the effects of different types of trade sanctions imposed by the international community on war efforts of the two countries. We find that a temporary current sanction on both countries, or even on one of the countries, will be counter-productive, and an anticipated future sanction on both countries will unambiguously reduce war intensity. Whether an anticipated future sanction on one of countries will reduce war intensity will depend on the level of resource stock; the effect of a permanent sanction on both countries is ambiguous: war intensities will fall only if the resource stocks of the countries are sufficiently high.

Environmental Policy Reforms in a Small Open Economy with Public and Private Abatement

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

Environmental Policy in an International Perspective, 2003

Abstract: We construct a competitive general equilibrium model for a small open economy, which su... more

Cat carotid body chemoreceptor responses before and after nicotine receptor blockade with alpha-bungarotoxin

Journal of the autonomic nervous system, 1987

The nature of nicotine receptors in the carotid body was studied in anesthetized, paralyzed and a... more The nature of nicotine receptors in the carotid body was studied in anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats. Chemoreceptor discharge in single or few-fiber preparations of the carotid sinus nerve was measured during isocapnic hypoxia, hyperoxic hypercapnia and in response to nicotine injections before and after administration of alpha-bungarotoxin (10 cats) and after alpha-bungarotoxin plus mecamylamine (7 cats) which binds to neuromuscular-type nicotine cholinergic receptors. alpha-Bungarotoxin caused a slight enhancement of the chemoreceptor response to hypoxia without affecting the chemoreceptor stimulation by nicotine. Mecamylamine (1-5 mg, i.v.), a ganglionic-type nicotinic receptor blocker, had no further effect on the response to hypoxia while it completely abolished the chemoreceptor stimulation by nicotine. Thus the nicotinic receptors in the cat carotid body which elicit excitation of chemosensory fibers appear to be of the ganglionic-type. Blockade of neu...

Survivability and leucocyte migration inhibition in mice immunized with cryotreated ascites fibrosarcoma cells using different freeze-thaw cycles

Indian journal of experimental biology, 1995

Attempts have been made to assess as to what extent in vitro assay of cellular immunity, e.g. leu... more Attempts have been made to assess as to what extent in vitro assay of cellular immunity, e.g. leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) in mice immunized with different freeze-thaw cycles could reflect host resistance in vivo. While survivability of animals improved significantly by immunization with single cycle (P < 0.05) to three cycle (P < 0.001) and programmed three cycle (P < 0.001) cryo-treated tumor cells compared to controls, the percentage LMI in the same groups of animals decreased progressively. The KCl(3M) extracted tumor cell protein (antigen) of both viable and cryo-treated cells showed a progressively increased protein concentrations per 1 x 10(6) tumor cells with viable cells being least and programmed three cycle cryo-treated cells highest. The apparent discrepancy observed between percentage migration inhibition and survivability may be due to the fact that (1) survivability is a function of body's total immune response while LMI represents the response of...

Reforms of Environmental Policies in the Presence of Cross-border Pollution and Public-Private Clean-up*

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2005

We construct a two-country model where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. P... more We construct a two-country model where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. Pollution abatement is undertaken sequentially by private producers and the public sector. We characterize the Nash optimal levels of the policy instruments in the two countries: emission taxes and funds allocated for public abatement activities. We examine the implications of a number of multilateral policy reforms. One of our findings is that the magnitude of the beneficial effect of a reform depends on the scope of the reform, and if it is restricted to a subset of policy instruments, then the efficacy of environmental policy reform can be greatly undermined.

Piecemeal Reform of Domestic Indirect Taxes toward Uniformity in the Presence of Pollution: with and without a Revenue Constraint

by Michael S Michael and S. Lahiri

Journal of Public Economic Theory, 2013

The literature on indirect tax reforms in pollution-ridden economies is quite limited. This paper... more The literature on indirect tax reforms in pollution-ridden economies is quite limited. This paper, using a general model of a perfectly-competitive small open economy with both production and consumption generated pollution, considers the welfare implications of tax reforms that take the structure of consumption and production taxes toward uniformity. Specifically, both in the presence and absence of a binding government revenue constraint, we derive sufficient conditions for welfare improvement in the case where we implement (i) reforms in either production or consumption taxes, and (ii) reforms in both consumption and production taxes.

Trade and domestic tax reforms in the presence of a public good and different neutrality conditions

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

International Tax and Public Finance, 2011

This paper develops a perfectly-competitive general-equilibrium model of a small open economy wit... more This paper develops a perfectly-competitive general-equilibrium model of a small open economy with production of private traded goods and of a public good which is financed by revenues from trade and domestic taxes. Within this framework we consider the effects on public good provision and on welfare of the following tax reforms: (i) a producer-price-neutral reduction in export taxes and a corresponding increase in production taxes, (ii) a consumer-price-neutral reduction in tariffs and a corresponding increase in consumption taxes, and (iii) a partial tax-revenue-neutral reform in trade and domestic taxes.

Cross-Border Pollution, Terms of Trade, and Welfare

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

Environmental and Resource Economics, 2008

ABSTRACT We construct a two-good general equilibrium model of international trade for two small o... more ABSTRACT We construct a two-good general equilibrium model of international trade for two small open economies where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. Governments in both countries impose emission taxes non-cooperatively. Within this framework, we examine the effect of changes in the degree of cross-border pollution on Nash emission taxes, emission levels and welfare. We do so under two scenarios: when changes in cross-border pollution do not affect domestic pollution (non-strategic) and when they do (strategic). We also examine the effect of changes in international terms of trade on pollution and welfare when cross-border pollution is non-strategic.

Can cross-border pollution reduce pollution?

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d`Economique, 2002

We develop a North-South model of foreign aid and cross-border pollution resulting from productio... more We develop a North-South model of foreign aid and cross-border pollution resulting from production activities in the recipient country. There is both private and public abatement of pollution, the latter being financed through emissions tax revenue and foreign aid. We characterise a Nash equilibrium where the donor country chooses the amount of aid, and the recipient chooses the fraction of aid allocated to pollution abatement and/or the emission tax rate. At this equilibrium, an increase in the donor's perceived rate of cross-border pollution reduces net emission levels.

Globalization and Environment in the Presence of Cross-border Pollution

by Michael S Michael and S. Lahiri

We construct a two-country, two-good general equilibrium model of international trade where pollu... more We construct a two-country, two-good general equilibrium model of international trade where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. Governments in both countries impose emission taxes non-cooperatively. Within this framework, we examine the effect of trade liberalization on Nash emission taxes, emission levels, and welfare. We also examine how the endogeniety of terms of trade affects Nash equilibrium emmision taxes and total emission level.

Domestic Tax Reforms under Consumption-Generated Pollution and Revenue Constraint

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

In recent years, an increasing number of countries gradually relies more on the use of domestic t... more In recent years, an increasing number of countries gradually relies more on the use of domestic taxes, e.g., consumption taxes or VATs, for raising government tax revenues. This paper revisits the question of reforming the structure of consumption taxes in the presence of consumption-generated pollution, and identifies sufficient conditions under which such a tax reform improves welfare with and without a binding government revenue constraint.

Integrated reforms of indirect taxes in the presence of pollution

by Michael S Michael and S. Lahiri

The literature on indirect tax reforms in pollution-ridden economies is quite limited. This paper... more The literature on indirect tax reforms in pollution-ridden economies is quite limited. This paper, using a model of a small open economy with production and consumption generated pollution, considers the welfare implications of tax reforms within an integrated structure of consumption and production taxes. Specifically, both in the presence and absence of a binding government revenue constraint, we derive sufficient conditions for welfare improvement in the case where we implement (i) reforms in either production or consumption taxes, (ii) reforms in both consumption and production taxes and (iii) uniform changes in consumption taxes.

Globalization, cross-border pollution and welfare

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

We construct a two-good general equilibrium model of international trade for two small open econo... more We construct a two-good general equilibrium model of international trade for two small open economies where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. Governments in both countries impose emission taxes non-cooperatively. Within this framework, we examine the effect of trade liberalization and of the perception of cross-border pollution on Nash emission taxes, emission levels, and welfare. ), where Ω > 0 is defined after equation .

Welfare and Public Good Provision Implications of Indirect Tax Reforms

by Michael S Michael and S. Lahiri

ABSTRACT This paper develops a perfectly-competitive general-equilibrium model of a small open ec... more ABSTRACT This paper develops a perfectly-competitive general-equilibrium model of a small open economy with production of private traded goods and imports of a public good which is financed by a part of revenues from trade and domestic taxes. Within this framework we consider the effects on public good provision and on welfare of a number of different tax reforms: (i) a consumer-price-neutral reduction in tariffs and a corresponding increase in consumption taxes, (ii) a producer-price-neutral reduction in export taxes and increase in production taxes, (iii) a piecemeal reform in tariffs, and (iv) a partial tax-revenue-neutral reform in tariffs and consumption taxes.

A Two-Period Model of Natural Resources and Inter-Country Conflicts: Effects of Trade Sanctions

by Md. Didarul Hasan and S. Lahiri

International Journal of Development and Conflict, 2015

We develop a two-period general equilibrium model linking natural resources to inter-country conf... more We develop a two-period general equilibrium model linking natural resources to inter-country conflict, treating resource extraction and wage rate are endogenous. First, we characterize the war equilibrium and derive a number of properties of it. Second, we examine the effects of different types of trade sanctions imposed by the international community on war efforts of the two countries. We find that a temporary current sanction on both countries, or even on one of the countries, will be counter-productive, and an anticipated future sanction on both countries will unambiguously reduce war intensity. Whether an anticipated future sanction on one of countries will reduce war intensity will depend on the level of resource stock; the effect of a permanent sanction on both countries is ambiguous: war intensities will fall only if the resource stocks of the countries are sufficiently high.

Environmental Policy Reforms in a Small Open Economy with Public and Private Abatement

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

Environmental Policy in an International Perspective, 2003

Abstract: We construct a competitive general equilibrium model for a small open economy, which su... more

Cat carotid body chemoreceptor responses before and after nicotine receptor blockade with alpha-bungarotoxin

Journal of the autonomic nervous system, 1987

The nature of nicotine receptors in the carotid body was studied in anesthetized, paralyzed and a... more The nature of nicotine receptors in the carotid body was studied in anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats. Chemoreceptor discharge in single or few-fiber preparations of the carotid sinus nerve was measured during isocapnic hypoxia, hyperoxic hypercapnia and in response to nicotine injections before and after administration of alpha-bungarotoxin (10 cats) and after alpha-bungarotoxin plus mecamylamine (7 cats) which binds to neuromuscular-type nicotine cholinergic receptors. alpha-Bungarotoxin caused a slight enhancement of the chemoreceptor response to hypoxia without affecting the chemoreceptor stimulation by nicotine. Mecamylamine (1-5 mg, i.v.), a ganglionic-type nicotinic receptor blocker, had no further effect on the response to hypoxia while it completely abolished the chemoreceptor stimulation by nicotine. Thus the nicotinic receptors in the cat carotid body which elicit excitation of chemosensory fibers appear to be of the ganglionic-type. Blockade of neu...

Survivability and leucocyte migration inhibition in mice immunized with cryotreated ascites fibrosarcoma cells using different freeze-thaw cycles

Indian journal of experimental biology, 1995

Attempts have been made to assess as to what extent in vitro assay of cellular immunity, e.g. leu... more Attempts have been made to assess as to what extent in vitro assay of cellular immunity, e.g. leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) in mice immunized with different freeze-thaw cycles could reflect host resistance in vivo. While survivability of animals improved significantly by immunization with single cycle (P < 0.05) to three cycle (P < 0.001) and programmed three cycle (P < 0.001) cryo-treated tumor cells compared to controls, the percentage LMI in the same groups of animals decreased progressively. The KCl(3M) extracted tumor cell protein (antigen) of both viable and cryo-treated cells showed a progressively increased protein concentrations per 1 x 10(6) tumor cells with viable cells being least and programmed three cycle cryo-treated cells highest. The apparent discrepancy observed between percentage migration inhibition and survivability may be due to the fact that (1) survivability is a function of body's total immune response while LMI represents the response of...

Reforms of Environmental Policies in the Presence of Cross-border Pollution and Public-Private Clean-up*

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2005

We construct a two-country model where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. P... more We construct a two-country model where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. Pollution abatement is undertaken sequentially by private producers and the public sector. We characterize the Nash optimal levels of the policy instruments in the two countries: emission taxes and funds allocated for public abatement activities. We examine the implications of a number of multilateral policy reforms. One of our findings is that the magnitude of the beneficial effect of a reform depends on the scope of the reform, and if it is restricted to a subset of policy instruments, then the efficacy of environmental policy reform can be greatly undermined.

Piecemeal Reform of Domestic Indirect Taxes toward Uniformity in the Presence of Pollution: with and without a Revenue Constraint

by Michael S Michael and S. Lahiri

Journal of Public Economic Theory, 2013

The literature on indirect tax reforms in pollution-ridden economies is quite limited. This paper... more The literature on indirect tax reforms in pollution-ridden economies is quite limited. This paper, using a general model of a perfectly-competitive small open economy with both production and consumption generated pollution, considers the welfare implications of tax reforms that take the structure of consumption and production taxes toward uniformity. Specifically, both in the presence and absence of a binding government revenue constraint, we derive sufficient conditions for welfare improvement in the case where we implement (i) reforms in either production or consumption taxes, and (ii) reforms in both consumption and production taxes.

Trade and domestic tax reforms in the presence of a public good and different neutrality conditions

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

International Tax and Public Finance, 2011

This paper develops a perfectly-competitive general-equilibrium model of a small open economy wit... more This paper develops a perfectly-competitive general-equilibrium model of a small open economy with production of private traded goods and of a public good which is financed by revenues from trade and domestic taxes. Within this framework we consider the effects on public good provision and on welfare of the following tax reforms: (i) a producer-price-neutral reduction in export taxes and a corresponding increase in production taxes, (ii) a consumer-price-neutral reduction in tariffs and a corresponding increase in consumption taxes, and (iii) a partial tax-revenue-neutral reform in trade and domestic taxes.

Cross-Border Pollution, Terms of Trade, and Welfare

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

Environmental and Resource Economics, 2008

ABSTRACT We construct a two-good general equilibrium model of international trade for two small o... more ABSTRACT We construct a two-good general equilibrium model of international trade for two small open economies where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. Governments in both countries impose emission taxes non-cooperatively. Within this framework, we examine the effect of changes in the degree of cross-border pollution on Nash emission taxes, emission levels and welfare. We do so under two scenarios: when changes in cross-border pollution do not affect domestic pollution (non-strategic) and when they do (strategic). We also examine the effect of changes in international terms of trade on pollution and welfare when cross-border pollution is non-strategic.

Can cross-border pollution reduce pollution?

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d`Economique, 2002

We develop a North-South model of foreign aid and cross-border pollution resulting from productio... more We develop a North-South model of foreign aid and cross-border pollution resulting from production activities in the recipient country. There is both private and public abatement of pollution, the latter being financed through emissions tax revenue and foreign aid. We characterise a Nash equilibrium where the donor country chooses the amount of aid, and the recipient chooses the fraction of aid allocated to pollution abatement and/or the emission tax rate. At this equilibrium, an increase in the donor's perceived rate of cross-border pollution reduces net emission levels.

Globalization and Environment in the Presence of Cross-border Pollution

by Michael S Michael and S. Lahiri

We construct a two-country, two-good general equilibrium model of international trade where pollu... more We construct a two-country, two-good general equilibrium model of international trade where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. Governments in both countries impose emission taxes non-cooperatively. Within this framework, we examine the effect of trade liberalization on Nash emission taxes, emission levels, and welfare. We also examine how the endogeniety of terms of trade affects Nash equilibrium emmision taxes and total emission level.

Domestic Tax Reforms under Consumption-Generated Pollution and Revenue Constraint

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

In recent years, an increasing number of countries gradually relies more on the use of domestic t... more In recent years, an increasing number of countries gradually relies more on the use of domestic taxes, e.g., consumption taxes or VATs, for raising government tax revenues. This paper revisits the question of reforming the structure of consumption taxes in the presence of consumption-generated pollution, and identifies sufficient conditions under which such a tax reform improves welfare with and without a binding government revenue constraint.

Integrated reforms of indirect taxes in the presence of pollution

by Michael S Michael and S. Lahiri

The literature on indirect tax reforms in pollution-ridden economies is quite limited. This paper... more The literature on indirect tax reforms in pollution-ridden economies is quite limited. This paper, using a model of a small open economy with production and consumption generated pollution, considers the welfare implications of tax reforms within an integrated structure of consumption and production taxes. Specifically, both in the presence and absence of a binding government revenue constraint, we derive sufficient conditions for welfare improvement in the case where we implement (i) reforms in either production or consumption taxes, (ii) reforms in both consumption and production taxes and (iii) uniform changes in consumption taxes.

Globalization, cross-border pollution and welfare

by Panos Hatzipanayotou, Michael S Michael, and S. Lahiri

We construct a two-good general equilibrium model of international trade for two small open econo... more We construct a two-good general equilibrium model of international trade for two small open economies where pollution from production is transmitted across borders. Governments in both countries impose emission taxes non-cooperatively. Within this framework, we examine the effect of trade liberalization and of the perception of cross-border pollution on Nash emission taxes, emission levels, and welfare. ), where Ω > 0 is defined after equation .

Welfare and Public Good Provision Implications of Indirect Tax Reforms

by Michael S Michael and S. Lahiri

ABSTRACT This paper develops a perfectly-competitive general-equilibrium model of a small open ec... more ABSTRACT This paper develops a perfectly-competitive general-equilibrium model of a small open economy with production of private traded goods and imports of a public good which is financed by a part of revenues from trade and domestic taxes. Within this framework we consider the effects on public good provision and on welfare of a number of different tax reforms: (i) a consumer-price-neutral reduction in tariffs and a corresponding increase in consumption taxes, (ii) a producer-price-neutral reduction in export taxes and increase in production taxes, (iii) a piecemeal reform in tariffs, and (iv) a partial tax-revenue-neutral reform in tariffs and consumption taxes.