It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http:/... more It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. "It's just a case of chipping away": A postfeminist analysis of female coaches' gendered experiences in grassroots sport
The aim of this study was to investigate how the apparent masculinity/femininity of a coach influ... more The aim of this study was to investigate how the apparent masculinity/femininity of a coach influenced others' perceptions of their ability to interact successfully with their athletes. Seventy-three participants (44 males, 29 females, Mage=23.8 SD= ± 8.41) watched four videos depicting a coach working with a group of athletes. Each video was the same but featured the four combinations of masculinised/feminised coach and male/female athletes. Participants rated the coach on perceived relationship quality, empathy, and competency. There was a main effect in relationship quality (closeness) and three of four subscales of coaching competency, with the masculinised coach rated higher than the feminised coach. There was also a non-significant trend for the feminised coach to score higher in relationship quality and competency when working with male athletes compared to female athletes, and the masculinised coach to score higher with females. For affective empathy, there was a main effect for athlete sex, with both coaches rated higher working with male athletes. There was also a non-significant trend for both coaches' cognitive empathy to be rated higher when working with male athletes. The perception of the masculinity/femininity of a coach influences how others understand their interactions even when the behaviors of that coach are similar across situations. Coaches need to be aware that gender-based stereotypes may influence how others perceive their competency. This could potentially affect coach effectiveness and career progression.
Beauchamp, Maclachlan, and Lothian (2005) state that groups are complex entities with members who... more Beauchamp, Maclachlan, and Lothian (2005) state that groups are complex entities with members who contribute various personal psychological traits. Brannick, Roach, and Salas (1993) and Carron and Hausenblas (1998) suggest that a team includes two or more individuals that work together to achieve a common goal (i.e., winning a football match). The terms group and team are used interchangeably and even though there are overlapping characteristics (Sheard & Kakabadse 2004), there are prominent variances demonstrates that they are very different (Fisher & Hunter 1997). The differences include teams requiring 8 higher task orientation (Lencioni 2007) and more purpose (Humphrey, Morgeson, & Mannor, 9 2009) between their members compared to groups towards achieving the team's shared goals 10 (i.e., players within a football team working towards winning a match), a greater requirement 11 for structure (Stillman, Fletcher, & Carr 2007), interdependency between members of a team 12 (Reimer, Park, & Hinsz, 2006) compared to a group (Varma-Nelson & Coppola, 2005) and the need for team members to possess a familiarity of each other's roles (Mumford, Van Iddekinge, Morgeson, & Campion, 2008) to coordinate their performance (Cannon-Bowers & Bowers, 2006). This suggests team members require knowledge of each other's role to be able to coordinate their actions. Cannon-Bowers and Bowers (2006) highlight the importance of team interdependence within football, that is centred on members in various sub-teams working together to coordinate their actions, whereas a member of a gymnastics team is unlikely to support another member during their performance. Sub-teams are required to perform their own roles that contribute to an effective team performance (Marsh, Richardson, Baron, & Schmidt 2006; Duarte et al., 2012). Lyle (2002) states that within performance coaching in team sport, the different requirements for each role require to be developed through a thoroughly
Shared understanding is defined as two or more people thinking similarly in specific situations (... more Shared understanding is defined as two or more people thinking similarly in specific situations (Blickensderfer et al. 2010). Various factors have been stated to be crucial to the development of shared understanding within team sports like football, facilitating accurate prediction the actions and enabling an effective team performance. This research considered the perspectives of Scottish youth, amateur and junior male football players to outline contributing factors to the development of shared understanding within football teams. These perspectives were gathered through semi-structured interview approach, transcribed, and then analyzed through thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2019). Participants suggested that a combination of experience performing together, social cohesion and effective methods of communication were crucial for developing shared understanding between players which facilitates accurate prediction of actions, leading to a coordinated performance. These findings...
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of coach and athlete gender on perceptions... more The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of coach and athlete gender on perceptions of a coach through the use of a novel video-based method. Forty-one participants (16 males, 25 females, Mage=32.76 SD= ± 11.57) watched four videos depicting a coach and an athlete having a conversation about the athlete’s de-selection from a squad. Each video featuring different gender combinations of the coach and athlete. Participants rated the coach on perceived relationship quality and perceived empathy. Analysis showed a main effect for coach gender with female coaches being rated higher than male coaches for relationship quality and empathy, and a main effect for athlete gender with all coaches perceived as displaying a greater level of affective empathy when paired with a female athlete. Coaches need to be aware that their actions may be interpreted differently based on their gender and that of the athletes they are working with. This could potentially impact on coach effectiven...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
Exercise is a powerful tool for improving health in older adults, but the minimum frequency requi... more Exercise is a powerful tool for improving health in older adults, but the minimum frequency required is not known. This study sought to determine the effect of training frequency of sprint interval training (SIT) on health and physical function in older adults. Thirty-four (13 males and 21 females) older adults (age 65 ± 4 years) were recruited. Participants were allocated to a control group (CON n = 12) or a once- (n = 11) or twice- (n = 11) weekly sprint interval training (SIT) groups. The control group maintained daily activities; the SIT groups performed 8 weeks of once- or twice-weekly training sessions consisting of 6 s sprints. Metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test), aerobic capacity (walk test) and physical function (get up and go test, sit to stand test) were determined before and after training. Following training, there were significant improvements in blood glucose control, physical function and aerobic capacity in both training groups compared to control, with c...
Exercise improves health and physical function in older people, but very few older people partici... more Exercise improves health and physical function in older people, but very few older people participate although the trend is for increasing participation. This study sought to determine whether short duration sprint interval training (SIT) improves health and physical function in older people. Seventeen (9 M and 8 F) older adults (age 66 ± 3 years) were recruited. Participants had blood pressure, physical function and blood lipid profile measured and were then allocated to a control group (CON n = 7) or a SIT group (n = 10). The control group maintained daily activities; the SIT group performed 10 weeks of twice-weekly training sessions of 6-s sprints. By week 10, training sessions lasted 11.6 ± 0.6-min. Ten weeks of SIT resulted in significant changes in pulse pressure (
International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2004
The purpose of this study was to review some of the key statistics collected by the International... more The purpose of this study was to review some of the key statistics collected by the International Rugby Board (IRB) in their review of the game (2003) and to compare these findings in relation to previous statistical analysis studies. Primary objectives of Rugby Union where identified using the IRB statement of intent. Statistics collected by the IRB for these objectives were then compared to parallel research in other sports regarding recommendations for effective play. The IRB statistics for Rugby Union would appear to replicate previously discovered characteristics of football (Reep and Benjamin, 1968), and would seem to favour a 'long ball' style of play in order to maximise scoring success. This paper highlights the IRB findings and illustrates the possible benefits of comparison and cross referencing with previous research in other sports.
Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 2019
Although graduate employability is an increasingly important issue, job interview formats and tec... more Although graduate employability is an increasingly important issue, job interview formats and techniques specific to sport students' prospective careers are not explicitly taught, practiced or assessed. Yet, successful interviews are pivotal in transitioning from education to employment. We report on a teaching intervention with final year sport students who undertook mock job interviews as an assessment. Evaluative data suggests students initially felt underprepared for job interviews. The assessment allowed students to adapt and practice their skills in this context and receive feedforward-focused feedback. From this work, we provide recommendations on how this activity might be implemented in other higher education curricula.
The purpose of this study was to examine the influences that led an individual to becoming and re... more The purpose of this study was to examine the influences that led an individual to becoming and remaining an outdoor adventure sport coach. A case study of a single high level climbing/kayaking coach is presented using inductive thematic analysis to explore his perception of the factors that have influenced him before and during his career. This approach provides a unique insight into the social influences on coaches and how they inform coaches’ personal values. The study revealed a pattern of formative experiences acting on the participant throughout his life and career. Early experiences, exposure to the sport, and contact with significant others have influenced his decision to participate in outdoor adventure sports and allow him to derive satisfaction from passing his knowledge onto others. The value of this single coach’s personal experiences of sport is discussed in relation to the insight they provide into why coaches enter and stay in coaching careers.
International Journal of Coaching Science, Jul 1, 2011
This study investigated the interdependence of coaches’ and athletes’ perceptions of the athletes... more This study investigated the interdependence of coaches’ and athletes’ perceptions of the athletes’ performance and their association with coaches’ and athletes’ satisfaction with the athletes’ performance. One-hundred coach-athlete dyads completed the performance subscale of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998) and the performance subscale of the Elite Athlete Self-Description Questionnaire (Marsh, Hey, Johnson, & Perry, 1997). The results of a structural equation model analysis indicated a level of interdependence between the paired coach and athlete variables. There was a significant association between individual’s own perceptions of performance and satisfaction with performance. Additionally, coaches’ perceptions of performance were significantly associated with athletes’ satisfaction with performance, whereas athletes’ perceptions of performance were not associated with coaches’ satisfaction with performance. These results are discussed based on issues they raise for theory and practice.
The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with p... more The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2011
ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between student athletes' perceived... more ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between student athletes' perceived social support and their level of satisfaction. The main effect model of social support was tested as well as the moderating effect of competitive level. A sample of 127 student athletes in the United Kingdom who compete in individual sports completed the Social Support Questionnaire: Short Form (SSQ-SR: Sarason, Sarason, Shearin, & Pierce, 1987) and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ: Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998). Participants' perceptions regarding their available support significantly predicted their satisfaction with external agents. Furthermore, their satisfaction with this social support predicted their level of satisfaction with their individual performance and with their external agents. Competitive level was found to moderate the link between an athlete's satisfaction with their social support and their external agents. The implications of these findings for key stakeholders are discussed.
It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http:/... more It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. "It's just a case of chipping away": A postfeminist analysis of female coaches' gendered experiences in grassroots sport
The aim of this study was to investigate how the apparent masculinity/femininity of a coach influ... more The aim of this study was to investigate how the apparent masculinity/femininity of a coach influenced others' perceptions of their ability to interact successfully with their athletes. Seventy-three participants (44 males, 29 females, Mage=23.8 SD= ± 8.41) watched four videos depicting a coach working with a group of athletes. Each video was the same but featured the four combinations of masculinised/feminised coach and male/female athletes. Participants rated the coach on perceived relationship quality, empathy, and competency. There was a main effect in relationship quality (closeness) and three of four subscales of coaching competency, with the masculinised coach rated higher than the feminised coach. There was also a non-significant trend for the feminised coach to score higher in relationship quality and competency when working with male athletes compared to female athletes, and the masculinised coach to score higher with females. For affective empathy, there was a main effect for athlete sex, with both coaches rated higher working with male athletes. There was also a non-significant trend for both coaches' cognitive empathy to be rated higher when working with male athletes. The perception of the masculinity/femininity of a coach influences how others understand their interactions even when the behaviors of that coach are similar across situations. Coaches need to be aware that gender-based stereotypes may influence how others perceive their competency. This could potentially affect coach effectiveness and career progression.
Beauchamp, Maclachlan, and Lothian (2005) state that groups are complex entities with members who... more Beauchamp, Maclachlan, and Lothian (2005) state that groups are complex entities with members who contribute various personal psychological traits. Brannick, Roach, and Salas (1993) and Carron and Hausenblas (1998) suggest that a team includes two or more individuals that work together to achieve a common goal (i.e., winning a football match). The terms group and team are used interchangeably and even though there are overlapping characteristics (Sheard & Kakabadse 2004), there are prominent variances demonstrates that they are very different (Fisher & Hunter 1997). The differences include teams requiring 8 higher task orientation (Lencioni 2007) and more purpose (Humphrey, Morgeson, & Mannor, 9 2009) between their members compared to groups towards achieving the team's shared goals 10 (i.e., players within a football team working towards winning a match), a greater requirement 11 for structure (Stillman, Fletcher, & Carr 2007), interdependency between members of a team 12 (Reimer, Park, & Hinsz, 2006) compared to a group (Varma-Nelson & Coppola, 2005) and the need for team members to possess a familiarity of each other's roles (Mumford, Van Iddekinge, Morgeson, & Campion, 2008) to coordinate their performance (Cannon-Bowers & Bowers, 2006). This suggests team members require knowledge of each other's role to be able to coordinate their actions. Cannon-Bowers and Bowers (2006) highlight the importance of team interdependence within football, that is centred on members in various sub-teams working together to coordinate their actions, whereas a member of a gymnastics team is unlikely to support another member during their performance. Sub-teams are required to perform their own roles that contribute to an effective team performance (Marsh, Richardson, Baron, & Schmidt 2006; Duarte et al., 2012). Lyle (2002) states that within performance coaching in team sport, the different requirements for each role require to be developed through a thoroughly
Shared understanding is defined as two or more people thinking similarly in specific situations (... more Shared understanding is defined as two or more people thinking similarly in specific situations (Blickensderfer et al. 2010). Various factors have been stated to be crucial to the development of shared understanding within team sports like football, facilitating accurate prediction the actions and enabling an effective team performance. This research considered the perspectives of Scottish youth, amateur and junior male football players to outline contributing factors to the development of shared understanding within football teams. These perspectives were gathered through semi-structured interview approach, transcribed, and then analyzed through thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2019). Participants suggested that a combination of experience performing together, social cohesion and effective methods of communication were crucial for developing shared understanding between players which facilitates accurate prediction of actions, leading to a coordinated performance. These findings...
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of coach and athlete gender on perceptions... more The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of coach and athlete gender on perceptions of a coach through the use of a novel video-based method. Forty-one participants (16 males, 25 females, Mage=32.76 SD= ± 11.57) watched four videos depicting a coach and an athlete having a conversation about the athlete’s de-selection from a squad. Each video featuring different gender combinations of the coach and athlete. Participants rated the coach on perceived relationship quality and perceived empathy. Analysis showed a main effect for coach gender with female coaches being rated higher than male coaches for relationship quality and empathy, and a main effect for athlete gender with all coaches perceived as displaying a greater level of affective empathy when paired with a female athlete. Coaches need to be aware that their actions may be interpreted differently based on their gender and that of the athletes they are working with. This could potentially impact on coach effectiven...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
Exercise is a powerful tool for improving health in older adults, but the minimum frequency requi... more Exercise is a powerful tool for improving health in older adults, but the minimum frequency required is not known. This study sought to determine the effect of training frequency of sprint interval training (SIT) on health and physical function in older adults. Thirty-four (13 males and 21 females) older adults (age 65 ± 4 years) were recruited. Participants were allocated to a control group (CON n = 12) or a once- (n = 11) or twice- (n = 11) weekly sprint interval training (SIT) groups. The control group maintained daily activities; the SIT groups performed 8 weeks of once- or twice-weekly training sessions consisting of 6 s sprints. Metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test), aerobic capacity (walk test) and physical function (get up and go test, sit to stand test) were determined before and after training. Following training, there were significant improvements in blood glucose control, physical function and aerobic capacity in both training groups compared to control, with c...
Exercise improves health and physical function in older people, but very few older people partici... more Exercise improves health and physical function in older people, but very few older people participate although the trend is for increasing participation. This study sought to determine whether short duration sprint interval training (SIT) improves health and physical function in older people. Seventeen (9 M and 8 F) older adults (age 66 ± 3 years) were recruited. Participants had blood pressure, physical function and blood lipid profile measured and were then allocated to a control group (CON n = 7) or a SIT group (n = 10). The control group maintained daily activities; the SIT group performed 10 weeks of twice-weekly training sessions of 6-s sprints. By week 10, training sessions lasted 11.6 ± 0.6-min. Ten weeks of SIT resulted in significant changes in pulse pressure (
International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2004
The purpose of this study was to review some of the key statistics collected by the International... more The purpose of this study was to review some of the key statistics collected by the International Rugby Board (IRB) in their review of the game (2003) and to compare these findings in relation to previous statistical analysis studies. Primary objectives of Rugby Union where identified using the IRB statement of intent. Statistics collected by the IRB for these objectives were then compared to parallel research in other sports regarding recommendations for effective play. The IRB statistics for Rugby Union would appear to replicate previously discovered characteristics of football (Reep and Benjamin, 1968), and would seem to favour a 'long ball' style of play in order to maximise scoring success. This paper highlights the IRB findings and illustrates the possible benefits of comparison and cross referencing with previous research in other sports.
Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 2019
Although graduate employability is an increasingly important issue, job interview formats and tec... more Although graduate employability is an increasingly important issue, job interview formats and techniques specific to sport students' prospective careers are not explicitly taught, practiced or assessed. Yet, successful interviews are pivotal in transitioning from education to employment. We report on a teaching intervention with final year sport students who undertook mock job interviews as an assessment. Evaluative data suggests students initially felt underprepared for job interviews. The assessment allowed students to adapt and practice their skills in this context and receive feedforward-focused feedback. From this work, we provide recommendations on how this activity might be implemented in other higher education curricula.
The purpose of this study was to examine the influences that led an individual to becoming and re... more The purpose of this study was to examine the influences that led an individual to becoming and remaining an outdoor adventure sport coach. A case study of a single high level climbing/kayaking coach is presented using inductive thematic analysis to explore his perception of the factors that have influenced him before and during his career. This approach provides a unique insight into the social influences on coaches and how they inform coaches’ personal values. The study revealed a pattern of formative experiences acting on the participant throughout his life and career. Early experiences, exposure to the sport, and contact with significant others have influenced his decision to participate in outdoor adventure sports and allow him to derive satisfaction from passing his knowledge onto others. The value of this single coach’s personal experiences of sport is discussed in relation to the insight they provide into why coaches enter and stay in coaching careers.
International Journal of Coaching Science, Jul 1, 2011
This study investigated the interdependence of coaches’ and athletes’ perceptions of the athletes... more This study investigated the interdependence of coaches’ and athletes’ perceptions of the athletes’ performance and their association with coaches’ and athletes’ satisfaction with the athletes’ performance. One-hundred coach-athlete dyads completed the performance subscale of the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998) and the performance subscale of the Elite Athlete Self-Description Questionnaire (Marsh, Hey, Johnson, & Perry, 1997). The results of a structural equation model analysis indicated a level of interdependence between the paired coach and athlete variables. There was a significant association between individual’s own perceptions of performance and satisfaction with performance. Additionally, coaches’ perceptions of performance were significantly associated with athletes’ satisfaction with performance, whereas athletes’ perceptions of performance were not associated with coaches’ satisfaction with performance. These results are discussed based on issues they raise for theory and practice.
The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with p... more The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2011
ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between student athletes' perceived... more ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between student athletes' perceived social support and their level of satisfaction. The main effect model of social support was tested as well as the moderating effect of competitive level. A sample of 127 student athletes in the United Kingdom who compete in individual sports completed the Social Support Questionnaire: Short Form (SSQ-SR: Sarason, Sarason, Shearin, & Pierce, 1987) and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ: Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998). Participants' perceptions regarding their available support significantly predicted their satisfaction with external agents. Furthermore, their satisfaction with this social support predicted their level of satisfaction with their individual performance and with their external agents. Competitive level was found to moderate the link between an athlete's satisfaction with their social support and their external agents. The implications of these findings for key stakeholders are discussed.
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