This paper will obtain a physical derivation for a very useful empirical emission formula. Thermi... more This paper will obtain a physical derivation for a very useful empirical emission formula. Thermionic emission has long been understood, by the supply side limited regime, described by Richardson-Dushman's equation and the space charge regime by Child-Langmuir's equation. These equations adequately describe thermionic emission and provide a measure of internal parameters, such as work function, over a limited range and in special designed devices. They fail in the intermediate region between the two laws where most measurements are required, as well as in practical devices. This theory places the well known empirical emission formula on a solid physical foundation.
A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known... more A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known, the baryons in which the Proton is the most stable are described in the quantum mechanics system by a theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). QCD describes the details of interactions due to the scattering of protons with protons and other particles. In these energetic states, it works well. How is the internal structure of the proton described when it is in a passive state, not interacting energetically with other particles? In the passive or quiescent state, after years of effort, using QCD has not yielded a solution. The passive state is the subject of this paper. Protons, as well as neutrons, are the heaviest stable particles and are largely responsible for contributing mass that generates the global gravitation of the large Universe, leaving out dark matter and dark energy momentarily. This paper will explore how GR gravitation theory and the basic foundation of quantum mechanics, Planck Law, can describe the proton in the quiescent state. Due to the stability of the at-rest proton, this paper studies the proton in this quiet state. The Neutron is known to be stable when part of a more complex atomic nucleus but decays, when free, into a proton, electron, and electron-antineutrino. Due to this instability, neutrons will not be included in this study.
The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton’s mathematical time, which is not a true... more The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton’s mathematical time, which is not a true definition of time but only its measure. It leaves out a deeper understanding of the true nature of time. When applying physics to the broader universe, numerous anomalies appear. One change in the definition of time, and these anomalies, galaxy rotation, dark matter, electric and magnetic properties, the speed of light, Hubble’s law, dark energy, the Big Bang, the CMB, and the Pioneer anomaly all disappear, while physical theories are left unchanged.
The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton's mathematical time, which is not a true... more The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton's mathematical time, which is not a true definition of time but only its measure. It leaves out a deeper understanding of the true nature of time. When applying physics to the broader universe, numerous anomalies appear. One change in the definition of time, and these anomalies, galaxy rotation, dark matter, electric and magnetic properties, the speed of light, Hubble's law, dark energy, the Big Bang, the CMB, and the Pioneer anomaly all disappear, while physical theories are left unchanged.
Thesis Rutgers the State University of New Jersey New Brunswick 1970 Source Dissertation Abstracts International Volume 31 11 Section B Page 6836, 1970
This paper discusses how an observer, when properly defined, can lead to a different interpretati... more This paper discusses how an observer, when properly defined, can lead to a different interpretation of the universe by providing a way to connect General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. First, this was used to investigate the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy, and the result suggests that dark matter does not exist. Then, Hubble's Law was examined, and we were led to the same conclusion, i.e., dark energy does not exist. Finally, the linkage of quantum mechanics and relativity provides another explanation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and casts doubt on the Big Bang theory. All of these observations and conclusions were made possible by examining the philosophical foundation provided by a better understanding of how intelligent life forms make sense of the physical world. First, we discuss the intelligent life forms that are responsible for all observations and theories related to the universe. With this new understanding of ourselves, from a physics perspective, a philo...
This mysterious effect has been given considerable thought as to its nature. Some have thought th... more This mysterious effect has been given considerable thought as to its nature. Some have thought that the effect is due to unknown spacecraft effects, such as gas leaks or anisotropic thermal radiation. Others hold out for some fundamental physics that might alter the theory of gravitation. Recently, a complete analysis of rediscovered spacecraft data provides a credible story for spacecraft engineering being the cause. However, more fundamental physics has not been absolutely ruled out. This paper will relook at the anomaly from a fundamental perspective by applying a recently published physical theory to the Pioneer anomaly, and will show that a new theory can explain the effect.
In this paper, I will discuss the underlying philosophy of physics. A new definition of observer ... more In this paper, I will discuss the underlying philosophy of physics. A new definition of observer is presented, then the meaning of two words, i.e., existence and reality, will be examined. With the changes made for these three items, a new philosophy emerges that allows an examination of the concepts of cause and effect, time, space, and the role of mathematics in physics. The new philosophy suggests a structure of the universe that indicates both an understanding of the double-slit experiment and a new approach to the quantization and root cause of gravitation.
This paper will obtain a physical derivation for a very useful empirical emission formula. Thermi... more This paper will obtain a physical derivation for a very useful empirical emission formula. Thermionic emission has long been understood, by the supply side limited regime, described by Richardson-Dushman's equation and the space charge regime by Child-Langmuir's equation. These equations adequately describe thermionic emission and provide a measure of internal parameters, such as work function, over a limited range and in special designed devices. They fail in the intermediate region between the two laws where most measurements are required, as well as in practical devices. This theory places the well known empirical emission formula on a solid physical foundation.
A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known... more A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known, the baryons in which the Proton is the most stable are described in the quantum mechanics system by a theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). QCD describes the details of interactions due to the scattering of protons with protons and other particles. In these energetic states, it works well. How is the internal structure of the proton described when it is in a passive state, not interacting energetically with other particles? In the passive or quiescent state, after years of effort, using QCD has not yielded a solution. The passive state is the subject of this paper. Protons, as well as neutrons, are the heaviest stable particles and are largely responsible for contributing mass that generates the global gravitation of the large Universe, leaving out dark matter and dark energy momentarily. This paper will explore how GR gravitation theory and the basic foundation of quantum mechanics, Planck Law, can describe the proton in the quiescent state. Due to the stability of the at-rest proton, this paper studies the proton in this quiet state. The Neutron is known to be stable when part of a more complex atomic nucleus but decays, when free, into a proton, electron, and electron-antineutrino. Due to this instability, neutrons will not be included in this study.
The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton’s mathematical time, which is not a true... more The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton’s mathematical time, which is not a true definition of time but only its measure. It leaves out a deeper understanding of the true nature of time. When applying physics to the broader universe, numerous anomalies appear. One change in the definition of time, and these anomalies, galaxy rotation, dark matter, electric and magnetic properties, the speed of light, Hubble’s law, dark energy, the Big Bang, the CMB, and the Pioneer anomaly all disappear, while physical theories are left unchanged.
The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton's mathematical time, which is not a true... more The story I wish to tell in this work starts with Newton's mathematical time, which is not a true definition of time but only its measure. It leaves out a deeper understanding of the true nature of time. When applying physics to the broader universe, numerous anomalies appear. One change in the definition of time, and these anomalies, galaxy rotation, dark matter, electric and magnetic properties, the speed of light, Hubble's law, dark energy, the Big Bang, the CMB, and the Pioneer anomaly all disappear, while physical theories are left unchanged.
Thesis Rutgers the State University of New Jersey New Brunswick 1970 Source Dissertation Abstracts International Volume 31 11 Section B Page 6836, 1970
This paper discusses how an observer, when properly defined, can lead to a different interpretati... more This paper discusses how an observer, when properly defined, can lead to a different interpretation of the universe by providing a way to connect General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. First, this was used to investigate the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy, and the result suggests that dark matter does not exist. Then, Hubble's Law was examined, and we were led to the same conclusion, i.e., dark energy does not exist. Finally, the linkage of quantum mechanics and relativity provides another explanation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and casts doubt on the Big Bang theory. All of these observations and conclusions were made possible by examining the philosophical foundation provided by a better understanding of how intelligent life forms make sense of the physical world. First, we discuss the intelligent life forms that are responsible for all observations and theories related to the universe. With this new understanding of ourselves, from a physics perspective, a philo...
This mysterious effect has been given considerable thought as to its nature. Some have thought th... more This mysterious effect has been given considerable thought as to its nature. Some have thought that the effect is due to unknown spacecraft effects, such as gas leaks or anisotropic thermal radiation. Others hold out for some fundamental physics that might alter the theory of gravitation. Recently, a complete analysis of rediscovered spacecraft data provides a credible story for spacecraft engineering being the cause. However, more fundamental physics has not been absolutely ruled out. This paper will relook at the anomaly from a fundamental perspective by applying a recently published physical theory to the Pioneer anomaly, and will show that a new theory can explain the effect.
In this paper, I will discuss the underlying philosophy of physics. A new definition of observer ... more In this paper, I will discuss the underlying philosophy of physics. A new definition of observer is presented, then the meaning of two words, i.e., existence and reality, will be examined. With the changes made for these three items, a new philosophy emerges that allows an examination of the concepts of cause and effect, time, space, and the role of mathematics in physics. The new philosophy suggests a structure of the universe that indicates both an understanding of the double-slit experiment and a new approach to the quantization and root cause of gravitation.
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Papers by Robert Longo