Journal of General Internal Medicine, Aug 31, 2012
BACKGROUND: Energized and productive faculty are critical to academic medicine, yet studies indic... more BACKGROUND: Energized and productive faculty are critical to academic medicine, yet studies indicate a lack of advancement and senior roles for women. OBJECTIVE: Using measures of key aspects of the culture of academic medicine, this study sought to identify similarity and dissimilarity between perceptions of the culture by male and female faculty. DESIGN: The C-Change Faculty Survey was used to collect data on perceptions of organizational culture. PARTICIPANTS: A stratified random sample of 4,578 full-time faculty at 26 nationally representative US medical colleges (response rate 52 %). 1,271 (53 %) of respondents were female. MAIN MEASURES: Factor analysis assisted in the creation of scales assessing dimensions of the culture, which served as the key outcomes. Regression analysis identified gender differences while controlling for other demographic characteristics. KEY RESULTS: Compared with men, female faculty reported a lower sense of belonging and relationships within the workplace (T=−3.30, p<0.01). Self-efficacy for career advancement was lower in women (T=−4.73, p<0.001). Women perceived lower gender equity (T= −19.82, p<0.001), and were less likely to believe their institutions were making changes to address diversity goals (T=−9.70, p<0.001). Women were less likely than men to perceive their institution as family-friendly (T= −4.06, p<0.001), and women reported less congruence between their own values and those of their institutions (T=−2.06, p<0.05). Women and men did not differ significantly on levels of engagement, leadership aspirations, feelings of ethical/moral distress, perception of institutional commitment to faculty advancement, or perception of institutional change efforts to improve support for faculty. CONCLUSIONS: Faculty men and women are equally engaged in their work and share similar leadership aspirations. However, medical schools have failed to create and sustain an environment where women feel fully accepted and supported to succeed; how can we ensure that medical schools are fully using the talent pool of a third of its faculty?
Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Nov 6, 2019
The Framework for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards propose that s... more The Framework for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards propose that students learn core ideas and practices related to engineering as well as science. To do so, students will need high-quality curricular materials designed to meet these goals. We report an efficacy study of an elementary engineering curriculum, Engineering is Elementary (EiE) that includes a set of hypothesized critical components designed to encourage student engagement in practices, connect engineering and science learning, and reach diverse students. To measure the impact of the curriculum, we conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in 604 classrooms in 152 schools in three states. Schools were randomly assigned to either the treatment curriculum or to a comparison curriculum that addressed the same learning goals but did not include several critical components. Results show that students who used the treatment curriculum (EiE) regardless of demographic characteristics outperformed students in the comparison group on outcome measures of both engineering and science content learning. The results show that curriculum design affects student-learning outcomes.
This study examines the relationship of perceived workplace flexibility and supportive work–life ... more This study examines the relationship of perceived workplace flexibility and supportive work–life policies to employee engagement and expectations to remain with the organization (expected retention). It also explores the association of formal and occasional (informal) use of flexibility with these outcomes. Data are from a multi-organization database created by WFD Consulting of studies conducted between 1996 and 2006. Results revealed
They should not have tables or figures and should relate solely to an article published in Circul... more They should not have tables or figures and should relate solely to an article published in Circulation within the preceding 12 weeks. Only some letters will be published. Authors of those selected for publication will receive prepublication proofs, and authors of the article cited in the letter will be invited to reply. Replies must be signed by all authors listed in the original publication. 1. Stambler BS, Ellenbogen KA. Elucidating the mechanisms of atrial flutter cycle length variability using power spectral analysis techniques.
This study investigated predictors of Harvard University (Massachusetts) student ratings of cours... more This study investigated predictors of Harvard University (Massachusetts) student ratings of courses. Data were drawn from 33,180 evaluations of 1,114 undergraduate courses in 47 departments. Predictors examined at the student level included satisfaction with the course, perceived course difficulty, whether the course was in the student's major, whether the course was required, and whether or not the student was a freshman. Course-level variables included mean student rating of difficulty, proportion of students who were majors, proportion of students taking the course as a requirement, proportion of students who were freshmen, course size, faculty rank, course format, and whether the course was introductory. Hierarchical linear modeling of the data found that factors positively influencing course satisfaction included: social sciences/humanities/core curriculum courses; higher level of difficulty; high proportion of majors; tutorial courses; course
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jun 1, 2020
Objective:To investigate the associations of war and post-conflict factors with mental health amo... more Objective:To investigate the associations of war and post-conflict factors with mental health among Sierra Leone’s former child soldiers as adults.Method:In 2002, we recruited former child soldiers from lists of soldiers (aged 10–17) served by Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration centers and from a random door-to-door sample in five districts of Sierra Leone. In 2004, self-reintegrated child soldiers were recruited in an additional district. At 2016/17, 323 of the sample of 491 former child soldiers were reassessed. Subjects reported on war exposures and post-conflict stigma, family support, community support, anxiety/depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms.Results:72% of subjects were male; mean age, 28. 26% reported killing or injuring others; 67% reported being victims of life-threatening violence; 45% of female, 5% of male subjects, reported being raped; 32% reported death of a parent. In 2016/17 (Wave 4), 47% exceeded the threshold for anxiety/depression; 28% exceeded the likely post-traumatic stress disorder threshold. Latent class growth analysis yielded three trajectory groups based on changes in stigma and family/community acceptance; “Improving Social Integration” (n = 77) fared nearly as well as the “Socially Protected” (n = 213). The “Socially Vulnerable” group (n = 33) had increased risk of anxiety/depression above the clinical threshold and possible PTSD and were around three times more likely to attempt suicide.Conclusion:Former child soldiers had elevated rates of mental health problems. Post-conflict risk and protective factors related to outcomes long after the end of conflict. Targeted social inclusion interventions could benefit long-term mental health of former child soldiers.
Journal of clinical and translational science, 2023
Introduction: Midcareer research faculty are a vital part of the advancement of science in U.S. m... more Introduction: Midcareer research faculty are a vital part of the advancement of science in U.S. medical schools, but there are troubling trends in recruitment, retention, and burnout rates. Methods: The primary sampling frame for this online survey was recipients of a single R01 or equivalent and/or K-award from 2013 to 2019. Inclusion criteria were 3-14 years at a U.S. medical school and rank of associate professor or two or more years as assistant professor. Forty physician investigators and Ph.D. scientists volunteered for a faculty development program, and 106 were propensity-matched controls. Survey items covered self-efficacy in career, research, work-life; vitality/burnout; relationships, inclusion, trust; diversity; and intention to leave academic medicine. Results: The majority (52%) reported receiving poor mentoring; 40% experienced high burnout and 41% low vitality, which, in turn, predicted leaving intention (P < 0.0005). Women were more likely to report high burnout (P = 0.01) and low self-efficacy managing work and personal life (P = 0.01) and to be seriously considering leaving academic medicine than men (P = 0.003). Mentoring quality (P < 0.0005) and poor relationships, inclusion, and trust (P < 0.0005) predicted leaving intention. Non-underrepresented men were very likely to report low identity self-awareness (65%) and valuing differences (24%) versus underrepresented men (25% and 0%; P < 0.0005). Ph.D.s had lower career advancement self-efficacy than M.D.s (P < .0005). Conclusions: Midcareer Ph.D. and physician investigators faced significant career challenges. Experiences diverged by underrepresentation, gender, and degree. Poor quality mentoring was an issue for most. Effective mentoring could address the concerns of this vital component of the biomedical workforce.
Additional File 4. Baseline and post-intervention means. Unadjusted raw means from unimputed data... more Additional File 4. Baseline and post-intervention means. Unadjusted raw means from unimputed dataset.
Background The child protection community is increasingly focused on developing tools to assess t... more Background The child protection community is increasingly focused on developing tools to assess threats to child protection and the basic security needs and rights of children and families liv-ing in adverse circumstances. Although tremendous advances have been made to improve measurement of individual child health status or household functioning for use in low-resource settings, little attention has been paid to a more diverse array of settings in which many children in adversity spend time and how context contributes to threats to child protec-tion. The SAFE model posits that insecurity in any of the following fundamental domains threatens security in the others: Safety/freedom from harm; Access to basic physiological needs and healthcare; Family and connection to others; Education and economic security. Site-level tools are needed in order to monitor the conditions that can dramatically under-mine or support healthy child growth, development and emotional and behavioral health. F...
Early child development (ECD) programs are increasingly combined with targeted cash transfers for... more Early child development (ECD) programs are increasingly combined with targeted cash transfers for poor households to break intergenerational poverty. However, few evidence-based, scalable, and sustainable ECD programs that complement cash transfer programs exist in in low-and-middle-income countries. We conducted a cluster-randomized pilot study to assess whether Sugira Muryango, a strengths-based home-visiting intervention to promote child development and prevent violence among children aged 6-36 months, could be delivered by community-based lay workers to poor families participating in Rwanda's cash-for-work Vision Umurenge Program (VUP). Data collection occurred among 38 families at baseline, endline, and 6 months after the intervention and included child-level (child engagement, caretaking, and health and development), caregiver-level (family unity and mental health) and household-level (water and sanitation practices and family conflict) outcomes. We compared trajectories of Sugira Muryango families vs. families receiving the cash transfer only over time using mixed-effect models. Sugira Muryango children experienced significantly greater ECD engagement than children in control families and marginally significant reductions in exposure to violent disciplinary methods. Sugira Muryango caregivers reported greater shared decision-making between parents and marginally significant improvements in family unity and anxiety. Conflict within intervention households halved between baseline and follow-up. Satisfaction was high. This randomized pilot demonstrates that Sugira Muryango can be delivered by community-based lay workers, improves access to nurturing care and stimulation among children living in poverty, and may reduce intra-family conflict. A large-scale effectiveness study is underway to assess the intervention's impact on child development and health outcomes. Keywords Early childhood development • Home-visiting • Community health workers • Rwanda • Social protection • Social safety nets Highlights • This study describes a randomized pilot study of Sugira Muryango, a strengths-based home-visiting intervention to promote child development among vulnerable children in Rwanda.
Using an economically diverse random sample of 300 full-time employed men and women in dual-earne... more Using an economically diverse random sample of 300 full-time employed men and women in dual-earner couples from two communities in the Northeast, we estimated the relation between the direction and magnitude of disagreement about gender role ideology (GRI) within couples and psychological distress. We conceptualized GRI within couples as both the couple mean or stable gender-role ideology (the "couple ideology") and as each partner's deviation from the other partner's score. Moreover, for each partner, we estimated the relation between both the stable (i.e., mean) component and the change (i.e., time-varying) component of GRI and distress. Finally, for each partner we estimated the moderating effect of GRI on the relation between job-role quality and distress. Findings are: (a) the more egalitarian the husband's average GRI is relative to his wife's, the less distressed he is; (b) if over time a wife's GRI becomes less egalitarian relative to her husband's, then her distress will be more affected by changes in her job-role quality; (c) for husbands, as the couple's average GRI becomes more egalitarian over time, the effect of job-role quality on distress is lessened; and (d) for a man in a couple with a more egalitarian stable GRI, the effects of change in job-role quality on distress are less pronounced than for a man in a couple with a less egalitarian stable GRI. Results are discussed in terms of new conceptions of GRI revealing the dynamic interaction of within-couples' gender-role ideologies.
Are changes in job quality more closely linked to changes in distress for men than for women? Con... more Are changes in job quality more closely linked to changes in distress for men than for women? Conversely, are changes in marital quality more closely linked to changes in distress for women than for men? These questions were addressed in a longitudinal analysis of a random sample of 210 fulltime employed dual-earner couples. Change over time in job role quality was significantly associated with change over time in distress, and the magnitude of the relationship differed little, if at all. by gender. In contrast, change over time in marital role quality was also associated with change in distress, but the magnitude of the association depended on gender. Among full-time employed married women, change in marital experience was more closely linked to change in distress than among their husbands.
This study addressed how parents' relative involvement in child care is related to marital-role q... more This study addressed how parents' relative involvement in child care is related to marital-role quality and psychological distress. These relationships were examined in a random sample of 133 mothers and fathers in dual-earner couples. Regression analyses employing hierarchical linear modeling techniques indicated that the more fathers participated in child care relative to their wives, the lower the father's distress. For mothers, the effect of child care involvement was complex: Although there were psychological benefits to spending proportionally more time involved in child care (lowered distress), these benefits were offset by a decrease in marital-role quality, which in turn increased distress. These findings indicate that the relation between child care involvement and the psychological health of both women and men in dual-earner couples is intertwined and complex.
Journal of General Internal Medicine, Aug 31, 2012
BACKGROUND: Energized and productive faculty are critical to academic medicine, yet studies indic... more BACKGROUND: Energized and productive faculty are critical to academic medicine, yet studies indicate a lack of advancement and senior roles for women. OBJECTIVE: Using measures of key aspects of the culture of academic medicine, this study sought to identify similarity and dissimilarity between perceptions of the culture by male and female faculty. DESIGN: The C-Change Faculty Survey was used to collect data on perceptions of organizational culture. PARTICIPANTS: A stratified random sample of 4,578 full-time faculty at 26 nationally representative US medical colleges (response rate 52 %). 1,271 (53 %) of respondents were female. MAIN MEASURES: Factor analysis assisted in the creation of scales assessing dimensions of the culture, which served as the key outcomes. Regression analysis identified gender differences while controlling for other demographic characteristics. KEY RESULTS: Compared with men, female faculty reported a lower sense of belonging and relationships within the workplace (T=−3.30, p<0.01). Self-efficacy for career advancement was lower in women (T=−4.73, p<0.001). Women perceived lower gender equity (T= −19.82, p<0.001), and were less likely to believe their institutions were making changes to address diversity goals (T=−9.70, p<0.001). Women were less likely than men to perceive their institution as family-friendly (T= −4.06, p<0.001), and women reported less congruence between their own values and those of their institutions (T=−2.06, p<0.05). Women and men did not differ significantly on levels of engagement, leadership aspirations, feelings of ethical/moral distress, perception of institutional commitment to faculty advancement, or perception of institutional change efforts to improve support for faculty. CONCLUSIONS: Faculty men and women are equally engaged in their work and share similar leadership aspirations. However, medical schools have failed to create and sustain an environment where women feel fully accepted and supported to succeed; how can we ensure that medical schools are fully using the talent pool of a third of its faculty?
Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Nov 6, 2019
The Framework for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards propose that s... more The Framework for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards propose that students learn core ideas and practices related to engineering as well as science. To do so, students will need high-quality curricular materials designed to meet these goals. We report an efficacy study of an elementary engineering curriculum, Engineering is Elementary (EiE) that includes a set of hypothesized critical components designed to encourage student engagement in practices, connect engineering and science learning, and reach diverse students. To measure the impact of the curriculum, we conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in 604 classrooms in 152 schools in three states. Schools were randomly assigned to either the treatment curriculum or to a comparison curriculum that addressed the same learning goals but did not include several critical components. Results show that students who used the treatment curriculum (EiE) regardless of demographic characteristics outperformed students in the comparison group on outcome measures of both engineering and science content learning. The results show that curriculum design affects student-learning outcomes.
This study examines the relationship of perceived workplace flexibility and supportive work–life ... more This study examines the relationship of perceived workplace flexibility and supportive work–life policies to employee engagement and expectations to remain with the organization (expected retention). It also explores the association of formal and occasional (informal) use of flexibility with these outcomes. Data are from a multi-organization database created by WFD Consulting of studies conducted between 1996 and 2006. Results revealed
They should not have tables or figures and should relate solely to an article published in Circul... more They should not have tables or figures and should relate solely to an article published in Circulation within the preceding 12 weeks. Only some letters will be published. Authors of those selected for publication will receive prepublication proofs, and authors of the article cited in the letter will be invited to reply. Replies must be signed by all authors listed in the original publication. 1. Stambler BS, Ellenbogen KA. Elucidating the mechanisms of atrial flutter cycle length variability using power spectral analysis techniques.
This study investigated predictors of Harvard University (Massachusetts) student ratings of cours... more This study investigated predictors of Harvard University (Massachusetts) student ratings of courses. Data were drawn from 33,180 evaluations of 1,114 undergraduate courses in 47 departments. Predictors examined at the student level included satisfaction with the course, perceived course difficulty, whether the course was in the student's major, whether the course was required, and whether or not the student was a freshman. Course-level variables included mean student rating of difficulty, proportion of students who were majors, proportion of students taking the course as a requirement, proportion of students who were freshmen, course size, faculty rank, course format, and whether the course was introductory. Hierarchical linear modeling of the data found that factors positively influencing course satisfaction included: social sciences/humanities/core curriculum courses; higher level of difficulty; high proportion of majors; tutorial courses; course
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jun 1, 2020
Objective:To investigate the associations of war and post-conflict factors with mental health amo... more Objective:To investigate the associations of war and post-conflict factors with mental health among Sierra Leone’s former child soldiers as adults.Method:In 2002, we recruited former child soldiers from lists of soldiers (aged 10–17) served by Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration centers and from a random door-to-door sample in five districts of Sierra Leone. In 2004, self-reintegrated child soldiers were recruited in an additional district. At 2016/17, 323 of the sample of 491 former child soldiers were reassessed. Subjects reported on war exposures and post-conflict stigma, family support, community support, anxiety/depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms.Results:72% of subjects were male; mean age, 28. 26% reported killing or injuring others; 67% reported being victims of life-threatening violence; 45% of female, 5% of male subjects, reported being raped; 32% reported death of a parent. In 2016/17 (Wave 4), 47% exceeded the threshold for anxiety/depression; 28% exceeded the likely post-traumatic stress disorder threshold. Latent class growth analysis yielded three trajectory groups based on changes in stigma and family/community acceptance; “Improving Social Integration” (n = 77) fared nearly as well as the “Socially Protected” (n = 213). The “Socially Vulnerable” group (n = 33) had increased risk of anxiety/depression above the clinical threshold and possible PTSD and were around three times more likely to attempt suicide.Conclusion:Former child soldiers had elevated rates of mental health problems. Post-conflict risk and protective factors related to outcomes long after the end of conflict. Targeted social inclusion interventions could benefit long-term mental health of former child soldiers.
Journal of clinical and translational science, 2023
Introduction: Midcareer research faculty are a vital part of the advancement of science in U.S. m... more Introduction: Midcareer research faculty are a vital part of the advancement of science in U.S. medical schools, but there are troubling trends in recruitment, retention, and burnout rates. Methods: The primary sampling frame for this online survey was recipients of a single R01 or equivalent and/or K-award from 2013 to 2019. Inclusion criteria were 3-14 years at a U.S. medical school and rank of associate professor or two or more years as assistant professor. Forty physician investigators and Ph.D. scientists volunteered for a faculty development program, and 106 were propensity-matched controls. Survey items covered self-efficacy in career, research, work-life; vitality/burnout; relationships, inclusion, trust; diversity; and intention to leave academic medicine. Results: The majority (52%) reported receiving poor mentoring; 40% experienced high burnout and 41% low vitality, which, in turn, predicted leaving intention (P < 0.0005). Women were more likely to report high burnout (P = 0.01) and low self-efficacy managing work and personal life (P = 0.01) and to be seriously considering leaving academic medicine than men (P = 0.003). Mentoring quality (P < 0.0005) and poor relationships, inclusion, and trust (P < 0.0005) predicted leaving intention. Non-underrepresented men were very likely to report low identity self-awareness (65%) and valuing differences (24%) versus underrepresented men (25% and 0%; P < 0.0005). Ph.D.s had lower career advancement self-efficacy than M.D.s (P < .0005). Conclusions: Midcareer Ph.D. and physician investigators faced significant career challenges. Experiences diverged by underrepresentation, gender, and degree. Poor quality mentoring was an issue for most. Effective mentoring could address the concerns of this vital component of the biomedical workforce.
Additional File 4. Baseline and post-intervention means. Unadjusted raw means from unimputed data... more Additional File 4. Baseline and post-intervention means. Unadjusted raw means from unimputed dataset.
Background The child protection community is increasingly focused on developing tools to assess t... more Background The child protection community is increasingly focused on developing tools to assess threats to child protection and the basic security needs and rights of children and families liv-ing in adverse circumstances. Although tremendous advances have been made to improve measurement of individual child health status or household functioning for use in low-resource settings, little attention has been paid to a more diverse array of settings in which many children in adversity spend time and how context contributes to threats to child protec-tion. The SAFE model posits that insecurity in any of the following fundamental domains threatens security in the others: Safety/freedom from harm; Access to basic physiological needs and healthcare; Family and connection to others; Education and economic security. Site-level tools are needed in order to monitor the conditions that can dramatically under-mine or support healthy child growth, development and emotional and behavioral health. F...
Early child development (ECD) programs are increasingly combined with targeted cash transfers for... more Early child development (ECD) programs are increasingly combined with targeted cash transfers for poor households to break intergenerational poverty. However, few evidence-based, scalable, and sustainable ECD programs that complement cash transfer programs exist in in low-and-middle-income countries. We conducted a cluster-randomized pilot study to assess whether Sugira Muryango, a strengths-based home-visiting intervention to promote child development and prevent violence among children aged 6-36 months, could be delivered by community-based lay workers to poor families participating in Rwanda's cash-for-work Vision Umurenge Program (VUP). Data collection occurred among 38 families at baseline, endline, and 6 months after the intervention and included child-level (child engagement, caretaking, and health and development), caregiver-level (family unity and mental health) and household-level (water and sanitation practices and family conflict) outcomes. We compared trajectories of Sugira Muryango families vs. families receiving the cash transfer only over time using mixed-effect models. Sugira Muryango children experienced significantly greater ECD engagement than children in control families and marginally significant reductions in exposure to violent disciplinary methods. Sugira Muryango caregivers reported greater shared decision-making between parents and marginally significant improvements in family unity and anxiety. Conflict within intervention households halved between baseline and follow-up. Satisfaction was high. This randomized pilot demonstrates that Sugira Muryango can be delivered by community-based lay workers, improves access to nurturing care and stimulation among children living in poverty, and may reduce intra-family conflict. A large-scale effectiveness study is underway to assess the intervention's impact on child development and health outcomes. Keywords Early childhood development • Home-visiting • Community health workers • Rwanda • Social protection • Social safety nets Highlights • This study describes a randomized pilot study of Sugira Muryango, a strengths-based home-visiting intervention to promote child development among vulnerable children in Rwanda.
Using an economically diverse random sample of 300 full-time employed men and women in dual-earne... more Using an economically diverse random sample of 300 full-time employed men and women in dual-earner couples from two communities in the Northeast, we estimated the relation between the direction and magnitude of disagreement about gender role ideology (GRI) within couples and psychological distress. We conceptualized GRI within couples as both the couple mean or stable gender-role ideology (the "couple ideology") and as each partner's deviation from the other partner's score. Moreover, for each partner, we estimated the relation between both the stable (i.e., mean) component and the change (i.e., time-varying) component of GRI and distress. Finally, for each partner we estimated the moderating effect of GRI on the relation between job-role quality and distress. Findings are: (a) the more egalitarian the husband's average GRI is relative to his wife's, the less distressed he is; (b) if over time a wife's GRI becomes less egalitarian relative to her husband's, then her distress will be more affected by changes in her job-role quality; (c) for husbands, as the couple's average GRI becomes more egalitarian over time, the effect of job-role quality on distress is lessened; and (d) for a man in a couple with a more egalitarian stable GRI, the effects of change in job-role quality on distress are less pronounced than for a man in a couple with a less egalitarian stable GRI. Results are discussed in terms of new conceptions of GRI revealing the dynamic interaction of within-couples' gender-role ideologies.
Are changes in job quality more closely linked to changes in distress for men than for women? Con... more Are changes in job quality more closely linked to changes in distress for men than for women? Conversely, are changes in marital quality more closely linked to changes in distress for women than for men? These questions were addressed in a longitudinal analysis of a random sample of 210 fulltime employed dual-earner couples. Change over time in job role quality was significantly associated with change over time in distress, and the magnitude of the relationship differed little, if at all. by gender. In contrast, change over time in marital role quality was also associated with change in distress, but the magnitude of the association depended on gender. Among full-time employed married women, change in marital experience was more closely linked to change in distress than among their husbands.
This study addressed how parents' relative involvement in child care is related to marital-role q... more This study addressed how parents' relative involvement in child care is related to marital-role quality and psychological distress. These relationships were examined in a random sample of 133 mothers and fathers in dual-earner couples. Regression analyses employing hierarchical linear modeling techniques indicated that the more fathers participated in child care relative to their wives, the lower the father's distress. For mothers, the effect of child care involvement was complex: Although there were psychological benefits to spending proportionally more time involved in child care (lowered distress), these benefits were offset by a decrease in marital-role quality, which in turn increased distress. These findings indicate that the relation between child care involvement and the psychological health of both women and men in dual-earner couples is intertwined and complex.
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Papers by Robert Brennan