Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2002
In a randomized, balanced, crossover study each of six fit, adult horses ran on a treadmill at 50... more In a randomized, balanced, crossover study each of six fit, adult horses ran on a treadmill at 50% of maximal rate of oxygen consumption for 60 min after being denied access to food for 18 h and then 1) fed corn (51.4 kJ/kg digestible energy), or 2) fed an isocaloric amount of alfalfa 2-3 h before exercise, or 3) not fed before exercise. Feeding corn, compared with fasting, resulted in higher plasma glucose and serum insulin and lower serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations before exercise (P < 0.05) and in lower plasma glucose, serum glycerol, and serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations and higher skeletal muscle utilization of blood-borne glucose during exercise (P < 0.05). Feeding corn, compared with feeding alfalfa, resulted in higher carbohydrate oxidation and lower lipid oxidation during exercise (P < 0.05). Feeding a soluble carbohydrate-rich meal (corn) to horses before exercise results in increased muscle utilization of blood-borne glucose and carbohydr...
The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to develop a simple and sensitive screening procedure... more The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to develop a simple and sensitive screening procedure for identifying and confirming bromhexine and ambroxol and, (2) to determine the effect of furosemide on the detection of bromhexine, ambroxol, or their metabolites in urine. Female horses (450-550 kg) treated with bromhexine or ambroxol (1 g, p.o.) were used. Urine samples were collected up to 48 h post-drug administration and analysed. Blind samples were used in evaluating the sensitivity of these methods and reproducibility of the results. Bromhexine and ambroxol were extensively metabolized in the horse. These agents and their respective metabolites were identified and confirmed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Hydroxy-bromhexine and desmethyl-bromhexine were major metabolites found to be unique to bromhexine-treated horses. These metabolites selectively absent from ambroxol-treated horse urine provide a chemical means to distinguish bromhexine from ambroxol administration in horses. These specific metabolites were similarly identified and confirmed in &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;blind&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; horse urine samples. The concomitant presence of furosemide (300 mg, i.v.) with bromhexine or ambroxol did not mask the presence of these agents or alter their metabolite profile. By application of the methods described in this study, bromhexine and ambroxol metabolites in horse urine can be easily identified and confirmed.
To examine the role of β-adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of endogenous glucose (Glu) prod... more To examine the role of β-adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of endogenous glucose (Glu) production [rate of appearance (Ra)] and utilization [rate of disappearance (Rd)] and carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism, six horses completed consecutive 30-min bouts of exercise at ∼30% (Lo) and ∼60% (Hi) of estimated maximum O2 uptake with (P) and without (C) prior administration of the β-blocker propranolol (0.22 mg/kg iv). All horses completed exercise in C; exercise duration in P was 49.9 ± 1.2 (SE) min. Plasma Glu was unchanged in C during Lo but increased progressively in Hi. In P, plasma Glu rose steadily during Lo and Hi and was higher ( P < 0.05) than in C throughout exercise. Plasma insulin declined during exercise in P but not in C; β-blockade attenuated ( P < 0.05) the rise in plasma glucagon and free fatty acids and exaggerated the increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine. Glu Ra was 8.1 ± 0.8 and 8.4 ± 1.0 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 at rest and 30.5 ± 3.6 and 42.8 ± 4.1 μmol · k...
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining reserpine in plasma has been dev... more A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining reserpine in plasma has been developed. The procedure involves extraction of reserpine from buffered plasma into benzene, oxidation of reserpine to a fluorophor by treatment with vanadium pentoxide in phosphoric acid, and chromatographic separation of the reserpine fluorophor on an octadecylsilane column by ion-pairing with heptanesulfonate ions. Fluorescence monitoring of the column effluent provides high sensitivity of detection and increases the specificity of the procedure. A detection limit of approximately 100 pg of reserpine per ml of plasma was obtained following analysis of 2 ml samples. Analysis of a number of samples demonstrated the applicability of this method in confirming the presence of reserpine in equine plasma specimens collected at various horse shows and in evaluating the pharmacokinetic behavior of reserpine following intramuscular administration to horses.
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Apr 1, 1998
... How to Cite. Podell, M., Wagner, S. and Sams, R. (1998), Lorazepam concentrations in plasma f... more ... How to Cite. Podell, M., Wagner, S. and Sams, R. (1998), Lorazepam concentrations in plasma following its intravenous and rectal administration in dogs. ... 2 Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. ...
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dec 1, 2002
The pharmacokinetics of a multidose regimen of potassium bromide (KBr) administration in normal d... more The pharmacokinetics of a multidose regimen of potassium bromide (KBr) administration in normal dogs was examined. KBr was administered at 30 mg ⁄ kg p.o. q 12 h for a period of 115 days. Serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bromide (BR) concentrations were measured at the onset of dosing, during the accumulation phase, at steady-state, and after a subsequent dose adjustment. Median elimination half-life and steady-state serum concentration were 15.2 days and 245 mg ⁄ dL, respectively. Apparent total body clearance was 16.4 mL ⁄ day ⁄ kg and volume of distribution was 0.40 L ⁄ kg. The CSF:serum BR ratio at steady-state was 0.77. Dogs showed no neurologic deficits during maintenance dosing but significant latency shifts in waves I and V of the brainstem auditory evoked response were evident. Following a subsequent dose adjustment, serum BR concentrations of approximately 400 mg ⁄ dL were associated with caudal paresis in two dogs. Estimated halflife during the accumulation phase was shorter than elimination half-lives reported in other studies and was likely related to dietary chloride content. The range of steady-state concentrations achieved suggests individual differences in clearance and bioavailability between dogs. The described protocol reliably produced serum BR concentrations that are required by many epileptic patients for satisfactory seizure control.
The Journal of clinical pharmacology and new drugs, 1973
... 1973 13: 127 J Clin Pharmacol RH Reuning, RA Sams and RE Notari Volume of Distribution of Dig... more ... 1973 13: 127 J Clin Pharmacol RH Reuning, RA Sams and RE Notari Volume of Distribution of Digoxin Role of Pharmacokinetics in Drug Dosage Adjustment. I. Pharmacologic Effect Kinetics and Apparent Published by: ... RH REUNING, Ph.D.. RA SAMS, BS and RE NOTARI. ...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2000
This study examined the effects of preexercise glucose administration, with and without epinephri... more This study examined the effects of preexercise glucose administration, with and without epinephrine infusion, on carbohydrate metabolism in horses during exercise. Six horses completed 60 min of treadmill exercise at 55 +/- 1% maximum O(2) uptake 1) 1 h after oral administration of glucose (2 g/kg; G trial); 2) 1 h after oral glucose and with an intravenous infusion of epinephrine (0.2 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1); GE trial) during exercise, and 3) 1 h after water only (F trial). Glucose administration (G and GE) caused hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia ( approximately 8 mM). In GE, plasma epinephrine concentrations were three- to fourfold higher than in the other trials. Compared with F, the glucose rate of appearance was approximately 50% and approximately 33% higher in G and GE, respectively, during exercise. The glucose rate of disappearance was approximately 100% higher in G than in F, but epinephrine infusion completely inhibited the increase in glucose uptake associated with gl...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2000
We examined the effects of increased glucose availability on glucose kinetics and substrate utili... more We examined the effects of increased glucose availability on glucose kinetics and substrate utilization in horses during exercise. Six conditioned horses ran on a treadmill for 90 min at 34 +/- 1% of maximum oxygen uptake. In one trial [glucose (Glu)], glucose was infused at a mean rate of 34.9 +/- 1.1 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1), whereas in the other trial [control (Con)] an equivalent volume of isotonic saline was infused. Plasma glucose increased during exercise in Glu (90 min: 8.3 +/- 1.7 mM) but was largely unchanged in Con (90 min: 5.1 +/- 0.4 mM). In Con, hepatic glucose production (HGP) increased during exercise, reaching a peak of 38.6 +/- 2.7 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1) after 90 min. Glucose infusion partially suppressed (P < 0.05) the rise in HGP (peak value 25.8 +/- 3.3 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1)). In Con, glucose rate of disappearance (R(d)) rose to a peak of 40.4 +/- 2.9 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1) after 90 min; in Glu, augmented glucose utilization was reflected by values...
A comparison of the results of a newly developed fluorescence-derivatization/HPLC method and a co... more A comparison of the results of a newly developed fluorescence-derivatization/HPLC method and a commercial immunoassay method (ACA, Dupont) for the measurement of serum digoxin concentrations in patients indicates that (1) the results from the ACA method agree well with those from the HPLC method in patients with cardiovascular disease but without renal, diabetic, and liver disease, (2) serum digoxin concentrations determined by the ACA method are overestimated in patients with renal, diabetic, or liver disease, and (3) the steady-state serum concentrations of hydrolyzed and reduced metabolites are relatively insignificant in patients receiving digoxin therapy, including patients with renal failure. The excellent reproducibility of the HPLC and immunoassay methods (coefficient of variation < 9.0%), together with the demonstrated specificity of the HPLC method with respect to potential interference from digoxin metabolites, endogenous digoxin-like immunoactive substances, and coadm...
We determined the cardiopulmonary changes in horses given guaifenesin alone and in the same horse... more We determined the cardiopulmonary changes in horses given guaifenesin alone and in the same horses given xylazine (IV) immediately before administration of guaifenesin. In addition, plasma guaifenesin concentrations were determined in horses and 2 pregnant mares and compared with previously published values in ponies. The dose of guaifenesin necessary to produce lateral recumbency in adult horses was 134 +/- 34 mg/kg (mean +/- SD). The administration of guaifenesin caused insignificant (P less than 0.05) changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and cardiac output. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was transiently, but significantly (P less than 0.05), reduced. The administration of xylazine (IV) to the horses before they were given guaifenesin reduced the dose of guaifenesin necessary to produce lateral recumbency to 88 ...
Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 1977
A pharmacokinetic approach to the delineation of a drug residue profile in food-producing animals... more A pharmacokinetic approach to the delineation of a drug residue profile in food-producing animals has been presented. It is recognized that the determination of a drug withdrawal period is one of the costly developmental procedures in drug development for food animals; thus it is believed that in the early developmental phases, a thorough pharmacokinetic characterization of a drug in the target species would greatly facilitate the design and quality of studies conducted in the later phases of new drug development. It is suggested that drugs that are intended for use in food animals can be characterized kinetically in less costly studies, the results of which might be used to determine the feasibility of developing a drug that might cause serious residue problems. It is also suggested that the pharmacokinetic modeling of a drug in the target animal may provide an essential data base for calculating dosage rates and intervals that directly relate to the efficacy aspects of drug develo...
Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 1986
A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the determination of digoxin and... more A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the determination of digoxin and its metabolites digoxigenin, digoxigenin monodigitoxoside, digoxigenin bisdigitoxoside and dihydrodigoxin (20s and 20R) excreted in urine and feces. The urine sample or fecal supernatant is extracted with methylene chloride in the presence of digitoxigenin or digitoxin as internal standard. Pre-column derivatization is achieved using lnaphthoyl chloride with subsequent separation of the derivatized compounds on either a normal-or reversed-phase system with fluorescence detection. Recoveries for digoxin and all metabolites from fecal samples were in the range 60-74%, which is comparable to that
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2002
In a randomized, balanced, crossover study each of six fit, adult horses ran on a treadmill at 50... more In a randomized, balanced, crossover study each of six fit, adult horses ran on a treadmill at 50% of maximal rate of oxygen consumption for 60 min after being denied access to food for 18 h and then 1) fed corn (51.4 kJ/kg digestible energy), or 2) fed an isocaloric amount of alfalfa 2-3 h before exercise, or 3) not fed before exercise. Feeding corn, compared with fasting, resulted in higher plasma glucose and serum insulin and lower serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations before exercise (P < 0.05) and in lower plasma glucose, serum glycerol, and serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations and higher skeletal muscle utilization of blood-borne glucose during exercise (P < 0.05). Feeding corn, compared with feeding alfalfa, resulted in higher carbohydrate oxidation and lower lipid oxidation during exercise (P < 0.05). Feeding a soluble carbohydrate-rich meal (corn) to horses before exercise results in increased muscle utilization of blood-borne glucose and carbohydr...
The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to develop a simple and sensitive screening procedure... more The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to develop a simple and sensitive screening procedure for identifying and confirming bromhexine and ambroxol and, (2) to determine the effect of furosemide on the detection of bromhexine, ambroxol, or their metabolites in urine. Female horses (450-550 kg) treated with bromhexine or ambroxol (1 g, p.o.) were used. Urine samples were collected up to 48 h post-drug administration and analysed. Blind samples were used in evaluating the sensitivity of these methods and reproducibility of the results. Bromhexine and ambroxol were extensively metabolized in the horse. These agents and their respective metabolites were identified and confirmed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Hydroxy-bromhexine and desmethyl-bromhexine were major metabolites found to be unique to bromhexine-treated horses. These metabolites selectively absent from ambroxol-treated horse urine provide a chemical means to distinguish bromhexine from ambroxol administration in horses. These specific metabolites were similarly identified and confirmed in &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;blind&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot; horse urine samples. The concomitant presence of furosemide (300 mg, i.v.) with bromhexine or ambroxol did not mask the presence of these agents or alter their metabolite profile. By application of the methods described in this study, bromhexine and ambroxol metabolites in horse urine can be easily identified and confirmed.
To examine the role of β-adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of endogenous glucose (Glu) prod... more To examine the role of β-adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of endogenous glucose (Glu) production [rate of appearance (Ra)] and utilization [rate of disappearance (Rd)] and carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism, six horses completed consecutive 30-min bouts of exercise at ∼30% (Lo) and ∼60% (Hi) of estimated maximum O2 uptake with (P) and without (C) prior administration of the β-blocker propranolol (0.22 mg/kg iv). All horses completed exercise in C; exercise duration in P was 49.9 ± 1.2 (SE) min. Plasma Glu was unchanged in C during Lo but increased progressively in Hi. In P, plasma Glu rose steadily during Lo and Hi and was higher ( P < 0.05) than in C throughout exercise. Plasma insulin declined during exercise in P but not in C; β-blockade attenuated ( P < 0.05) the rise in plasma glucagon and free fatty acids and exaggerated the increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine. Glu Ra was 8.1 ± 0.8 and 8.4 ± 1.0 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 at rest and 30.5 ± 3.6 and 42.8 ± 4.1 μmol · k...
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining reserpine in plasma has been dev... more A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining reserpine in plasma has been developed. The procedure involves extraction of reserpine from buffered plasma into benzene, oxidation of reserpine to a fluorophor by treatment with vanadium pentoxide in phosphoric acid, and chromatographic separation of the reserpine fluorophor on an octadecylsilane column by ion-pairing with heptanesulfonate ions. Fluorescence monitoring of the column effluent provides high sensitivity of detection and increases the specificity of the procedure. A detection limit of approximately 100 pg of reserpine per ml of plasma was obtained following analysis of 2 ml samples. Analysis of a number of samples demonstrated the applicability of this method in confirming the presence of reserpine in equine plasma specimens collected at various horse shows and in evaluating the pharmacokinetic behavior of reserpine following intramuscular administration to horses.
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Apr 1, 1998
... How to Cite. Podell, M., Wagner, S. and Sams, R. (1998), Lorazepam concentrations in plasma f... more ... How to Cite. Podell, M., Wagner, S. and Sams, R. (1998), Lorazepam concentrations in plasma following its intravenous and rectal administration in dogs. ... 2 Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. ...
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dec 1, 2002
The pharmacokinetics of a multidose regimen of potassium bromide (KBr) administration in normal d... more The pharmacokinetics of a multidose regimen of potassium bromide (KBr) administration in normal dogs was examined. KBr was administered at 30 mg ⁄ kg p.o. q 12 h for a period of 115 days. Serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bromide (BR) concentrations were measured at the onset of dosing, during the accumulation phase, at steady-state, and after a subsequent dose adjustment. Median elimination half-life and steady-state serum concentration were 15.2 days and 245 mg ⁄ dL, respectively. Apparent total body clearance was 16.4 mL ⁄ day ⁄ kg and volume of distribution was 0.40 L ⁄ kg. The CSF:serum BR ratio at steady-state was 0.77. Dogs showed no neurologic deficits during maintenance dosing but significant latency shifts in waves I and V of the brainstem auditory evoked response were evident. Following a subsequent dose adjustment, serum BR concentrations of approximately 400 mg ⁄ dL were associated with caudal paresis in two dogs. Estimated halflife during the accumulation phase was shorter than elimination half-lives reported in other studies and was likely related to dietary chloride content. The range of steady-state concentrations achieved suggests individual differences in clearance and bioavailability between dogs. The described protocol reliably produced serum BR concentrations that are required by many epileptic patients for satisfactory seizure control.
The Journal of clinical pharmacology and new drugs, 1973
... 1973 13: 127 J Clin Pharmacol RH Reuning, RA Sams and RE Notari Volume of Distribution of Dig... more ... 1973 13: 127 J Clin Pharmacol RH Reuning, RA Sams and RE Notari Volume of Distribution of Digoxin Role of Pharmacokinetics in Drug Dosage Adjustment. I. Pharmacologic Effect Kinetics and Apparent Published by: ... RH REUNING, Ph.D.. RA SAMS, BS and RE NOTARI. ...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2000
This study examined the effects of preexercise glucose administration, with and without epinephri... more This study examined the effects of preexercise glucose administration, with and without epinephrine infusion, on carbohydrate metabolism in horses during exercise. Six horses completed 60 min of treadmill exercise at 55 +/- 1% maximum O(2) uptake 1) 1 h after oral administration of glucose (2 g/kg; G trial); 2) 1 h after oral glucose and with an intravenous infusion of epinephrine (0.2 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1); GE trial) during exercise, and 3) 1 h after water only (F trial). Glucose administration (G and GE) caused hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia ( approximately 8 mM). In GE, plasma epinephrine concentrations were three- to fourfold higher than in the other trials. Compared with F, the glucose rate of appearance was approximately 50% and approximately 33% higher in G and GE, respectively, during exercise. The glucose rate of disappearance was approximately 100% higher in G than in F, but epinephrine infusion completely inhibited the increase in glucose uptake associated with gl...
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2000
We examined the effects of increased glucose availability on glucose kinetics and substrate utili... more We examined the effects of increased glucose availability on glucose kinetics and substrate utilization in horses during exercise. Six conditioned horses ran on a treadmill for 90 min at 34 +/- 1% of maximum oxygen uptake. In one trial [glucose (Glu)], glucose was infused at a mean rate of 34.9 +/- 1.1 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1), whereas in the other trial [control (Con)] an equivalent volume of isotonic saline was infused. Plasma glucose increased during exercise in Glu (90 min: 8.3 +/- 1.7 mM) but was largely unchanged in Con (90 min: 5.1 +/- 0.4 mM). In Con, hepatic glucose production (HGP) increased during exercise, reaching a peak of 38.6 +/- 2.7 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1) after 90 min. Glucose infusion partially suppressed (P < 0.05) the rise in HGP (peak value 25.8 +/- 3.3 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1)). In Con, glucose rate of disappearance (R(d)) rose to a peak of 40.4 +/- 2.9 micromol. kg(-1). min(-1) after 90 min; in Glu, augmented glucose utilization was reflected by values...
A comparison of the results of a newly developed fluorescence-derivatization/HPLC method and a co... more A comparison of the results of a newly developed fluorescence-derivatization/HPLC method and a commercial immunoassay method (ACA, Dupont) for the measurement of serum digoxin concentrations in patients indicates that (1) the results from the ACA method agree well with those from the HPLC method in patients with cardiovascular disease but without renal, diabetic, and liver disease, (2) serum digoxin concentrations determined by the ACA method are overestimated in patients with renal, diabetic, or liver disease, and (3) the steady-state serum concentrations of hydrolyzed and reduced metabolites are relatively insignificant in patients receiving digoxin therapy, including patients with renal failure. The excellent reproducibility of the HPLC and immunoassay methods (coefficient of variation < 9.0%), together with the demonstrated specificity of the HPLC method with respect to potential interference from digoxin metabolites, endogenous digoxin-like immunoactive substances, and coadm...
We determined the cardiopulmonary changes in horses given guaifenesin alone and in the same horse... more We determined the cardiopulmonary changes in horses given guaifenesin alone and in the same horses given xylazine (IV) immediately before administration of guaifenesin. In addition, plasma guaifenesin concentrations were determined in horses and 2 pregnant mares and compared with previously published values in ponies. The dose of guaifenesin necessary to produce lateral recumbency in adult horses was 134 +/- 34 mg/kg (mean +/- SD). The administration of guaifenesin caused insignificant (P less than 0.05) changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and cardiac output. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was transiently, but significantly (P less than 0.05), reduced. The administration of xylazine (IV) to the horses before they were given guaifenesin reduced the dose of guaifenesin necessary to produce lateral recumbency to 88 ...
Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 1977
A pharmacokinetic approach to the delineation of a drug residue profile in food-producing animals... more A pharmacokinetic approach to the delineation of a drug residue profile in food-producing animals has been presented. It is recognized that the determination of a drug withdrawal period is one of the costly developmental procedures in drug development for food animals; thus it is believed that in the early developmental phases, a thorough pharmacokinetic characterization of a drug in the target species would greatly facilitate the design and quality of studies conducted in the later phases of new drug development. It is suggested that drugs that are intended for use in food animals can be characterized kinetically in less costly studies, the results of which might be used to determine the feasibility of developing a drug that might cause serious residue problems. It is also suggested that the pharmacokinetic modeling of a drug in the target animal may provide an essential data base for calculating dosage rates and intervals that directly relate to the efficacy aspects of drug develo...
Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 1986
A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the determination of digoxin and... more A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the determination of digoxin and its metabolites digoxigenin, digoxigenin monodigitoxoside, digoxigenin bisdigitoxoside and dihydrodigoxin (20s and 20R) excreted in urine and feces. The urine sample or fecal supernatant is extracted with methylene chloride in the presence of digitoxigenin or digitoxin as internal standard. Pre-column derivatization is achieved using lnaphthoyl chloride with subsequent separation of the derivatized compounds on either a normal-or reversed-phase system with fluorescence detection. Recoveries for digoxin and all metabolites from fecal samples were in the range 60-74%, which is comparable to that
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