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Richard Pardo

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I am currently Editor-In-Chief of the Review of Scientific Instruments. I have retired from Argonne National Lab where I was head of operations for the world's first Superconducting Linac for Heavy Ions and Senior Scientist. I continue to do some research at the Lab, mostly around Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy, especially for subjects that help understand stellar evolution.

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Armando Salvatore

McGill University

Cristiana Facchini

Università di Bologna

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Amanda J. Lucia

University of California, Riverside

Jan N . Bremmer

University of Groningen

University of Vienna

Christoph Uehlinger

University of Zurich, Switzerland

Colgate University

Steven M. Wasserstrom

Reed College

Stanford University

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Papers by Richard Pardo

$Research paper thumbnail of The supernova-nucleosynthesis $^{40}$Ca$(\alpha,\gamma)^{44}$Ti reaction$

The supernova-nucleosynthesis $^{40}$Ca$(\alpha,\gamma)^{44}$Ti reaction

Proceedings of International Symposium on Nuclear Astrophysics - Nuclei in the Cosmos - IX — PoS(NIC-IX), Dec 1, 2010

Upgrade of PIAVE superconducting RFQs at INFN-Legnaro

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018

Superconducting RFQs (SRFQs), the first SC RFQs ever made operational for users, have been operat... more Superconducting RFQs (SRFQs), the first SC RFQs ever made operational for users, have been operated on the PIAVE SC heavy ion linac injector at INFN-Legnaro since 2006. The structure is split into two resonators and is limited to the accelerating RFQ sections. The resonators had never exceeded 80% of the design accelerating fields. In 2015, an upgrade plan started, aimed at increasing the accelerating fields, while improving their slow and fast tuning systems, repairing degraded components, implementing a LASER alignment method. The upgrade plan was successfully concluded in summer 2017. The resonators were kept stably locked for days at a field larger than the nominal one. Eventually, a test beam was accelerated successfully for 72 hours, with negligible locking issues. SRFQs entered once again routine operation in December 2017. The new features will allow to accelerate heavy ions with an A/q value as high as 8.5 (versus a former maximum A/q=7.5), allowing operation of the very first accelerated uranium beams at INFN-LNL, after the related authorizations shall have been issued.

The ATLAS Intensity upgrade: Project overview and online operating experience

Pushing the Intensity Envelope at the ATLAS Linac

The ATLAS linac at Argonne National Laboratory has recently been upgraded for higher beam intensi... more The ATLAS linac at Argonne National Laboratory has recently been upgraded for higher beam intensity and transport efficiency. A new 60 MHz RFQ replacing the first few cavities of the Positive Ion Injector (PII) section and a new superconducting module replaced three old cryomodules of split-ring resonators in the Booster section of the linac. Following the installation of the new RFQ, we performed a high-intensity run using a Ar beam. A beam current of 7 p A was successfully injected and accelerated in the RFQ and PII section of the linac to an energy of 1.5 MeV/u. The results of this run are presented and the limitations to reach higher currents are discussed. A second run is planned to try to push the beam current higher and farther into the Booster and ATLAS sections of the linac. Finally, a future intensity upgrade plan, motivated by the inflight production of radioactive beams using the AIRIS separator and the proposed multi-user upgrade with potential stable beam applications ...

A Fast, Compact Particle Detector for Tuning Radioactive Beams at ATLAS

Radioactive ion beams (RIB) at the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) are produced ... more Radioactive ion beams (RIB) at the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) are produced either from the in-flight method at 5-15 MeV/u for A < 30, or via reacceleration of fission fragments from the CAlifornium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) at 4-10 MeV/u for 80 < A < 160. These RIB are typically accompanied by contaminant beams >100x more intense. The goal of this work is to develop a fast (>10 5 pps), compact (retractable from the beam line) particle detector capable of A and Z identification to enable accelerator optimization on the exact species of interest. The detector should have an energy resolution of ≤5% and be resistant to radiation damage. A gas ionization chamber supplemented with an inorganic scintillator was chosen as the basic conceptual design. GSO:Ce was chosen as the primary candidate scintillator due to a demonstrated energy resolution of ~3% for 15 MeV/u He and less irradiation induced performance degradation than other candidate materials.

A New ECRIS Installation at the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System

An existing all permanent magnet ECRIS, the BIE100 [1], will be installed at ATLAS to recover ope... more An existing all permanent magnet ECRIS, the BIE100 [1], will be installed at ATLAS to recover operational flexibility by providing ATLAS with a second ECR ion source for stable beams. For years ATLAS has operated with two ECR ion sources, ECR2 and the ECR charge breeder as well as a tandem electrostatic injector. The tandem was retired in 2013 and in mid-2015 the ECR charge breeder was decommissioned to make room for a new Electron Beam Ion Source exclusively for charge breeding radioactive ion beams. This left the facility with a single ECR source for virtually all stable ion beam production. Design, installation plans and anticipated operational parameters are discussed. ATLAS MULTI-SOURCE HISTORY The Argonne Tandem-Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) has mostly relied on the use of multiple ion sources since inception in 1985. This has allowed for enhanced operational flexibility and time to develop new beams and improve ion source performance. One source can be prepared, maintained...

A one-dimensional axial electron cyclotron resonance source model

Review of Scientific Instruments, 2000

A conventional zero-dimensional (uniform plasma parameters with no spatial variations) fluid mode... more A conventional zero-dimensional (uniform plasma parameters with no spatial variations) fluid model will provide a good match with an experimental electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) charge-state distribution (CSD) if provided with a judicious set of user inputs. However, this arbitrarily chosen set of inputs is not necessarily unique. To be truly predictive, an ECRIS model should rely on experimental parameters as inputs. A multi-species model for an ECRIS plasma using experimental parameters as inputs is under development. The model eliminates electron temperature as a user input by employing a 2 V(v,θ) Fokker–Planck code with an ECR heating term to calculate the non-Maxwellian anisotropic electron distribution function. Further arbitrary user inputs are eliminated in favor of controlled parameters by bounce averaging the Fokker–Planck coefficients for a one-dimensional (1D)/2 V axial model. The neutral gas modeling has been extended to 1D using axially coupled particle...

Proposal for the 252 Cf source upgrade to the ATLAS facility

Beams of accelerated exotic neutron-rich nuclei allow access to little known regions of the nucle... more Beams of accelerated exotic neutron-rich nuclei allow access to little known regions of the nuclear landscape that are important both structurally and for r-process nucleosynthesis. We propose to increase the radioactive beam capabilities of the ATLAS accelerator facility by the installation of a new source of ions to provide beams of shortlived neutron-rich isotopes. These isotopes will be obtained from a 1 Ci Cf fission source located in a large gas catcher from which the radioactive ions will be extracted and transferred to an ECR ion source for charge breeding before acceleration in the ATLAS superconducting linac. The technique is fast, universal and highly efficient. It will provide accelerated neutron-rich beam intensities of up to 7 · 10 ions per second on target at energies that are difficult to access at other facilities. This upgrade will enhance the reach of ATLAS and offer world-unique capabilities to study neutron-rich nuclei. It will also help advance technologies cri...

Status and Operation of the ATLAS Superconducting Accelerator

ATLAS (the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System) is a super conducting heavy ion accelerator w... more ATLAS (the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System) is a super conducting heavy ion accelerator which can accelerate nearly all stable, and some unstable, isotopes between protons and uranium with a charge to mass range of 1/1 to 1/7. The maximum energy ranges of these accelerated ions are 7-17 MeV per nucleon with intensities ranging from a few thousand ions/second to microampere currents. On average ATLAS delivers a different ion species and energy each week to one of six target areas. ATLAS currently operates 24 hours a day, 7 days per week, and at least 40 weeks per year. Topics discussed will be how we handle day to day operation of the facility including start up, reusing old accelerator configurations for new experiments (scaling), tuning for in-flight produced radioactive beams, troubleshooting problems, and maintenance.

Shorter 146Sm half-life and revised 146Sm-142Nd ages of planetary mantle differentiation

Arxiv preprint arXiv: …, 2011

The extinct p-process nuclide 146 Sm serves as an astrophysical and geochemical chronometer throu... more The extinct p-process nuclide 146 Sm serves as an astrophysical and geochemical chronometer through measurements of isotopic anomalies of its α-decay daughter 142 Nd. Based on analyses of 146 Sm/ 147 Sm alpha-activity and atom ratios, we determined the half-life of 146 Sm to be 68 ± 7 (1σ) million years (Ma), which is shorter than the currently used value of 103 ± 5 Ma. This half-life value implies a higher initial 146 Sm abundance in the early solar system, (146 Sm/ 144 Sm) 0 = 0.0094±0.0005 (2σ), than previously estimated. Terrestrial, Lunar and Martian planetary silicate mantle differentiation events dated with 146 Sm-142 Nd converge to a shorter time span and in general to earlier times, due to the combined effect of the new 146 Sm half-life and (146 Sm/ 144 Sm) 0 values.

Referee acknowledgment for 2019

Review of Scientific Instruments

Improving transport and optimizing deceleration of ion beams from electron cyclotron resonance mu... more

Review of high intensity ion source development and operation

Review of Scientific Instruments

The Electron Cyclotron Ion Source (ECRIS) has transformed the nuclear physics research field over... more The Electron Cyclotron Ion Source (ECRIS) has transformed the nuclear physics research field over the last 47 years. Today the performance of ion sources is the first parameter that defines the design performance of existing facilities as well as the design approach and performance of new facilities. In this paper, I will review the current 'state of the art' performance capabilities for ECR ion sources as well as other ion sources and how those current capabilities form the primary design criteria for new nuclear physics facilities and set the limiting performance for existing facilities. I will close with a short-term look into the future for these ion sources and other competing types.

Nucleosynthesis Reactions With The High-intensity Saraf-lilit Neutron Source

Proceedings of The 26th International Nuclear Physics Conference — PoS(INPC2016)

We present a status report of recent neutron capture experiments performed with the mA-proton bea... more We present a status report of recent neutron capture experiments performed with the mA-proton beam (1.92 MeV, 3 kW) of the Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF) and the Liquid-Lithium Target (LiLiT). Experiments and preliminary results for (n) reactions on 36,38 Ar, studied for the first time with 30-keV neutrons, on nat Kr, nat Ce and on radioactive targets 147 Pm and 171 Tm are described.

First Direct Observation Of Enhanced Octupole Collectivity In 144,146Ba

Proceedings of The 26th International Nuclear Physics Conference — PoS(INPC2016)

The octupole strength present in the neutron-rich, radiocative nucleus 146 Ba has been experiment... more The octupole strength present in the neutron-rich, radiocative nucleus 146 Ba has been experimentally determined for the first time using Coulomb excitation. To achieve this, A=146 fission fragments from CARIBU were post-accelerated by the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) and impinged on a thin 208 Pb target. Using the GRETINA γ-ray spectrometer and the CHICO2 heavy-ion counter, the reduced transition probability B(E3; 3 − →0 +) was determined as 48(+21 −29) W.u. The new result provides further experimental evidence for the presence of a region of octupole deformation surrounding the neutron-rich barium isotopes.

Operating experience of an ECR ion source on a high voltage platform

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

The ATLAS PII-ECR ion source is the first ECR ion source to be designed for operation on a high v... more The ATLAS PII-ECR ion source is the first ECR ion source to be designed for operation on a high voltage platform. The source system is required to provide beams of heavy ions with a velocity of 0.01c for subsequent acceleration by the superconducting ATLAS Positive Ion Injector linac. The ability of the system to provide high charge state ions with velocities up to .01c is possibly unique in the world today and as such has generated significant interest in the atomic physics community. A beamline for atomic physics has been installed and

Mass of 146Gd and 147Gd and shell closure at Z=64

Physics Letters B, 1980

ABSTRACT

$Research paper thumbnail of Mass and beta decay of ^{59}Mn$

Mass and beta decay of ^{59}Mn

Phys Rev C, 1977

ABSTRACT

Development of Low Charge-to-Mass Ratio Post-Accelerator for the RIA Project

AIP Conference Proceedings, 2003

A post-accelerator for rare isotopes (RIB linac) which must produce high-quality beams of radioac... more A post-accelerator for rare isotopes (RIB linac) which must produce high-quality beams of radioactive ions over the full mass range, including uranium, at energies above the coulomb barrier is being developed for the U.S. RIA facility. To provide highest possible intensity of rare isotopes with masses from 6 to 240, the linac will accept all ions in the 1+ charge

Radiative deexcitation of the 7.655-MeV state of ¹²C

Phys Rev C, 1975

Radioactive beams from Cf-252 fission using a gas catcher and an ECR charge breeder at ATLAS

$Research paper thumbnail of The supernova-nucleosynthesis $^{40}$Ca$(\alpha,\gamma)^{44}$Ti reaction$

The supernova-nucleosynthesis $^{40}$Ca$(\alpha,\gamma)^{44}$Ti reaction

Proceedings of International Symposium on Nuclear Astrophysics - Nuclei in the Cosmos - IX — PoS(NIC-IX), Dec 1, 2010

Upgrade of PIAVE superconducting RFQs at INFN-Legnaro

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018

Superconducting RFQs (SRFQs), the first SC RFQs ever made operational for users, have been operat... more Superconducting RFQs (SRFQs), the first SC RFQs ever made operational for users, have been operated on the PIAVE SC heavy ion linac injector at INFN-Legnaro since 2006. The structure is split into two resonators and is limited to the accelerating RFQ sections. The resonators had never exceeded 80% of the design accelerating fields. In 2015, an upgrade plan started, aimed at increasing the accelerating fields, while improving their slow and fast tuning systems, repairing degraded components, implementing a LASER alignment method. The upgrade plan was successfully concluded in summer 2017. The resonators were kept stably locked for days at a field larger than the nominal one. Eventually, a test beam was accelerated successfully for 72 hours, with negligible locking issues. SRFQs entered once again routine operation in December 2017. The new features will allow to accelerate heavy ions with an A/q value as high as 8.5 (versus a former maximum A/q=7.5), allowing operation of the very first accelerated uranium beams at INFN-LNL, after the related authorizations shall have been issued.

The ATLAS Intensity upgrade: Project overview and online operating experience

Pushing the Intensity Envelope at the ATLAS Linac

The ATLAS linac at Argonne National Laboratory has recently been upgraded for higher beam intensi... more The ATLAS linac at Argonne National Laboratory has recently been upgraded for higher beam intensity and transport efficiency. A new 60 MHz RFQ replacing the first few cavities of the Positive Ion Injector (PII) section and a new superconducting module replaced three old cryomodules of split-ring resonators in the Booster section of the linac. Following the installation of the new RFQ, we performed a high-intensity run using a Ar beam. A beam current of 7 p A was successfully injected and accelerated in the RFQ and PII section of the linac to an energy of 1.5 MeV/u. The results of this run are presented and the limitations to reach higher currents are discussed. A second run is planned to try to push the beam current higher and farther into the Booster and ATLAS sections of the linac. Finally, a future intensity upgrade plan, motivated by the inflight production of radioactive beams using the AIRIS separator and the proposed multi-user upgrade with potential stable beam applications ...

A Fast, Compact Particle Detector for Tuning Radioactive Beams at ATLAS

Radioactive ion beams (RIB) at the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) are produced ... more Radioactive ion beams (RIB) at the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) are produced either from the in-flight method at 5-15 MeV/u for A < 30, or via reacceleration of fission fragments from the CAlifornium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) at 4-10 MeV/u for 80 < A < 160. These RIB are typically accompanied by contaminant beams >100x more intense. The goal of this work is to develop a fast (>10 5 pps), compact (retractable from the beam line) particle detector capable of A and Z identification to enable accelerator optimization on the exact species of interest. The detector should have an energy resolution of ≤5% and be resistant to radiation damage. A gas ionization chamber supplemented with an inorganic scintillator was chosen as the basic conceptual design. GSO:Ce was chosen as the primary candidate scintillator due to a demonstrated energy resolution of ~3% for 15 MeV/u He and less irradiation induced performance degradation than other candidate materials.

A New ECRIS Installation at the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System

An existing all permanent magnet ECRIS, the BIE100 [1], will be installed at ATLAS to recover ope... more An existing all permanent magnet ECRIS, the BIE100 [1], will be installed at ATLAS to recover operational flexibility by providing ATLAS with a second ECR ion source for stable beams. For years ATLAS has operated with two ECR ion sources, ECR2 and the ECR charge breeder as well as a tandem electrostatic injector. The tandem was retired in 2013 and in mid-2015 the ECR charge breeder was decommissioned to make room for a new Electron Beam Ion Source exclusively for charge breeding radioactive ion beams. This left the facility with a single ECR source for virtually all stable ion beam production. Design, installation plans and anticipated operational parameters are discussed. ATLAS MULTI-SOURCE HISTORY The Argonne Tandem-Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) has mostly relied on the use of multiple ion sources since inception in 1985. This has allowed for enhanced operational flexibility and time to develop new beams and improve ion source performance. One source can be prepared, maintained...

A one-dimensional axial electron cyclotron resonance source model

Review of Scientific Instruments, 2000

A conventional zero-dimensional (uniform plasma parameters with no spatial variations) fluid mode... more A conventional zero-dimensional (uniform plasma parameters with no spatial variations) fluid model will provide a good match with an experimental electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) charge-state distribution (CSD) if provided with a judicious set of user inputs. However, this arbitrarily chosen set of inputs is not necessarily unique. To be truly predictive, an ECRIS model should rely on experimental parameters as inputs. A multi-species model for an ECRIS plasma using experimental parameters as inputs is under development. The model eliminates electron temperature as a user input by employing a 2 V(v,θ) Fokker–Planck code with an ECR heating term to calculate the non-Maxwellian anisotropic electron distribution function. Further arbitrary user inputs are eliminated in favor of controlled parameters by bounce averaging the Fokker–Planck coefficients for a one-dimensional (1D)/2 V axial model. The neutral gas modeling has been extended to 1D using axially coupled particle...

Proposal for the 252 Cf source upgrade to the ATLAS facility

Beams of accelerated exotic neutron-rich nuclei allow access to little known regions of the nucle... more Beams of accelerated exotic neutron-rich nuclei allow access to little known regions of the nuclear landscape that are important both structurally and for r-process nucleosynthesis. We propose to increase the radioactive beam capabilities of the ATLAS accelerator facility by the installation of a new source of ions to provide beams of shortlived neutron-rich isotopes. These isotopes will be obtained from a 1 Ci Cf fission source located in a large gas catcher from which the radioactive ions will be extracted and transferred to an ECR ion source for charge breeding before acceleration in the ATLAS superconducting linac. The technique is fast, universal and highly efficient. It will provide accelerated neutron-rich beam intensities of up to 7 · 10 ions per second on target at energies that are difficult to access at other facilities. This upgrade will enhance the reach of ATLAS and offer world-unique capabilities to study neutron-rich nuclei. It will also help advance technologies cri...

Status and Operation of the ATLAS Superconducting Accelerator

ATLAS (the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System) is a super conducting heavy ion accelerator w... more ATLAS (the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System) is a super conducting heavy ion accelerator which can accelerate nearly all stable, and some unstable, isotopes between protons and uranium with a charge to mass range of 1/1 to 1/7. The maximum energy ranges of these accelerated ions are 7-17 MeV per nucleon with intensities ranging from a few thousand ions/second to microampere currents. On average ATLAS delivers a different ion species and energy each week to one of six target areas. ATLAS currently operates 24 hours a day, 7 days per week, and at least 40 weeks per year. Topics discussed will be how we handle day to day operation of the facility including start up, reusing old accelerator configurations for new experiments (scaling), tuning for in-flight produced radioactive beams, troubleshooting problems, and maintenance.

Shorter 146Sm half-life and revised 146Sm-142Nd ages of planetary mantle differentiation

Arxiv preprint arXiv: …, 2011

The extinct p-process nuclide 146 Sm serves as an astrophysical and geochemical chronometer throu... more The extinct p-process nuclide 146 Sm serves as an astrophysical and geochemical chronometer through measurements of isotopic anomalies of its α-decay daughter 142 Nd. Based on analyses of 146 Sm/ 147 Sm alpha-activity and atom ratios, we determined the half-life of 146 Sm to be 68 ± 7 (1σ) million years (Ma), which is shorter than the currently used value of 103 ± 5 Ma. This half-life value implies a higher initial 146 Sm abundance in the early solar system, (146 Sm/ 144 Sm) 0 = 0.0094±0.0005 (2σ), than previously estimated. Terrestrial, Lunar and Martian planetary silicate mantle differentiation events dated with 146 Sm-142 Nd converge to a shorter time span and in general to earlier times, due to the combined effect of the new 146 Sm half-life and (146 Sm/ 144 Sm) 0 values.

Referee acknowledgment for 2019

Review of Scientific Instruments

Improving transport and optimizing deceleration of ion beams from electron cyclotron resonance mu... more

Review of high intensity ion source development and operation

Review of Scientific Instruments

The Electron Cyclotron Ion Source (ECRIS) has transformed the nuclear physics research field over... more The Electron Cyclotron Ion Source (ECRIS) has transformed the nuclear physics research field over the last 47 years. Today the performance of ion sources is the first parameter that defines the design performance of existing facilities as well as the design approach and performance of new facilities. In this paper, I will review the current 'state of the art' performance capabilities for ECR ion sources as well as other ion sources and how those current capabilities form the primary design criteria for new nuclear physics facilities and set the limiting performance for existing facilities. I will close with a short-term look into the future for these ion sources and other competing types.

Nucleosynthesis Reactions With The High-intensity Saraf-lilit Neutron Source

Proceedings of The 26th International Nuclear Physics Conference — PoS(INPC2016)

We present a status report of recent neutron capture experiments performed with the mA-proton bea... more We present a status report of recent neutron capture experiments performed with the mA-proton beam (1.92 MeV, 3 kW) of the Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF) and the Liquid-Lithium Target (LiLiT). Experiments and preliminary results for (n) reactions on 36,38 Ar, studied for the first time with 30-keV neutrons, on nat Kr, nat Ce and on radioactive targets 147 Pm and 171 Tm are described.

First Direct Observation Of Enhanced Octupole Collectivity In 144,146Ba

Proceedings of The 26th International Nuclear Physics Conference — PoS(INPC2016)

The octupole strength present in the neutron-rich, radiocative nucleus 146 Ba has been experiment... more The octupole strength present in the neutron-rich, radiocative nucleus 146 Ba has been experimentally determined for the first time using Coulomb excitation. To achieve this, A=146 fission fragments from CARIBU were post-accelerated by the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) and impinged on a thin 208 Pb target. Using the GRETINA γ-ray spectrometer and the CHICO2 heavy-ion counter, the reduced transition probability B(E3; 3 − →0 +) was determined as 48(+21 −29) W.u. The new result provides further experimental evidence for the presence of a region of octupole deformation surrounding the neutron-rich barium isotopes.

Operating experience of an ECR ion source on a high voltage platform

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

The ATLAS PII-ECR ion source is the first ECR ion source to be designed for operation on a high v... more The ATLAS PII-ECR ion source is the first ECR ion source to be designed for operation on a high voltage platform. The source system is required to provide beams of heavy ions with a velocity of 0.01c for subsequent acceleration by the superconducting ATLAS Positive Ion Injector linac. The ability of the system to provide high charge state ions with velocities up to .01c is possibly unique in the world today and as such has generated significant interest in the atomic physics community. A beamline for atomic physics has been installed and

Mass of 146Gd and 147Gd and shell closure at Z=64

Physics Letters B, 1980

ABSTRACT

$Research paper thumbnail of Mass and beta decay of ^{59}Mn$

Mass and beta decay of ^{59}Mn

Phys Rev C, 1977

ABSTRACT

Development of Low Charge-to-Mass Ratio Post-Accelerator for the RIA Project

AIP Conference Proceedings, 2003

A post-accelerator for rare isotopes (RIB linac) which must produce high-quality beams of radioac... more A post-accelerator for rare isotopes (RIB linac) which must produce high-quality beams of radioactive ions over the full mass range, including uranium, at energies above the coulomb barrier is being developed for the U.S. RIA facility. To provide highest possible intensity of rare isotopes with masses from 6 to 240, the linac will accept all ions in the 1+ charge

Radiative deexcitation of the 7.655-MeV state of ¹²C

Phys Rev C, 1975

Radioactive beams from Cf-252 fission using a gas catcher and an ECR charge breeder at ATLAS