Papers by Richard Bohannon
Research quarterly, 1975
Most secondary school physical education programs do not include cardiovascular endurance trainin... more Most secondary school physical education programs do not include cardiovascular endurance training. This study investigated the hypothesis that an endurance running program implemented in the physical education classes of an entire school system would result in an increased aerobic capacity of the student population as measured by the Cooper 12-min test. A description of the program conducted within the Fort Worth Independent School District for the fall semester 1971–72 is presented. A total of 1,215 students participated in the program: 778 students from 5 schools were placed in the experimental group, and 437 students from 4 schools were included in the control group. Each student was pre- and posttested according to the Cooper 12-min run-walk test. The students in the experimental group added jogging to their daily physical education classes; initially, they ran 5 to 6 min and progressed to 14 min by the end of the term. The control group participants continued their normal acti...
Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 2017
This observational study was undertaken to describe a battery of 7 measurements of physical statu... more This observational study was undertaken to describe a battery of 7 measurements of physical status, the PhyStat 7, and to determine the time requirements and clinimetric properties of the battery. Ten men and 10 women (aged 60-79 years) were examined during 2 sessions 10 to 14 days apart. A younger comparison group of 10 men and 10 women (aged 20-29 years) was also examined. During the first session, each of 2 testers independently obtained 7 measurements from all participants: (1) body mass index (BMI); (2) tragus-to-wall (TTW) distance; (3) unipedal stance time (UST); (4) 5-repetition sit-to-stand (STS) time; (5) grip strength; (6) gait speed; and (7) 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT) distance. During the second session, 1 of the 2 testers repeated the 7 measurements with the older participants. The PhyStat 7 took an average of 12 minutes to administer. For individual items of the PhyStat 7, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs [model 3,1]) describing intertester reliability ranged from 0.712 to 0.997 and ICCs describing test-retest reliability ranged from 0.676 to 0.998. For a total PhyStat 7 score derived by adding z-transformed individual items, the ICCs for intertester reliability and test-retest reliability were 0.939 and 0.893, respectably. Content validity was supported by loadings on 2 factors—physical structure (BMI and TTW distance) and physical performance (UST, STS time, grip strength, gait speed, and 2MWT). Known-groups validity was demonstrated by significant differences between the older and younger groups in all items except BMI and gait speed.
Journal of Hand Therapy, 2011
Study Design-Clinical measurement. Introduction-Manual dexterity is an important aspect of motor ... more Study Design-Clinical measurement. Introduction-Manual dexterity is an important aspect of motor function across the age span. Purpose of the Study-To identify a single measure of manual dexterity for inclusion in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function. Methods-A total of 340 subjects participated in our study. Two alternatives, Rolyan® 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) and Grooved Pegboard test, were compared by assessing their score range across age groups (3-85 yr) and their test-retest reliability, concurrent, and known groups validity.
BMC Research Notes, 2014
Background: Although the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), as recommended by the American Thoracic Soc... more Background: Although the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), as recommended by the American Thoracic Society, is widely used as a measure of functional endurance, it may not be applicable in some settings and populations. We sought to examine, therefore, performance over the first 2 minutes and the full 6 minutes of the 6MWT. Specifically, we investigated completion rates, distances walked, test-retest reliability, and the relationship between distances walked over the first 2 and the full 6 minutes of the 6MWT. Methods: Community-dwelling children and adults age 3-85 years (n = 337) were asked to walk back and forth on a 15.24 meter (50 ft) course as far as possible without running over a 6 minute period. Test completion and the distance covered by the participants at 2 and 6 minutes were documented. The reliability of distances covered at 2 and 6 minutes was determined by retesting a subsample of 54 participants 6 to 10 days later. The relationship between distances covered at 2 and 6 minutes was determined for the 330 participants completing the 6MWT. Results: All 337 participants completed at least 2 minutes of walking, but 7 children less than 5 years of age ceased walking before 6 minutes had elapsed. For the remaining 330 participants the mean distance walked was 186 meters at 2 minutes and 543 meters at 6 minutes. The distances covered at 2 and 6 minutes were reliable between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.888 and 0.917, respectively). The distances covered over 2 and 6 minutes were highly correlated (r = 0.968).
Connecticut medicine, 2003
Despite the prevalence of ischemic stroke, little is known regarding driving resumption and its d... more Despite the prevalence of ischemic stroke, little is known regarding driving resumption and its determinants after stroke. This study documents driving resumption poststroke and describes the relationship between specific variables and driving resumption. Between May 2001 and January 2002, 110 consecutive patients admitted to Hartford Hospital with acute ischemic stroke, who had driven during the month before admission, were enrolled in this cohort study. Stroke outcome measures including the NIH Stroke Scale, Barthel Index, Short Form (SF-12), COOPS social support scale, and an original questionnaire were administered. Patients were followed up at three and six months to establish poststroke driving status. The relationship between driving resumption and the predictor variables was determined using correlations (point-biserial and phi coefficients) and forward multiple logistic regression. Forty (50%) of the surveyed patients resumed driving within one month of their strokes. The b...
Clinical Interventions in Aging
Grip strength has been proposed as a biomarker. Supporting this proposition, evidence is provided... more Grip strength has been proposed as a biomarker. Supporting this proposition, evidence is provided herein that shows grip strength is largely consistent as an explanator of concurrent overall strength, upper limb function, bone mineral density, fractures, falls, malnutrition, cognitive impairment, depression, sleep problems, diabetes, multimorbidity, and quality of life. Evidence is also provided for a predictive link between grip strength and all-cause and disease-specific mortality, future function, bone mineral density, fractures, cognition and depression, and problems associated with hospitalization. Consequently, the routine use of grip strength can be recommended as a stand-alone measurement or as a component of a small battery of measurements for identifying older adults at risk of poor health status.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Objectives: To establish reference values and determine test-retest reliability for usual and max... more Objectives: To establish reference values and determine test-retest reliability for usual and maximal 4 meter gait speed.
Physiotherapy
Objectives-To provide normative reference values for the standing functional reach test for older... more Objectives-To provide normative reference values for the standing functional reach test for older adults. Design-Observational study and meta-analysis of data from published studies Setting-Clinical Research Center Participants-Older adults:199 hypertensive from INFINITY study and 7535 from consolidation of INFINITY and 20 other studies. Main outcome measure-Functional reach Results-The mean (standard deviation) for functional reach for the hypertensive older adults was 27.5 (7.2) cm. For the consolidated sample of older adults, a random effects model determined a weighted mean (standard error) functional reach of 27.2 (0.9) cm with a 95% confidence interval of 25.5-28.9 cm. Conclusion-Pending the availability of data from a large population-based study, the summary data presented herein can serve as a reasonable estimate of normal functional reach for older adults.
Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 1999
... one or more baselines (A) and periods of the same intervention (B). The design is described b... more ... one or more baselines (A) and periods of the same intervention (B). The design is described by the order in which the periods occur (eg, AB, ABA). ... Neeman and Neeman 24 performed a single case experiment on a patient who experienced a stroke 26 months previously. ...
Journal of Virological Methods, 1990
Two degenerate oligonucleotide primers derived from regions of pal conserved among retroviruses h... more Two degenerate oligonucleotide primers derived from regions of pal conserved among retroviruses have been synthesized. Polymerase chain reactions utilizing these primers amplify a 135-bp pol fragment in every retrovirus DNA tested to date. Ihe polymerase chain reaction has been linked to a reverse tramcriptase step so that a pal-specific DNA fragment can be obtained from a moderate amount of a purified retrovirus or viral RNA. The identity of an unknown retrovirus can be determined by sequencing of the amplified fragment following molecular cloning. This procedure was tested on an unidentified (non-HIV) retrovirus expressed by a B-cell lymphoma line obtained from an AIDS patient. Our PCR assay identified the retrovirus as being highly similar to MasonPfizer monkey virus (MPMV) and simian retrovirus 1, which are closely related immunosuppressive type D viruses that cause simian AIDS. Retrovirus; Polymerase chain reaction; Reverse transcriptase assay; Retrovirus identification; Simian type D retrovirus Intruduction The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has emerged as a powerful and sensitive procedure for the amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences (Saiki et al., 1985;
Physical Therapy
This study investigated whether 184 volunteers from 20 to 79 years of age could perform eight tim... more This study investigated whether 184 volunteers from 20 to 79 years of age could perform eight timed balance tests and examined the relationship between test performance and age. All subjects were able to balance with their feet together and eyes closed for 30 seconds. The ability to balance on the right and left legs did not differ significantly. Subjects over 60 years of age were unable to balance on one leg, particularly when their eyes were closed, for as long a period as younger subjects. The Pearson product-moment and Spearman correlations of age and duration of one-legged balance were -.65 and -.71 (eyes opened) and -.79 and -.75 (eyes closed). The findings suggest that when timed balance tests are performed as a part of a patient's neurologic examination, the results should be interpreted in light of the patient's age. Information is provided to assist in this interpretation.
Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 1993
ABSTRACT
Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 1991
ABSTRACT
Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 1998
This study investigated the ability of 17 variables measured pretransplant to predict gait speed ... more This study investigated the ability of 17 variables measured pretransplant to predict gait speed post transplant. Twenty-one renal transplant patients participated. Their age, height, weight, gender, diabetic status, knee extension force, grip force, sit to stand performance, standing balance, and gait speed (comfortable and maximum) were documented before transplant. Gait speed was measured again six months post transplant. Ten of the pretransplant variables were correlated significantly with both comfortable and maximum gait speed six months post transplant. Four additional pretransplant variables were correlated significantly with maximum gait speed six months post transplant. The highest correlations with the six month gait speeds were the same gait speeds pretransplant. Regression analysis showed, however, that pretransplant normalized knee extension strength added significantly to the explanation of both comfortable and maximum gait speed six months post transplant. Diabetic status added significantly to the explanation of comfortable gait speed six months post transplant. The findings of this study support the predictive validity of preoperative knee extension strength measures in kidney transplant patients.
International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1997
ABSTRACT
Journal of Hand Therapy, 2005
This study examined the test-retest reliability of hand-grip strength measured over a 12-week per... more This study examined the test-retest reliability of hand-grip strength measured over a 12-week period. Twenty-one apparently healthy elders (age ¼ 75.0 6 5.9 yr) participated. Single strength measurements obtained bilaterally using a Jamar dynamometer were compared across time. Test and retest measurements did not differ significantly over time on either side. Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.954 and 0.912 for the left and right hands, respectively. Technical errors of measurement were 15.8 and 21.3 N for the left and right hands, respectively. Measurements of hand-grip strength obtained from elders over a 12-week period are reliable.
American Heart Journal, 2013
Reductions in mobility and cognitive function linked to accrual of brain microvascular disease re... more Reductions in mobility and cognitive function linked to accrual of brain microvascular disease related white-matter hyperintensities(WMH) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) canoccur in older hypertensive patients in as little as 2 years. We have designed a trial evaluating two levels of ambulatory BP control in individuals with normal or mildly impaired mobility and cognition who have detectable cerebrovascular disease (>0.5% WMH fraction of intracranial volume) on functional outcomes. The study is a prospective randomized, open-label trial with blinded endpoints, inpatients ages 75 and older with elevated 24-h systolic BP (≥145 mmHg in the untreated state) who do not have unstable cardiovascular disease, heart failure or stroke. The primary and key secondary outcomes in the trial are: change from baseline in mobility and cognitive function and damage to brain white matter as demonstrated by accrual of WMH volume and changes indiffusion tensor imaging.Approximately 300 patients will be enrolled and 200 randomized to one of two levels of ambulatory BP control (intensive to achieve a goal 24-hour systolic BP of ≤ 130 mmHg or standard to achieve a goal 24-hour systolic BP of ≤ 145 mmHg) for a total of 36 months using similar antihypertensive regimens. The analytical approach provides 85% power to show a clinically meaningful effect in differences in mobility accompanied by quantitative differences in WMH between treatment groups. The INFINITY trial is the first to guide antihypertensive therapy using ambulatory BP monitoring rather than clinic BP to reduce cerebrovascular disease.
Isokinetics and Exercise Science
BACKGROUND: Muscle weakness is a common impairment accompanying stroke. OBJECTIVE: Describe isoki... more BACKGROUND: Muscle weakness is a common impairment accompanying stroke. OBJECTIVE: Describe isokinetic testing procedures and clinimetric findings associated with the testing of older individuals with weakness following stroke. METHODS: Relevant articles were identified by an electronic PubMed search using the search string "isokinet * AND stroke." RESULTS: Seventy-six relevant articles were found. The articles largely support the validity and reliability of isokinetic strength testing of older patients with stroke. Little data are available that provides specific information on the responsiveness for such measures. CONCLUSIONS: Isokinetic dynamometry is a valid and reliable measure of muscle strength after stroke. However, it is not particularly practical and information is lacking regarding its responsiveness.
Isokinetics and Exercise Science
BACKGROUND: Muscle weakness, though not the primary impairment accompanying chronic obstructive p... more BACKGROUND: Muscle weakness, though not the primary impairment accompanying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has been documented in patients with the disease. OBJECTIVE: Describe isokinetic testing procedures and clinimetric findings associated with the isokinetic testing of older individuals with COPD. METHODS: Relevant articles were identified by an electronic PubMed search using the search string "isokinet* AND (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease OR COPD)" and by a hand search. RESULTS: Thirty-four potentially relevant articles were identified. Seven were excluded, leaving 27 for review. The articles provide considerable support for the validity of isokinetic strength testing of older patients with COPD. Little data are available that provides specific information on the reliability and responsiveness of the measures. CONCLUSIONS: Research provides considerable evidence for the validity, limited evidence for the reliability, and no statistical evidence for the responsiveness of isokinetic testing of muscle strength among older adults with COPD.
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Papers by Richard Bohannon