The paper proposes that Johnson's London was almost prophetic in taking up a theme which rings tr... more The paper proposes that Johnson's London was almost prophetic in taking up a theme which rings true today more than ever-the general decay of London due to immigration and the corrupt policies of the govt which are inimical to the indigenous people and are encouraging migration from countries which are unenlightened and believe in the destruction of liberal values of the west, the paper examines Johnsons complaints and finds they can be applied to the dwindling values of multicultural England today.
The novel takes us to life slow and soothing, talking much about the accident of his birth which ... more The novel takes us to life slow and soothing, talking much about the accident of his birth which almost never happened and would have certainly been a coitus interruptus due to the question of winding clocks being asked by the wife to the husband at the wrong time. The paper explores the desultory and rambling nature of this novel as almost postmodern, long before the term was invented. The novel is also frank about its obsession with sexuality and talks about it in an oblique way in consonance with the time. All possible themes of life and living are explored through the narrative. Aim of the Study-The aim is to prove that Tristram Shandy though written in the 18 th century was ahead of its time and a very postmodern novel where the stream of consciousness of the writer takes us through the twists and turns of his and his near and dear ones lives.
Quality Education APH Publications ISBN 978-93-88316-91-0 , 2019
Often read as a children's book, we need to revisit it , to appreciate an alternative perspective... more Often read as a children's book, we need to revisit it , to appreciate an alternative perspective to living, where staying close to nature along with so called lesser animals is more satisfying, fulfilling than chasing material success. There's a wistful longing for a world where animals talk and somehow make more sense than humans ever can, and that's the wisdom and morality Kipling reveals.
Introduction General Lewis Cass has said "this is not the manner in which Indians talk neither is... more Introduction General Lewis Cass has said "this is not the manner in which Indians talk neither is it the manner in which any people talk" (Cass, p. 374), this is highly unfair as has been noted that the figurative language of the Indians far from being a mere figment of his imagination is highly realistic and as his daughter too has seconded, closely modelled on his sources. John Friden has tried to trace the ancestry of Cooper"s figurative language and romantic Indians on Scott Fitzferald"s Ossian. He says Cooper"s "Indian rhetoric is a poetic creation and not the speech of living men." (Friden, p. 55) In contrast John T Fredrick has proved that Cooper has modelled his characters on his sources, (Frederick, 1956) which are Heckwelder who wrote "History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations" and Charlevoix who wrote "The Journal of a Voyage to North America" and John Smith who told the famous Pocahontas story and John Eliot who wrote "A Grammar of the Massachusetts Indian languages" and Cadwallader Colden who wrote "A history of the Five Indian Nations". All of his images are drawn from the clouds, the mountains, the forest, the diurnal movements, the seasons, the birds, the beasts and the vegetable world. Although it was too early to say but some of the environmental problems like species extinction and biodiversity loss are predicted in the ideas expressed at the time. Scalping or removing the scalp of a savage was a practise common amongst the tribes in North America but not laudable amongst Christians, but Harry doesn"t mind practising it because he can earn a bounty from the Crown just as the the Crown offers bounty for bear"s hide and wolve"s ears. (Cooper, p. 528).Pointing to the habit of the government of offering bounty for the skulls of cougars (catamounts), wolves and grizzly bears Terry Glavin says (Glavin, 2006) says,"In 1694, in Connecticut, a bounty of 20 shillings was offered for every dead catamount(cougar) and in 1695,South Carolina required every surviving aboriginal person in the colony to kill a wolf, a cougar, a bear, two wildcats every year under threat of being subjected to a public whipping. Massachusetts was offering cougar bounties at the astonishing sum of 40 shillings in 1742 ,and ring hunts were common throughout the 13 colonies" (Glavin, p. 139) So we see a sustained campaign to eliminate these animals. The bison survived because of the sustained efforts of a few but not the passenger pigeon and the Carolina parakeet .It was the only parrot species that made its home solely in North America. It came to be regarded as a pest by farmers and Audubon Society warden, Guy Bradly died trying to protect it. (Glavin, p. 78) These are the attitudes responsible for mass extinction of species, especially of large carnivores such as cougars (catamounts and panthers) and wolves. Human attitudes are responsible for the species loss which we see today, where an older morality teaches that it is acceptable to shed the blood of animals, while today we realize that clearly it is not acceptable. Leopold gave the example of Odysseus who hanged the slave girls on his return, this was condoned according to the prevalent morality of
International journal of professional development, 2013
The paper examines James' ideology in the Bostonians ,is he progressive in his approach perhaps a... more The paper examines James' ideology in the Bostonians ,is he progressive in his approach perhaps ahead of his time in his view of universal adult franchise and other such demands at the time? If we make this mistake, can we really be blamed because shocking as it may be, so we see how Jame's ideology against feminism resulted in his endorsing of Ransom whose ideology on equality of women is noticeably reactionary and neither does he approve of universal franchise.
Aim of the study: To explore the representations of the Romany people in popular cartoon of the t... more Aim of the study: To explore the representations of the Romany people in popular cartoon of the times,Tintin, to evaluate if they have been dealt with fairly by the author. Abstract. I shall examine the Castafiore emerald which was serialized weekly from july 1961 to September 1962, where Tintin and Haddock come face to face with the Rroma or gypsies and their nomadic culture, they are generally distrusted by the inhabitants and labelled as petty thieves, in return the Rroma too distrust the Europeans.This is also because their nomadic lifestyle makes their community insular which in a way protects their language and culture and prevented assimilation with the dominant culture
The paper explores manmade certain practises and attitudes within industrialised society which ha... more The paper explores manmade certain practises and attitudes within industrialised society which have resulted in the loss of integrity of the ecology. When we lose forests we lose the creatures they shelter as well; current estimates are that a minimum of 140 plant and animal species become extinct each day (Brown, 1992, p. 4). We see that modern day society's obsession with technology which has hurtled us down the abyss of environmental apocalypse. It seeks to remind one through certain visionaries that man is a part of Nature and deeply rooted in it and our current day alienation from the environment around us is backfiring on us. Ecocriticism is a relatively new field which has taken the academic world by storm. It proposes to be a new theory a new 'ism' and yet it is much more than just one more theory. Eco-criticism is primarily inter-disciplinary. It depends on other disciplines to enrich and inform its theory. Other disciplines such as environmental history, environmental ethics, botany, geography all contribute to eco-criticism. In contrast to other theories like deconstruction and other offshoots of post-modernism it does not question the nature of language and its ability to construct reality. It does not believe in Roland Barthes 'death of the author'. Such ideas are of little concern to it. It does not affirm that reality is a social construct. (Crockett, 1994)Primarily eco-criticism has an agenda, this being, of saving the earth from ecological collapse. For this purpose it looks to poets and like Sir Phillip Sydney considers poets to be the philosophers par excellence. As Cheryll Glotfelty has said "eco-criticism has one foot in literature and one on land".
international journal of professional development ISSN 2277-517X (P), 2014
Environmental issues have become a real concern in modern day world, and the doomsday prophecies ... more Environmental issues have become a real concern in modern day world, and the doomsday prophecies of eco scientists appear more real and less of a fantasy with each passing year as we witness climate change, global warming, disturbed weather phenomena, increasing desertification, loss of ground water, fisheries collapse, corals drying up and species extinction.
Asian Resonance ISSN 0976-8602(p) ,2349-9443(E), 2014
The paper examines the idea of Arcadian wilderness in the Leatherstocking tales of James Fenimore... more The paper examines the idea of Arcadian wilderness in the Leatherstocking tales of James Fenimore Cooper in the light of eco-criticism. What exactly is eco-criticism? How can we define it? Eco-criticismisa study of literature that focuses on the relationship between humans and their natural world. It believes that humanity's disconnection from the natural world is the reason for the environmental crisis today. Eco-criticism believes that nature, nonhuman beingshave been side-lined because of our anthropocentric biases, which tends to exploit the non-human as a resource for our personal gains and comforts. Eco-criticism also values bio-ethics above cultural ethics. It values tribal, aboriginal values as these people lived close to the soil. The American Indian despite all his violence was steeped in his environment in a way modern man never can be. As Cheryll Glotfelty has said in1994 that eco-criticismhas one foot in literature and one in land(Glotfelty).Therefore,Cooper, this 19th century novelist, said to be the father of American fiction, will be evaluated in the context of the current day environmental concerns.
international journal of professional development, 2012
The novel is considered a seminal text in the history of LGBT literature. First published in 1928... more The novel is considered a seminal text in the history of LGBT literature. First published in 1928 by Covici Friede, it remains the most important novel of the period. There have been better books more accurately delineated and written with the hindsight of the psychoanalysis and medical research but these novels fell short of the realism and pathos of the well of loneliness. The paper explores the issues and struggles of a homosexual woman who tries to fit in with society but is ultimately rejected as an abnormality or anomaly, it explores the genetic predilection to homosexuality and its exploration by some medieval scientists and by Freud. I will see if Freud's theories can be applied to Stephen's case. Although it is a fact that women don't have to be have to be virile or masculine to be gay. A number of homosexuals are found among harem inmates and prostitutes and even amongst actresses. But well of loneliness sticks to the tried and tested format of a masculine woman with short hair and flat chested. As biologists tell us that originally there is no difference between the sexes , an identical soma is acted upon the sex hormones. And it is these hormones which may determine the sex of the foetus. And an excess of testosterone in the androgens (sex determining hormones) may make someone excessively masculine and vice versa where an excess of feminine hormones shall make a male foetus more girlish even though they may be born boys. Radclyffe Hall worked hard to provide this background information so that each reader may understand and accept her protagonist Stephen who is born a woman but considers herself a man. Radclyffe Hall read both Karl Heinrich Ulrichs and Krafft Ebing .Mr Gordon Stephen's father keeps their books in his library. Ulrich calls homosexuality inversion and believes that it is both natural and congenital or determined from birth. Ulrichs was a believer in according equal status to homosexuals and even in same sex marriage and believed in giving them legal redress if they were being ill-treated. He was a man ahead of his time as can be gauged by his ideas. In fact he accorded them higher status believing that they are more artistic and creative than the rest. He believed them highly sensitive to all aspects of life. The perpetuation of the race is for the normal but the arts are maintained and propagated by the highly sensitized or the abnormal. (Ulrichs, 1988) In contrast Kraftt Ebing accepts homosexuality is determined at birth but further classifies that it is a pathological rather than physiological, here the attempt is to classify homosexuality akin to a disease. (Ebing, 2011). For Ebing it is a disease , an inherited degeneracy. Ebing in Psychopathia Sexualis gives an example of virile lesbian whose name is Count Sandor. Stephen is the protagonist of The Well of Loneliness. Count Sandor is reared as a boy by her father , she is good in horse riding and even of hunting. At the age of thirteen she is placed in an institution to reform her. A little later she falls in love and flees the institution all the while pretending to be boy. When she reaches home she calls herself a gender neutral name like Sandor. Sandor hates all feminine clothes, her father made sure she had a good education and she accompanied her father on long riding trips, always attired in male attire, she was addicted to sports. She was fascinated by actresses and other single women. Not the teenage or younger ones but the women who were very feminine in their mannerisms. Immodesty and forwardness in the weaker sex put her off, it even disgusted her. Just like a man she spent liberally on women , she even got married with the father in law being cozened into believing that she was a man. The servants had even observed her shave but it was an age of spying through keyholes, they soon discovered the truth and had her imprisoned. The jail authorities did a physical exam of her and saw that she was not fully female, she sex organs were not fully formed, she got her periods late in life and hated the thought of sexual relations with men, it filled her with dread and horror. She regarded men as bum chum buddies and felt shy of women rather than of men. Of course she was attracted to women as if there was a magnetic force in them. Especially to women between the ages of twenty four and thirty,
International journal of Professional Development ISSN 2277-517X(P)2279-0659(E), 2015
The rhinoceros has been read in the light of contemporary readings of absurd drama, in the contex... more The rhinoceros has been read in the light of contemporary readings of absurd drama, in the context of existential philosophy of Sartre and certainly it is a play which neatly fits into these categories. It has been read in the light of the modernist movement. The paper first places the play with its contemporary political and social movements of the time and the goes beyond it. The paper explores how such drama speaks to us in an environmentally degraded times.
As the title suggest the paper starts with Swift's political leanings and then goes on to talk ab... more As the title suggest the paper starts with Swift's political leanings and then goes on to talk about his special concern for horses
The paper proposes that Johnson's London was almost prophetic in taking up a theme which rings tr... more The paper proposes that Johnson's London was almost prophetic in taking up a theme which rings true today more than ever-the general decay of London due to immigration and the corrupt policies of the govt which are inimical to the indigenous people and are encouraging migration from countries which are unenlightened and believe in the destruction of liberal values of the west, the paper examines Johnsons complaints and finds they can be applied to the dwindling values of multicultural England today.
The novel takes us to life slow and soothing, talking much about the accident of his birth which ... more The novel takes us to life slow and soothing, talking much about the accident of his birth which almost never happened and would have certainly been a coitus interruptus due to the question of winding clocks being asked by the wife to the husband at the wrong time. The paper explores the desultory and rambling nature of this novel as almost postmodern, long before the term was invented. The novel is also frank about its obsession with sexuality and talks about it in an oblique way in consonance with the time. All possible themes of life and living are explored through the narrative. Aim of the Study-The aim is to prove that Tristram Shandy though written in the 18 th century was ahead of its time and a very postmodern novel where the stream of consciousness of the writer takes us through the twists and turns of his and his near and dear ones lives.
Quality Education APH Publications ISBN 978-93-88316-91-0 , 2019
Often read as a children's book, we need to revisit it , to appreciate an alternative perspective... more Often read as a children's book, we need to revisit it , to appreciate an alternative perspective to living, where staying close to nature along with so called lesser animals is more satisfying, fulfilling than chasing material success. There's a wistful longing for a world where animals talk and somehow make more sense than humans ever can, and that's the wisdom and morality Kipling reveals.
Introduction General Lewis Cass has said "this is not the manner in which Indians talk neither is... more Introduction General Lewis Cass has said "this is not the manner in which Indians talk neither is it the manner in which any people talk" (Cass, p. 374), this is highly unfair as has been noted that the figurative language of the Indians far from being a mere figment of his imagination is highly realistic and as his daughter too has seconded, closely modelled on his sources. John Friden has tried to trace the ancestry of Cooper"s figurative language and romantic Indians on Scott Fitzferald"s Ossian. He says Cooper"s "Indian rhetoric is a poetic creation and not the speech of living men." (Friden, p. 55) In contrast John T Fredrick has proved that Cooper has modelled his characters on his sources, (Frederick, 1956) which are Heckwelder who wrote "History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations" and Charlevoix who wrote "The Journal of a Voyage to North America" and John Smith who told the famous Pocahontas story and John Eliot who wrote "A Grammar of the Massachusetts Indian languages" and Cadwallader Colden who wrote "A history of the Five Indian Nations". All of his images are drawn from the clouds, the mountains, the forest, the diurnal movements, the seasons, the birds, the beasts and the vegetable world. Although it was too early to say but some of the environmental problems like species extinction and biodiversity loss are predicted in the ideas expressed at the time. Scalping or removing the scalp of a savage was a practise common amongst the tribes in North America but not laudable amongst Christians, but Harry doesn"t mind practising it because he can earn a bounty from the Crown just as the the Crown offers bounty for bear"s hide and wolve"s ears. (Cooper, p. 528).Pointing to the habit of the government of offering bounty for the skulls of cougars (catamounts), wolves and grizzly bears Terry Glavin says (Glavin, 2006) says,"In 1694, in Connecticut, a bounty of 20 shillings was offered for every dead catamount(cougar) and in 1695,South Carolina required every surviving aboriginal person in the colony to kill a wolf, a cougar, a bear, two wildcats every year under threat of being subjected to a public whipping. Massachusetts was offering cougar bounties at the astonishing sum of 40 shillings in 1742 ,and ring hunts were common throughout the 13 colonies" (Glavin, p. 139) So we see a sustained campaign to eliminate these animals. The bison survived because of the sustained efforts of a few but not the passenger pigeon and the Carolina parakeet .It was the only parrot species that made its home solely in North America. It came to be regarded as a pest by farmers and Audubon Society warden, Guy Bradly died trying to protect it. (Glavin, p. 78) These are the attitudes responsible for mass extinction of species, especially of large carnivores such as cougars (catamounts and panthers) and wolves. Human attitudes are responsible for the species loss which we see today, where an older morality teaches that it is acceptable to shed the blood of animals, while today we realize that clearly it is not acceptable. Leopold gave the example of Odysseus who hanged the slave girls on his return, this was condoned according to the prevalent morality of
International journal of professional development, 2013
The paper examines James' ideology in the Bostonians ,is he progressive in his approach perhaps a... more The paper examines James' ideology in the Bostonians ,is he progressive in his approach perhaps ahead of his time in his view of universal adult franchise and other such demands at the time? If we make this mistake, can we really be blamed because shocking as it may be, so we see how Jame's ideology against feminism resulted in his endorsing of Ransom whose ideology on equality of women is noticeably reactionary and neither does he approve of universal franchise.
Aim of the study: To explore the representations of the Romany people in popular cartoon of the t... more Aim of the study: To explore the representations of the Romany people in popular cartoon of the times,Tintin, to evaluate if they have been dealt with fairly by the author. Abstract. I shall examine the Castafiore emerald which was serialized weekly from july 1961 to September 1962, where Tintin and Haddock come face to face with the Rroma or gypsies and their nomadic culture, they are generally distrusted by the inhabitants and labelled as petty thieves, in return the Rroma too distrust the Europeans.This is also because their nomadic lifestyle makes their community insular which in a way protects their language and culture and prevented assimilation with the dominant culture
The paper explores manmade certain practises and attitudes within industrialised society which ha... more The paper explores manmade certain practises and attitudes within industrialised society which have resulted in the loss of integrity of the ecology. When we lose forests we lose the creatures they shelter as well; current estimates are that a minimum of 140 plant and animal species become extinct each day (Brown, 1992, p. 4). We see that modern day society's obsession with technology which has hurtled us down the abyss of environmental apocalypse. It seeks to remind one through certain visionaries that man is a part of Nature and deeply rooted in it and our current day alienation from the environment around us is backfiring on us. Ecocriticism is a relatively new field which has taken the academic world by storm. It proposes to be a new theory a new 'ism' and yet it is much more than just one more theory. Eco-criticism is primarily inter-disciplinary. It depends on other disciplines to enrich and inform its theory. Other disciplines such as environmental history, environmental ethics, botany, geography all contribute to eco-criticism. In contrast to other theories like deconstruction and other offshoots of post-modernism it does not question the nature of language and its ability to construct reality. It does not believe in Roland Barthes 'death of the author'. Such ideas are of little concern to it. It does not affirm that reality is a social construct. (Crockett, 1994)Primarily eco-criticism has an agenda, this being, of saving the earth from ecological collapse. For this purpose it looks to poets and like Sir Phillip Sydney considers poets to be the philosophers par excellence. As Cheryll Glotfelty has said "eco-criticism has one foot in literature and one on land".
international journal of professional development ISSN 2277-517X (P), 2014
Environmental issues have become a real concern in modern day world, and the doomsday prophecies ... more Environmental issues have become a real concern in modern day world, and the doomsday prophecies of eco scientists appear more real and less of a fantasy with each passing year as we witness climate change, global warming, disturbed weather phenomena, increasing desertification, loss of ground water, fisheries collapse, corals drying up and species extinction.
Asian Resonance ISSN 0976-8602(p) ,2349-9443(E), 2014
The paper examines the idea of Arcadian wilderness in the Leatherstocking tales of James Fenimore... more The paper examines the idea of Arcadian wilderness in the Leatherstocking tales of James Fenimore Cooper in the light of eco-criticism. What exactly is eco-criticism? How can we define it? Eco-criticismisa study of literature that focuses on the relationship between humans and their natural world. It believes that humanity's disconnection from the natural world is the reason for the environmental crisis today. Eco-criticism believes that nature, nonhuman beingshave been side-lined because of our anthropocentric biases, which tends to exploit the non-human as a resource for our personal gains and comforts. Eco-criticism also values bio-ethics above cultural ethics. It values tribal, aboriginal values as these people lived close to the soil. The American Indian despite all his violence was steeped in his environment in a way modern man never can be. As Cheryll Glotfelty has said in1994 that eco-criticismhas one foot in literature and one in land(Glotfelty).Therefore,Cooper, this 19th century novelist, said to be the father of American fiction, will be evaluated in the context of the current day environmental concerns.
international journal of professional development, 2012
The novel is considered a seminal text in the history of LGBT literature. First published in 1928... more The novel is considered a seminal text in the history of LGBT literature. First published in 1928 by Covici Friede, it remains the most important novel of the period. There have been better books more accurately delineated and written with the hindsight of the psychoanalysis and medical research but these novels fell short of the realism and pathos of the well of loneliness. The paper explores the issues and struggles of a homosexual woman who tries to fit in with society but is ultimately rejected as an abnormality or anomaly, it explores the genetic predilection to homosexuality and its exploration by some medieval scientists and by Freud. I will see if Freud's theories can be applied to Stephen's case. Although it is a fact that women don't have to be have to be virile or masculine to be gay. A number of homosexuals are found among harem inmates and prostitutes and even amongst actresses. But well of loneliness sticks to the tried and tested format of a masculine woman with short hair and flat chested. As biologists tell us that originally there is no difference between the sexes , an identical soma is acted upon the sex hormones. And it is these hormones which may determine the sex of the foetus. And an excess of testosterone in the androgens (sex determining hormones) may make someone excessively masculine and vice versa where an excess of feminine hormones shall make a male foetus more girlish even though they may be born boys. Radclyffe Hall worked hard to provide this background information so that each reader may understand and accept her protagonist Stephen who is born a woman but considers herself a man. Radclyffe Hall read both Karl Heinrich Ulrichs and Krafft Ebing .Mr Gordon Stephen's father keeps their books in his library. Ulrich calls homosexuality inversion and believes that it is both natural and congenital or determined from birth. Ulrichs was a believer in according equal status to homosexuals and even in same sex marriage and believed in giving them legal redress if they were being ill-treated. He was a man ahead of his time as can be gauged by his ideas. In fact he accorded them higher status believing that they are more artistic and creative than the rest. He believed them highly sensitive to all aspects of life. The perpetuation of the race is for the normal but the arts are maintained and propagated by the highly sensitized or the abnormal. (Ulrichs, 1988) In contrast Kraftt Ebing accepts homosexuality is determined at birth but further classifies that it is a pathological rather than physiological, here the attempt is to classify homosexuality akin to a disease. (Ebing, 2011). For Ebing it is a disease , an inherited degeneracy. Ebing in Psychopathia Sexualis gives an example of virile lesbian whose name is Count Sandor. Stephen is the protagonist of The Well of Loneliness. Count Sandor is reared as a boy by her father , she is good in horse riding and even of hunting. At the age of thirteen she is placed in an institution to reform her. A little later she falls in love and flees the institution all the while pretending to be boy. When she reaches home she calls herself a gender neutral name like Sandor. Sandor hates all feminine clothes, her father made sure she had a good education and she accompanied her father on long riding trips, always attired in male attire, she was addicted to sports. She was fascinated by actresses and other single women. Not the teenage or younger ones but the women who were very feminine in their mannerisms. Immodesty and forwardness in the weaker sex put her off, it even disgusted her. Just like a man she spent liberally on women , she even got married with the father in law being cozened into believing that she was a man. The servants had even observed her shave but it was an age of spying through keyholes, they soon discovered the truth and had her imprisoned. The jail authorities did a physical exam of her and saw that she was not fully female, she sex organs were not fully formed, she got her periods late in life and hated the thought of sexual relations with men, it filled her with dread and horror. She regarded men as bum chum buddies and felt shy of women rather than of men. Of course she was attracted to women as if there was a magnetic force in them. Especially to women between the ages of twenty four and thirty,
International journal of Professional Development ISSN 2277-517X(P)2279-0659(E), 2015
The rhinoceros has been read in the light of contemporary readings of absurd drama, in the contex... more The rhinoceros has been read in the light of contemporary readings of absurd drama, in the context of existential philosophy of Sartre and certainly it is a play which neatly fits into these categories. It has been read in the light of the modernist movement. The paper first places the play with its contemporary political and social movements of the time and the goes beyond it. The paper explores how such drama speaks to us in an environmentally degraded times.
As the title suggest the paper starts with Swift's political leanings and then goes on to talk ab... more As the title suggest the paper starts with Swift's political leanings and then goes on to talk about his special concern for horses
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