Water Treatment is defined as the selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency to determine... more Water Treatment is defined as the selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency to determine physical, chemical, and biological properties of water. The main approaches to water treatment were identified as hydrogeologic and statistical. The various methods available in the hydrologic literature have been evaluated by considering the spatial scale of the monitoring program, the objective of sampling, data requirements, temporal effects, and range of applicability. Considerable advance has been made over the last two decades that now permit the application of methodical and testable approaches to water quality monitoring, design riverbank filtration, although they mostly serve for preliminary analysis and design. The main goal of these studies was to characterize the ability of riverbank filtration to provide a cost-effective, stand alone pretreatment for filtermedia technologies. Results indicate that the use of riverbank filtration can reduce membrane treatment costs by 10-20 ...
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
Flood risk mapping aims to create an easily read and rapidly accessible map to prioritize the mit... more Flood risk mapping aims to create an easily read and rapidly accessible map to prioritize the mitigation effects. This study presents an empirical approach to flood risk mapping through the integration of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. SRTM 30m DEM is processed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. The study methodology includes the selection of the study area, the identification of the factors responsible for flood and collection of the required data, the generation of the desired thematic layers, and their integration to produce the flood risk map. Geomorphic, hydrologic, and socio-economic analyses are carried out to generate the thematic layers, namely slope, district`s distance to active stream, highest elevation, drainage density, rainfall, population density, and land use-land cover. AHP is used to determine the relative impact weight of the thematic layers. The influence of each thematic layer and the scale values provided based ...
Water flow out of the Hyderabad urban area 7.7.2. Water leaves the urban domain in four major way... more Water flow out of the Hyderabad urban area 7.7.2. Water leaves the urban domain in four major ways: storm water runoff, wastewater disposal, percolation and evapotranspiration. As there is no separate storm water runoff network and storm water is carried along with urban wastewater (Chennamaneni and Rao, 2007), these both
Low flow in the river is an important parameter that directly impacts on various water management... more Low flow in the river is an important parameter that directly impacts on various water management activities. Therefore, the study of long-term low flow records is essential for managing sustainable water resources in a river basin. The impacts of climate change on water resources has shown a significant change in river discharge, making the study of low flow trends and its variability even more crucial. Trends of the various magnitude of low flows such as 1-day min flow, 3-day min flow, 7-day min flow, 30-day min flow, 90-day min flow for 14 stations over Mahanadi River basin India are studied using the Modified Mann Kendall test. Further, the multivariate Bayesian change point analysis has been carried out for detecting the significant change year. The results obtained show an increasing trend in the low flow in the upper part of the Mahanadi River basin as most of the stations. Which are showing a decreasing trend of low flow indices are present in the upper part of the basin. This study concludes the presence of a mixed low flow trend, i.e., increasing, decreasing, and some stations with no trend. From Multivariate Bayesian change point, analysis advocates that there is evidence of some significant change point in all the stations between the period 1995 and 2006. The analysis revealed that the Mahanadi River basin is highly vulnerable to low flow conditions driven by the variability in low flow discharge, which may be linked to an increase in anthropogenic activities in the basin.
In the present study, groundwater potential zones for the assessment of groundwater availability ... more In the present study, groundwater potential zones for the assessment of groundwater availability in Samij sub-basin, which lies in Tensa valley of Sunderghar district, Odisha were established with the integration of remote sensing and geographical information system support. Delineation of potential groundwater zones in the study area was done using the IRS-LISS III, Cartosat-I satellite data of 30 m resolution and Survey of India toposheets. Various thematic layers viz., geomorphology, slope, land-use, lineament density, drainage density, and soil map generated in this study were transformed to raster data using the feature to raster converter tool in ArcGIS 9.3. The integration of all the thematic maps results into five groundwater potential zones: poor, moderate, good, very good, and excellent. Further, the weighted range for various groundwater potential zones was categorized as excellent (7.10-8.00), very good (6.1-7.0), good (5.1-6.0), moderate (4.1-5.0), and poor (0.0-4.0). The results were compared with the vertical electrical sounding survey data for ground truth cross-verification. The results showed that the study area falls within the range of 'moderate to good' groundwater potential zones, which accounts for about 75% of the total study area.
Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 2015
ABSTRACT Flood frequency analysis is a pre-requisite for setting up and safeguarding of many hydr... more ABSTRACT Flood frequency analysis is a pre-requisite for setting up and safeguarding of many hydraulic structures, such as dams, barrages, check-dams, culverts and urban drainage systems. In the flood frequency analysis, partial duration series (PDS) may be considered when dealing with values exceeding certain limits causing floods. In fact, the PDS is capable of getting more information about extreme events than the annual maximum series (AMS). Additionally, an assumption that, the magnitude of the extreme events of a PDS is best described by a generalized Pareto (GP) distribution. The present work investigates the at-site flood frequency analysis to find the average number of peaks (λ) for modelling the PDS on the basis of the PDS/GP assumption and variability in the GP parameters coupled with the quantile estimation with an increase in the value of average number of peaks (λ) each year in the Mahanadi river system, Odisha, India. Also, to verify the PDS/GP assumption we tested seven different frequency distributions (Exponential, Gumbel, logistics, generalized extreme value (GEV), Lognormal (LN), generalized logistics (GL) and Pearson Type 3). Extensive daily discharge data collected from 23 gauging sites were used for the analysis. The results indicate precision and stability of GP distribution parameters for λ = 4 for almost all the discharge sites. The peak flood estimated for various return periods in the Mahanadi river system using GP distribution is endowed with high correlation statistics for this λ value.
Stream flow measurement in Rivers have significant effect on various applications in the field of... more Stream flow measurement in Rivers have significant effect on various applications in the field of water resources. Yet, in many parts of the world, Rivers are either poorly gauged or completely ungauged and in some cases the existing system is continuously declining. Stream flow prediction at such "ungauged" drainage basins require information transfer from donor catchments (gauged) to receiver catchments (ungauged) that are apparent to be hydrologically homogeneous to them. Geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) approach can be used as a transfer function for modelling the rainfall-runoff process. The present study provides an effective approach which deals with the geomorphologic features of the ungauged drainage basin and derives the GIUH based transfer function and consequently geomorphologic unit hydrograph (GUH) for the study area. Koel River basin of India has been chosen as the study area. Before applying the approach on the Koel River basin it is applied on another basin where unit hydrograph data was available. To validate the derived GUH of the Koel River basin, a comparison was executed with the synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH) attained using the Central Water Commission (CWC) procedure. The closest GUH to the SUH was determined based on the comparison.
Iron and manganese are commonly present in groundwater supplies used by many water systems. The p... more Iron and manganese are commonly present in groundwater supplies used by many water systems. The presence of iron and manganese in the drinking water is not harmful to human bodies. However, higher concentration causes discoloration, staining, turbidity and bad taste problems. It also form iron oxide or manganese dioxide accumulations in pipes. In the present work, low cost methods have been evolved for the removal of iron and manganese from ground water using Rice Husk based Activated Carbon (RHAC) and Sugarcane Baggase based Activated Carbon (SBAC). Exhaustive experiments have been conducted in the Laboratory on sediment columns with variable depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. Four graded types of sediment collected from the banks of Rivers Brahmani, Koel, Sankha and Budhabalanga were studied for proper removal of suspended solids by maintaining sufficient infiltration rates. It has been observed that the infiltration rate is maintained for the soil column of 50 cm without having any impact of the suspended solids. The Iron and manganese concentrations are found to be removed 100% after passing through the filter material in both the cases.
In recent years, many hydrology-based approaches have been used to assess the environmental flows... more In recent years, many hydrology-based approaches have been used to assess the environmental flows in various river systems over the globe. However, their application has been very limited in India. Brahmani and Baitarani River basins in India are two important water surplus basins, in which several water resources projects are coming up shortly. There is an urgent need for the water planners and stakeholders to assess environmental flows at various locations of the river systems for best management practices of available water resources. The present paper (i) critically evaluates the applicability of existing approaches, (ii) provides values of environmental design flows at different locations of Brahmani and Baitarani River systems, and (iii)suggest a suitable scientific approach for the assessment of environmental flows.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) modeling in a river involves derivation and solution of the gover... more Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) modeling in a river involves derivation and solution of the governing partial differential equation, which describes concentration change with time and space due to convection, dispersion, decay and the loading function. In this study, an analytical model is developed for BOD simulation for the boundary condition when the waste discharge concentration can be described a sinusoidal variation. The analytical model is obtained by solving the governing partial differential equation considering (i) the river for which BOD is uniformly distributed through any cross-section so that a one dimensional model is applicable and (ii) for specific initial and boundary conditions. The results of the model for BOD simulation validated for (i) water quality data from River Gomti in India, which is an important tributary of Ganga River with significant influx of pollutants, and (ii) the data sets used for validation of commonly used analytical models and are available in the published literature. The proposed model is found to represent the physical processes occurring in River Gomti with high correlation between observed and simulated BOD values. Moreover, the results obtained from other data sets published in the literature demonstrate the applicability of developed analytical model for BOD simulation.
In India, fertilizers and chemicals are applied to different crops, which in turn, cause nonpoint... more In India, fertilizers and chemicals are applied to different crops, which in turn, cause nonpoint source pollution of surface water and groundwater of the region. In the present work, extensive water quality surveys were done to estimate the nutrient outflow from three small ...
Abstract Most commonly used biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) models have... more Abstract Most commonly used biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) models have been tested for their applicability in the River Kali, which is one of the most polluted rivers in India. A total of 732 field data sets were generated during field ...
... Ramakar Jha,1* CSP Ojha2 and KKS Bhatia1 1 National Institute of Hydrology, Jal Vigyan Bhawan... more ... Ramakar Jha,1* CSP Ojha2 and KKS Bhatia1 1 National Institute of Hydrology, Jal Vigyan Bhawan, Roorkee-247 667, India 2 Department of ... Dissolved oxygen mass balance has been computed for different reaches of River Kali in western Uttar Pradesh (India) to obtain the ...
... 1998); JOB, Jha et al. (2001) Table II. Error estimates for the proposed reaeration equations... more ... 1998); JOB, Jha et al. (2001) Table II. Error estimates for the proposed reaeration equations Error estimates Case I: data sets obtained from distinct terrestrial streams/channels Case II: data sets obtained from distinct terrestrial streams/channels and from the River Kali, India ...
Water Treatment is defined as the selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency to determine... more Water Treatment is defined as the selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency to determine physical, chemical, and biological properties of water. The main approaches to water treatment were identified as hydrogeologic and statistical. The various methods available in the hydrologic literature have been evaluated by considering the spatial scale of the monitoring program, the objective of sampling, data requirements, temporal effects, and range of applicability. Considerable advance has been made over the last two decades that now permit the application of methodical and testable approaches to water quality monitoring, design riverbank filtration, although they mostly serve for preliminary analysis and design. The main goal of these studies was to characterize the ability of riverbank filtration to provide a cost-effective, stand alone pretreatment for filtermedia technologies. Results indicate that the use of riverbank filtration can reduce membrane treatment costs by 10-20 ...
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
Flood risk mapping aims to create an easily read and rapidly accessible map to prioritize the mit... more Flood risk mapping aims to create an easily read and rapidly accessible map to prioritize the mitigation effects. This study presents an empirical approach to flood risk mapping through the integration of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. SRTM 30m DEM is processed using ArcGIS 10.3 software. The study methodology includes the selection of the study area, the identification of the factors responsible for flood and collection of the required data, the generation of the desired thematic layers, and their integration to produce the flood risk map. Geomorphic, hydrologic, and socio-economic analyses are carried out to generate the thematic layers, namely slope, district`s distance to active stream, highest elevation, drainage density, rainfall, population density, and land use-land cover. AHP is used to determine the relative impact weight of the thematic layers. The influence of each thematic layer and the scale values provided based ...
Water flow out of the Hyderabad urban area 7.7.2. Water leaves the urban domain in four major way... more Water flow out of the Hyderabad urban area 7.7.2. Water leaves the urban domain in four major ways: storm water runoff, wastewater disposal, percolation and evapotranspiration. As there is no separate storm water runoff network and storm water is carried along with urban wastewater (Chennamaneni and Rao, 2007), these both
Low flow in the river is an important parameter that directly impacts on various water management... more Low flow in the river is an important parameter that directly impacts on various water management activities. Therefore, the study of long-term low flow records is essential for managing sustainable water resources in a river basin. The impacts of climate change on water resources has shown a significant change in river discharge, making the study of low flow trends and its variability even more crucial. Trends of the various magnitude of low flows such as 1-day min flow, 3-day min flow, 7-day min flow, 30-day min flow, 90-day min flow for 14 stations over Mahanadi River basin India are studied using the Modified Mann Kendall test. Further, the multivariate Bayesian change point analysis has been carried out for detecting the significant change year. The results obtained show an increasing trend in the low flow in the upper part of the Mahanadi River basin as most of the stations. Which are showing a decreasing trend of low flow indices are present in the upper part of the basin. This study concludes the presence of a mixed low flow trend, i.e., increasing, decreasing, and some stations with no trend. From Multivariate Bayesian change point, analysis advocates that there is evidence of some significant change point in all the stations between the period 1995 and 2006. The analysis revealed that the Mahanadi River basin is highly vulnerable to low flow conditions driven by the variability in low flow discharge, which may be linked to an increase in anthropogenic activities in the basin.
In the present study, groundwater potential zones for the assessment of groundwater availability ... more In the present study, groundwater potential zones for the assessment of groundwater availability in Samij sub-basin, which lies in Tensa valley of Sunderghar district, Odisha were established with the integration of remote sensing and geographical information system support. Delineation of potential groundwater zones in the study area was done using the IRS-LISS III, Cartosat-I satellite data of 30 m resolution and Survey of India toposheets. Various thematic layers viz., geomorphology, slope, land-use, lineament density, drainage density, and soil map generated in this study were transformed to raster data using the feature to raster converter tool in ArcGIS 9.3. The integration of all the thematic maps results into five groundwater potential zones: poor, moderate, good, very good, and excellent. Further, the weighted range for various groundwater potential zones was categorized as excellent (7.10-8.00), very good (6.1-7.0), good (5.1-6.0), moderate (4.1-5.0), and poor (0.0-4.0). The results were compared with the vertical electrical sounding survey data for ground truth cross-verification. The results showed that the study area falls within the range of 'moderate to good' groundwater potential zones, which accounts for about 75% of the total study area.
Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 2015
ABSTRACT Flood frequency analysis is a pre-requisite for setting up and safeguarding of many hydr... more ABSTRACT Flood frequency analysis is a pre-requisite for setting up and safeguarding of many hydraulic structures, such as dams, barrages, check-dams, culverts and urban drainage systems. In the flood frequency analysis, partial duration series (PDS) may be considered when dealing with values exceeding certain limits causing floods. In fact, the PDS is capable of getting more information about extreme events than the annual maximum series (AMS). Additionally, an assumption that, the magnitude of the extreme events of a PDS is best described by a generalized Pareto (GP) distribution. The present work investigates the at-site flood frequency analysis to find the average number of peaks (λ) for modelling the PDS on the basis of the PDS/GP assumption and variability in the GP parameters coupled with the quantile estimation with an increase in the value of average number of peaks (λ) each year in the Mahanadi river system, Odisha, India. Also, to verify the PDS/GP assumption we tested seven different frequency distributions (Exponential, Gumbel, logistics, generalized extreme value (GEV), Lognormal (LN), generalized logistics (GL) and Pearson Type 3). Extensive daily discharge data collected from 23 gauging sites were used for the analysis. The results indicate precision and stability of GP distribution parameters for λ = 4 for almost all the discharge sites. The peak flood estimated for various return periods in the Mahanadi river system using GP distribution is endowed with high correlation statistics for this λ value.
Stream flow measurement in Rivers have significant effect on various applications in the field of... more Stream flow measurement in Rivers have significant effect on various applications in the field of water resources. Yet, in many parts of the world, Rivers are either poorly gauged or completely ungauged and in some cases the existing system is continuously declining. Stream flow prediction at such "ungauged" drainage basins require information transfer from donor catchments (gauged) to receiver catchments (ungauged) that are apparent to be hydrologically homogeneous to them. Geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) approach can be used as a transfer function for modelling the rainfall-runoff process. The present study provides an effective approach which deals with the geomorphologic features of the ungauged drainage basin and derives the GIUH based transfer function and consequently geomorphologic unit hydrograph (GUH) for the study area. Koel River basin of India has been chosen as the study area. Before applying the approach on the Koel River basin it is applied on another basin where unit hydrograph data was available. To validate the derived GUH of the Koel River basin, a comparison was executed with the synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH) attained using the Central Water Commission (CWC) procedure. The closest GUH to the SUH was determined based on the comparison.
Iron and manganese are commonly present in groundwater supplies used by many water systems. The p... more Iron and manganese are commonly present in groundwater supplies used by many water systems. The presence of iron and manganese in the drinking water is not harmful to human bodies. However, higher concentration causes discoloration, staining, turbidity and bad taste problems. It also form iron oxide or manganese dioxide accumulations in pipes. In the present work, low cost methods have been evolved for the removal of iron and manganese from ground water using Rice Husk based Activated Carbon (RHAC) and Sugarcane Baggase based Activated Carbon (SBAC). Exhaustive experiments have been conducted in the Laboratory on sediment columns with variable depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. Four graded types of sediment collected from the banks of Rivers Brahmani, Koel, Sankha and Budhabalanga were studied for proper removal of suspended solids by maintaining sufficient infiltration rates. It has been observed that the infiltration rate is maintained for the soil column of 50 cm without having any impact of the suspended solids. The Iron and manganese concentrations are found to be removed 100% after passing through the filter material in both the cases.
In recent years, many hydrology-based approaches have been used to assess the environmental flows... more In recent years, many hydrology-based approaches have been used to assess the environmental flows in various river systems over the globe. However, their application has been very limited in India. Brahmani and Baitarani River basins in India are two important water surplus basins, in which several water resources projects are coming up shortly. There is an urgent need for the water planners and stakeholders to assess environmental flows at various locations of the river systems for best management practices of available water resources. The present paper (i) critically evaluates the applicability of existing approaches, (ii) provides values of environmental design flows at different locations of Brahmani and Baitarani River systems, and (iii)suggest a suitable scientific approach for the assessment of environmental flows.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) modeling in a river involves derivation and solution of the gover... more Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) modeling in a river involves derivation and solution of the governing partial differential equation, which describes concentration change with time and space due to convection, dispersion, decay and the loading function. In this study, an analytical model is developed for BOD simulation for the boundary condition when the waste discharge concentration can be described a sinusoidal variation. The analytical model is obtained by solving the governing partial differential equation considering (i) the river for which BOD is uniformly distributed through any cross-section so that a one dimensional model is applicable and (ii) for specific initial and boundary conditions. The results of the model for BOD simulation validated for (i) water quality data from River Gomti in India, which is an important tributary of Ganga River with significant influx of pollutants, and (ii) the data sets used for validation of commonly used analytical models and are available in the published literature. The proposed model is found to represent the physical processes occurring in River Gomti with high correlation between observed and simulated BOD values. Moreover, the results obtained from other data sets published in the literature demonstrate the applicability of developed analytical model for BOD simulation.
In India, fertilizers and chemicals are applied to different crops, which in turn, cause nonpoint... more In India, fertilizers and chemicals are applied to different crops, which in turn, cause nonpoint source pollution of surface water and groundwater of the region. In the present work, extensive water quality surveys were done to estimate the nutrient outflow from three small ...
Abstract Most commonly used biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) models have... more Abstract Most commonly used biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) models have been tested for their applicability in the River Kali, which is one of the most polluted rivers in India. A total of 732 field data sets were generated during field ...
... Ramakar Jha,1* CSP Ojha2 and KKS Bhatia1 1 National Institute of Hydrology, Jal Vigyan Bhawan... more ... Ramakar Jha,1* CSP Ojha2 and KKS Bhatia1 1 National Institute of Hydrology, Jal Vigyan Bhawan, Roorkee-247 667, India 2 Department of ... Dissolved oxygen mass balance has been computed for different reaches of River Kali in western Uttar Pradesh (India) to obtain the ...
... 1998); JOB, Jha et al. (2001) Table II. Error estimates for the proposed reaeration equations... more ... 1998); JOB, Jha et al. (2001) Table II. Error estimates for the proposed reaeration equations Error estimates Case I: data sets obtained from distinct terrestrial streams/channels Case II: data sets obtained from distinct terrestrial streams/channels and from the River Kali, India ...
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