Papers by Rajesh Nithyanandam R
Journal of Physical Science
Fenton oxidation process is used to degrade the recalcitrant pharmaceutical product ceftriaxone (... more Fenton oxidation process is used to degrade the recalcitrant pharmaceutical product ceftriaxone (CF), a commonly-used antibiotic in Malaysia. An effluent containing ceftriaxone antibiotic whose chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) was found to be 944 mg l -1 and 280 mg l -1 respectively. Physical and chemical treatment methods were employed to find the optimal concentration of Fenton reagent which was needed to degrade the antibiotic to a safe disposal level. Physical treatment included the variation in temperatures (37°C, 42°C, 47°C and 50°C) and pH (2.6, 5.2, 6.1 and 10). The molar concentration of Fenton reagent was varied at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.35 and 0.4 M. The molar ratio of ferrous ions (Fe 2+ ) to hydrogen peroxide ions (H 2 O 2 ) in Fenton reagent was varied at 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:10. The optimum conditions for maximum reduction in COD level were at pH 2.6, 0.4 M of Fenton reagent and Fe 2+ /H 2 O 2 ratio of 1:8, reaching 84.6% reduction within 30 min of reaction. The experiment was carried out at ambient temperature 28°C and at atmospheric pressure. A further investigation (pH and temperature variation) was made to deduce the percentage of reduction in terms of COD and TSS level that were obtained by the optimum sample. Findings reveal that a significant decrease of 76.5% was observed at 47°C and pH 5.2. Total suspended solid investigation reveals that a maximum reduction of 93% occurred at 0.4 M of Fenton reagent having the ratio of Fe 2+ /H 2 O 2 of 1:2.
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology
Journal of King Saud University Science, Oct 13, 2012
ABSTRACT A conventional solvent extract of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit was spray dried using adju... more ABSTRACT A conventional solvent extract of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit was spray dried using adjuvant maltodextrin (5 wt%). Spray drying was carried out according to D-optimal design, and the independent variables selected were temperature and M core/M wall. The spray drying process was optimised by using response surface methodology (RSM) for four different responses: moisture content (MC), DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid (TF). The effects of temperature and of the core to wall material ...
A conventional solvent extract of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit was spray dried using adjuvant malt... more A conventional solvent extract of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit was spray dried using adjuvant maltodextrin (5 wt.%). Spray drying was carried out according to the D-optimal design, and the independent variables selected were temperature and M core /M wall . The spray drying process was optimised by using response surface methodology (RSM) for four different responses: moisture content (MC), DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid (TF). The effects of temperature and of the core to wall material ratio were found to be significant for all responses. The optimal spray drying condition for maltodextrin as binding material was found to be 1:1.5 (M core /M wall , volume ratio of M. citrifolia L. extract to additive solution) at 95°C. The experimental values of the response variables correspond well to the predicted values. The microparticles obtained in this study represent an interesting food additive for incorporation into functional foods due to the presence of antioxidants. ª 2012 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Journal of environmental science & engineering, 2011
The formulation and implementation of regulatory standards for the ultimate disposal and reuse of... more The formulation and implementation of regulatory standards for the ultimate disposal and reuse of transformed products of antibiotic drugs and solvents have been a pending issue in the waste management of pharmaceutical industries especially in the developing countries like India. A case study has been identified and the current issues in one of the major pharmaceutical industry (manufacturing cephalosporin drugs) located in Chennai, India, has been discussed for the possible implementation of anaerobically transformed intermediates of antibiotic pharmaceutical waste sludge. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of bioaugmentation on the convertibility of anaerobically transformed intermediates of antibiotic pharmaceutical waste sludge into residuals and biocompost. Cephalosporin is a common name refers to cephradine (C16H19N3O4S) and cephalexin (C16H17N3O4S.H2O). Based on the critical examination of results, the industry is looking for the alternatives of either di...
Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 2015
ABSTRACT A conventional solvent extract of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit was spray dried using adju... more ABSTRACT A conventional solvent extract of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit was spray dried using adjuvant maltodextrin (5 wt.%). Spray drying was carried out according to the D-optimal design, and the independent variables selected were temperature and Mcore/Mwall. The spray drying process was optimised by using response surface methodology (RSM) for four different responses: moisture content (MC), DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid (TF). The effects of temperature and of the core to wall material ratio were found to be significant for all responses. The optimal spray drying condition for maltodextrin as binding material was found to be 1:1.5 (Mcore/Mwall, volume ratio of M. citrifolia L. extract to additive solution) at 95 °C. The experimental values of the response variables correspond well to the predicted values. The microparticles obtained in this study represent an interesting food additive for incorporation into functional foods due to the presence of antioxidants.
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 2012
ABSTRACT This study was to examine the antioxidant potential of Morindacitrifolia L. and Beta vul... more ABSTRACT This study was to examine the antioxidant potential of Morindacitrifolia L. and Beta vulgaris L. fruits and its synergistic effect. The bioactive components of these fruits were extracted and then microencapsulated by spray drying technique. The antioxidant activities of these fruits were analyzed, before and after the spray drying process through DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The encapsulation yield of the spray drying process was also quantified. Among the spray drying samples encapsulation yield was found maximum 8 % for the mixed fruit extract. Similarly, synergistic effect between the two fruits showed the highest antioxidant activity of 30% and the individual fruit extract also exhibited significant antioxidant activity.
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 2013
Fenton Oxidation process was used to treat the pharmaceutical sludge having the COD value of 118,... more Fenton Oxidation process was used to treat the pharmaceutical sludge having the COD value of 118, 400 mg/L for the safe disposal. By varying the ratio of ferrous to hydrogen peroxide for different molar ratio (0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.35M,0.4 M) of Fenton's reagent the pharmaceutical sludge was treated and COD reductions were calculated and optimum ratio was found out. Sludge was also treated by physical treatment by varying the pH and temperature and COD reductions were calculated and the optimum point was found out. The untreated and treated sludge was subjected to GC-MS for the quantitative analysis of non-biodegradable compounds. Scanning Electron Microscope image acquistation and elemental analysis were also studied for both treated and untreated samples. The purpose of the study is to find the suitable end-use method for reusing the treated and oxidized products.
Phytochemicals - A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health, 2012
Journal of Applied Sciences, 2009
Journal of Applied Sciences, 2011
Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2011
Some researchers suggest that two-thirds of the world's plant species have medicinal value; in pa... more Some researchers suggest that two-thirds of the world's plant species have medicinal value; in particular, many medicinal plants have great antioxidant potential. Antioxidants reduce the oxidative stress in cells and are therefore useful in the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory diseases. This paper reviews the antioxidant potential of extracts from the stems, roots, bark, leaves, fruits and seeds of several important medicinal species. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxylanisole (BHA) are currently used as food additives, and many plant species have similar antioxidant potentials as these synthetics. These species include Diospyros abyssinica, Pistacia lentiscus, Geranium sanguineum L., Sargentodoxa cuneata Rehd. Et Wils, Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd, Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham., Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn, Teucrium polium L., Dracocephalum moldavica L., Urtica dioica L., Ficus microcarpa L. fil., Bidens pilosa Linn. Radiata, Leea indica, the Lamiaceae species, Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC, Salvia officinalis L., Momordica Charantia L., Rheum ribes
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2014
Spray drying accomplishes drying while particles are suspended in the air and is one method in th... more Spray drying accomplishes drying while particles are suspended in the air and is one method in the family of suspended particle processing systems, along with fluid-bed drying, flash drying, spray granulation, spray agglomeration, spray reaction, spray cooling, and spray absorption. This drying process is unique because it involves both particle formation and drying. The present paper reviews spray drying of fruit extracts, such as acai, acerola pomace, gac, mango, orange, cactus pear, opuntia stricta fruit, watermelon, and durian, and the effects of additives on physicochemical properties such as antioxidant activity, total carotenoid content, lycopene and β-carotene content, hygroscopy, moisture content, volatile retention, stickiness, color, solubility, glass transition temperature, bulk density, rehydration, caking, appearance under electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. The literature clearly demonstrates that the effect of additives and encapsulation play a vital role in determining the physicochemical properties of fruit extract powder. The technical difficulties in spray drying of fruit extracts can be overcome by modifying the spray dryer design. It also reveals that spray drying is a novel technology for converting fruit extract into powder form.
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2012
Microcapsules containing Morinda citrifolia L. microparticles were produced by a spray-drying tec... more Microcapsules containing Morinda citrifolia L. microparticles were produced by a spray-drying technique using various proportions of -carrageenan and maltodextrin as the binding materials. In this work, the effects of spray-drying on the encapsulation yield, particle size, moisture content, DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the bioactive components of M. citrifolia L. were determined for different volume ratios in the inlet air temperature range of 90-140 • C. The results showed that the percentage of 2,2-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of the spray-dried powder was the highest for the 1:2 ratio (volume ratio of M. citrifolia L. extract to additive solution) at 90 • C, with maltodextrin at a concentration of 33 mg/ml. The results also showed that the microcapsules had a regular spherical shape. The spray-dried M. citrifolia fruit extract showed high antioxidant activity (28.36% DPPH activity), thus suggesting that it might be useful as a food additive and/or ingredient under the above optimum operating conditions. compounds have also been found in the ripe fruit including organic acids . Based on the literature, it is clear that the fruit has antibiotic and antioxidant properties, but there is a lack of scientific evidence based on in vivo studies. Because M. citrifolia L. is believed to have high antioxidant potential, it may substitute as an antioxidant compound in food items and in preventive medicines. In our recent work, the antioxidant potentials of various medicinal plant species were reviewed .
Catalysis Today, 2008
Relative adsorption experiments of azeotropic and non-azeotropic mixture were separately conducte... more Relative adsorption experiments of azeotropic and non-azeotropic mixture were separately conducted at constant temperature with and without the presence of ultrasound. The ultrasound wave was applied at a frequency of 21 kHz with 25% amplitude at atmospheric pressure. The adsorption of azeotropic and non-azeotropic mixture was analysed using monolayer adsorption theory and at lower liquid equilibrium concentration it followed a Langmuir type of equation. The adsorptive capacity of azeotropic and non-azeotropic mixtures on activated carbon was found to decrease but the selectivity was increased. The result also showed that the azeotropic point of relative adsorption was noticeably moved due to the ultrasound effect. # 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
ABSTRACT A conventional solvent extract of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit was spray dried using adju... more ABSTRACT A conventional solvent extract of Morinda citrifolia L. fruit was spray dried using adjuvant maltodextrin (5 wt%). Spray drying was carried out according to D-optimal design, and the independent variables selected were temperature and M core/M wall. The spray drying process was optimised by using response surface methodology (RSM) for four different responses: moisture content (MC), DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid (TF). The effects of temperature and of the core to wall material ...
Journal of environmental science & engineering, 2011
The formulation and implementation of regulatory standards for the ultimate disposal and reuse of... more The formulation and implementation of regulatory standards for the ultimate disposal and reuse of transformed products of antibiotic drugs and solvents have been a pending issue in the waste management of pharmaceutical industries especially in the developing countries like India. A case study has been identified and the current issues in one of the major pharmaceutical industry (manufacturing cephalosporin drugs) located in Chennai, India, has been discussed for the possible implementation of anaerobically transformed intermediates of antibiotic pharmaceutical waste sludge. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of bioaugmentation on the convertibility of anaerobically transformed intermediates of antibiotic pharmaceutical waste sludge into residuals and biocompost. Cephalosporin is a common name refers to cephradine (C16H19N3O4S) and cephalexin (C16H17N3O4S.H2O). Based on the critical examination of results, the industry is looking for the alternatives of either di...
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Papers by Rajesh Nithyanandam R