Papers by Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting حسابداری و بودجهریزی بخش عمومی psabjournal
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2020
The conceptual framework is the underlying concepts on the basis of which accounting standards ar... more The conceptual framework is the underlying concepts on the basis of which accounting standards are properly or continuously developed, or revised. The question that arises is what is the significance of the conceptual framework and what developments have taken place. For this purpose, the conceptual framework and the statements of its constituent concepts have been studied, analyzed and compared. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the importance of the conceptual framework of financial reporting in the public sector. Understanding the conceptual framework helps to solve accounting and financial reporting issues and sets arbitration boundaries. Changing stakeholder information needs in the new environment may necessitate a revision of the conceptual framework.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2020
This article introduces a new perspective on the principles and profession of management that app... more This article introduces a new perspective on the principles and profession of management that applies concepts, perspectives, and general and business studies to the realities of the present era. It also explores this concept by adapting back-to-the-future systems and the practical and interdisciplinary rationale for new public management in the financial sector. The emergence of new financial management in recent decades has led to different governments with different economic and political structures, various reforms in their public sector accounting system; The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) considers accountability a prerequisite for achieving a global economy and has taken effective steps toward new financial management and its tools with the publication of new statements and standards. In this article, by reviewing the evolution in this regard, the theoretical concepts affecting accounting systems in the public sector are examined.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2020
Financial reporting, as the final product of the accounting process, is influenced by features su... more Financial reporting, as the final product of the accounting process, is influenced by features such as the business environment, user needs, and stakeholder goals of financial information. However, the financial reporting of government and public entities, as well as for-profit and commercial entities, play a similar role in fulfilling accountability and providing information for decision-making (based on stewardship theory); But there are also significant differences between the reports they extract. At the same time, public sector financial statements contain important elements and information, and financial statements (which are legally required for the financial sector only financial reporting) are just one of these items. In terms of level of importance, research has shown that it is on a par with other elements of public sector financial reporting. The government, as the largest public institution and sector, municipalities and other non-governmental public institutions, carry out two types of activities to achieve their goals. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) has categorized these activities as follows: First-governance activities (non-commercial) and secondcommercial and consignment activities. Governance (non-commercial) activities differentiate public sector financial reporting from (private) for-profit institutions; However, in most countries, the financial reporting of public sector business and consignment activities is not significantly different from that of private for-profit institutions, and both use the same accounting bases and standards according to the accounting principles used. Environmental characteristics in public sector governance activities, how to obtain resources to fund these activities, citizens' rights based on accountability regarding how and where resources are used, information needs of users of financial reports, obligation of elected officials to be financially accountable, etc. There are examples that in some way in the method of financial reporting, the type and amount of information disclosure in these reports will be effective.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2020
The reporting model for governmental funds has always been of particular importance. The Governme... more The reporting model for governmental funds has always been of particular importance. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) has been actively engaged in the process of making improvements to the financial reporting model to provide more useful information to the users of the financial reports of governmental entities. The GASB proposed three recognition approaches to replace the current financial resources reporting model for governmental funds. The three approaches vary along a time dimension. The ''near-term'' model is the most similar to the current model with a specified reporting period of 60-90 days. A ''short-term'' model extends the transaction reporting to be the government's one-year operating cycle. Finally, a ''long-term'' model would report both current and noncurrent assets and liabilities for governmental funds. This article, based on research by Marshall et al., raises questions about improving the reporting model for governmental funds, and finally provides recommendations.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2020
Today, administrative and financial corruption has become a cultural and social problem. Especial... more Today, administrative and financial corruption has become a cultural and social problem. Especially in developing countries, this issue has been raised as one of the most important factors in the development of society, which has caused irreparable damage to the speed of the wheel of development of societies. Given the importance of the dangers of corruption and corruption for the stability and security of society, as well as democratic values and, most importantly, the rule of law, the fight against corruption is of great importance. In the present article, with the aim of investigating cases of corruption in the public sector and approaches to combat it, by evaluating studies and guidelines, we have obtained results according to which we have also had recommendations.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2020
One of the most challenging issues for countries whose economies are heavily dependent on oil rev... more One of the most challenging issues for countries whose economies are heavily dependent on oil revenues and its derivatives is the optimal use and sale of these resources and the observance of intergenerational rights in oil-rich countries, including Iran. In fact, the observance of intergenerational rights emphasizes that the current generation, while meeting its own needs, should not harm the ability of the next generation to meet their needs, and that natural resources, which are the right of all present and future generations, should not be spent alone. Be the current generation. Therefore, in this article, according to the researches and their conclusion that during the years after the revolution, the bulk of oil sales have been spent on current expenditures, we intend to use library methods and collect and review economic statistics. From various sites such as the Central Bank, the Parliamentary Research Center and the Statistics Center to identify the factors affecting the nonobservance of intergenerational rights and provide ways out.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
In the United States, there are three types of government: local, state, and federal; Local and s... more In the United States, there are three types of government: local, state, and federal; Local and state governments meet the criteria of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), and in particular the topics in Statements 34 and 44, which include the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR), and the federal government, according to the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) are used for financial reporting. The common goal of financial accounting and reporting methods in state and local governments has been to provide information on the performance of government agencies to users of financial statements. These governments want to provide these users with an overview of the financial condition of these institutions on specific dates and a retrospective view of the results of their operations over a period of time (usually one year). The purpose of this article is to describe the perspectives on forward-looking information. Also show users of government financial statements how they can use this type of information to better assess the current financial health of each government, as well as its ability to meet its obligations in the future. On the other hand, the use of this information in companies and the capital market is also important and studies have shown that the disclosure of forwardlooking information, on the one hand reduces volatility in corporate stock returns and on the other hand is related to corporate accounting risk.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
The main objective of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) is to p... more The main objective of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) is to promote global public sector financial reporting by developing an accrual basis for governments and other public sector entities around the world. Understanding the views of the world's leading accounting bodies on the implementation of international public sector accounting standards is important. Therefore, this article presents the general issues as well as the costs and benefits of implementing this standard in Australia according to the statements of the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB). The AASB's focus is accrual accounting, used in Australia for many years in all sectors. What is important is IPSAS compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS); Although each has a separate conceptual framework. users of public sector financial statements indicate that the AASB's current NFP entity standard-setting framework based on IFRS Standards is not providing sufficiently tailored information, such that public sector financial reporting does not meet the objective of financial reporting in the AASB's conceptual framework. However, it seems that the use of IPSAS in Australia will be beneficial when its economic costs do not outweigh its benefits.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
The present article provided a better understanding of the impact of the background factors on th... more The present article provided a better understanding of the impact of the background factors on the process of Public Financial Management Reforms (PFMR). Employing a modern public financial management approach proportionate to the environmental characteristics of Iran can help to achieve integrated information systems, realist financial statements, and facilitates decision-making by the creditors in investment opportunities, besides, improves the corresponding through providing reports regarding the performance and assessment of the potential of the government to fulfill their commitments and budget. Most countries who are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), put in place accounting and budgeting reforms in the governmental sectors. Besides, most of the emerging economies follow a similar path. The present article studied the problems in the pioneer countries and the obstacles and challenges the developing countries face regarding the reforms in the financial management systems of the public sector. Finally, the present study will investigate the strategies for the public sector financial management reforms, its processes, and prerequisites plus the detection tools for measuring the strength of the public sector financial management besides the reforms in the public financial management system in Iran.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
One of the challenges that governments face today is accountability. Governments today must be he... more One of the challenges that governments face today is accountability. Governments today must be held accountable for their policies and actions. Every government needs an accountable system, and democracy requires a proper accountability system. Governmental organizations are created by the people and for the people and must be accountable to them. Increasing transparency in reports on bonds and contingent liabilities is a fundamental feature of a public sector financial reporting framework. Some governments, with poor computational operations, are unable to make informed decisions about the use of scarce resources and are therefore unable to solve problems caused by government debt crises. Activities that provide a comprehensive and documented report on the performance and situation of a government are evaluated. Therefore, accountability and transparency of these reports are necessary to solve the problems caused by government debt crises.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
Financial sustainability was initially an issue that was addressed only to underdeveloped and eme... more Financial sustainability was initially an issue that was addressed only to underdeveloped and emerging economies that had fragile capital markets, rising debt, and public sector expansion and were exposed to cyclical disruptions or financial pollution. But recently, concerns about financial sustainability have also spread in developed countries. Some of them have established ongoing processes to assess their capacity to maintain their financial position for a long time. Public participation in financial sustainability can help the public sector better prepare for future needs and shape itself. The main limitation of the main methods used to assess the financial sustainability of the public sector is that the measures relate to items that are directly related to financial activities. The main point of the research is that in financial sustainability, the public sector is not just a cost less than an income. More focus is formed at the international level to gain a better understanding of the main social, environmental and economic factors of public spending and the relationships between them, rather than focusing on the current composition of that cost. In previous studies, only one dimension of financial sustainability has been considered and other dimensions have not been considered. The results of this study show that indicators of sustainability in the three areas of environmental, social and economic and their efficiency with each other and with financial sustainability have many aspects that should be considered so that governments achieve their goals in the field of financial sustainability.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
In the last three decades, a slow but steady global movement by most governments to shift from a ... more In the last three decades, a slow but steady global movement by most governments to shift from a cash to a fully accounting basis has been taking place. In Iran, too, there have been efforts in recent years to make financial statements public. It is hoped that if they are fully implemented, we can hope that our public accounting system will become responsive. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the readiness of public sector employees in the Ministry of Education to perform accrual accounting. Hypotheses were developed to achieve this goal. This research is of survey type and descriptive type, in terms of practical nature and in terms of cross-sectional time. After collecting the data and analyzing it using t-test and two-item, all sub-assumptions were accepted. According to the research results, senior management factor, individual characteristics of human resources, rules and regulations, the existence of a codified theoretical framework and education, and the culture of accountability and accountability affect the readiness of public sector employees in the Ministry of Education to perform accrual accounting.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
Measuring fair value and applying it has always been an important issue. With the publication of ... more Measuring fair value and applying it has always been an important issue. With the publication of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the issue of fair value has received more attention. In Iran, the adoption of IFRS also shows the attention to the fair value approach, so much so that the importance of this issue and its dimensions have led to the recent Iranian accounting standard (Standard 42) has been assigned to this concept. In the governmental sector, however, the issue is slightly different. In 2015, the US Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) issued "Statement No. 72," which measures and application of fair value. The Statement is designed to bring more clarity to areas of uncertainty-including direction on how to apply fair value when market values cannot be obtained and where management judgments are necessary. In this article, the most important aspects of this statement, especially the measurement, application and disclosure of fair value, will be discussed. The changes to current practice required by GASB Statement 72 aim to improve the consistency and comparability in how governments measure and apply fair value and disclose information about those measurements.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
Reporting on pension plans and measuring their dimensions has received more attention in the last... more Reporting on pension plans and measuring their dimensions has received more attention in the last decade. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) has previously issued two statements, no. 25 and 27. In this regard, there has been criticism from governments and users of government financial statements that the two statements do not fully measure and report liabilities. So they get misleading information. According to the two statements, governments were not required to report pension liabilities for which no budgets were provided in the comprehensive annual financial statements. Following this, the GASB issued Statements 67 and 68. Accordingly, state and local governments are required to report unfunded pension liabilities on their balance sheets, which provides a more complete picture of their financial health status. Of course, some researchers believe that pension plans provide optimistic estimates of budgeting due to statements 67 and 68. This and some other evidence suggest that the new guidelines also need to be amended to ensure proper measurement and budgeting in public sector pension planes.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
Governmental accounting is a subset of accounting that has received less attention than other asp... more Governmental accounting is a subset of accounting that has received less attention than other aspects of the profession. This is evident both in the number of educational units related to this course in different educational levels and in the small number of articles and dissertations that are written in this field. Many of the important trends in governmental accounting training, along with major changes to the practical guidelines, have been based on the efforts of the Board of Governmental Accounting Standards. This article mentions many governmental accounting educators, especially in the United States, who have made significant contributions to governmental accounting and auditing policies and it encourages current educators to look for ways to participate in the policy-making process. This article finally discusses the future prospects of governmental accounting education and concludes that public accounting instructors are well placed to help achieve educational advice.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
The recent global Covid 19 disease crisis is unprecedented in its kind. The crisis spread rapidly... more The recent global Covid 19 disease crisis is unprecedented in its kind. The crisis spread rapidly and affected not only financial markets but also the real economies and many countries in a short period of time through quarantine and social distancing. One of the countries that suffered a lot from this crisis is Italy, which we will focus on in this article. Computational methods for information on solutions, reassurance and conflict resolution play an important role in crisis management. Italy has used special accounting methods and bank guarantees to address government financial issues resulting from the recent global crisis. However, studies show that financial commissions and standardizers in this country still consider cash accounting to be the most targeted and legitimate body of information it has chosen to evaluate its financial performance. But the important thing is that a major reference to cash accounting, regardless of the accrual information as well as the modified accrual information, has a short-term perspective. This view downplays some effects and does not take into account long-term effects. This is exactly what researchers do not recommend. Given the countries' studies and experiences of past crises, accrual accounting seems to facilitate decisionmaking on emergency measures.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
The Governmental Accounting Standards Board sets standards for the financial reporting of local a... more The Governmental Accounting Standards Board sets standards for the financial reporting of local and state governments. These standards are a guide for governments to use it to conduct their affairs and financial reporting better and more efficiently. Given the dynamic and ever-changing environment of the public sector, as well as the new issues that are constantly emerging in public finance issues (including in pension accounting and financial reporting units in recent years), the board should continuously evaluate its standards and conduct necessary reviews. Making effective changes in this area by the above board will enable users of financial reports to make more informed decisions and governments can also be accountable to the public for their oversight of public resources; On the other hand, it will be possible to compare governments.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
Public sector accounting is the system of accounting that involves recording and maintenance of b... more Public sector accounting is the system of accounting that involves recording and maintenance of books of accounts by the government authorities on their financial performance. There are three categories of organisations normally working in any environment: public, private and non-profit concerns. Each of these organisations are working on a different motive, for instance private sector organisations run for making more profit for their long-existence, public organisations or governments work for socioeconomic sustainable development of the country, where as NGOs are for rendering the services to the society at large. If this is the reality, it is clear that the financial transactions of each of these organisations are different from each other. So it is not possible to record their transactions as per single accounting standard. Hence, it is necessary to have different accounting standards applicable to these organisations individually. Government accounts must be available to the public in a transparent manner. To ensure this, it is necessary to have standards which are applicable to public sector to account for their financial transactions. The present paper is intended to analyse the public sector accounting system at the global level and in Indian context.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
Based on the theoretical concepts of public sector financial reporting presented by the State Acc... more Based on the theoretical concepts of public sector financial reporting presented by the State Accounting Standards Development Committee of the Auditing Organization, the public sector accounting system, a set of accounting concepts, hypotheses, standards, procedures and instructions to identify, measure, record, class Classification, summarizing and reporting of financial events of reporting units. Accrual accounting in the public sector in practice, in order to achieve the cost of services, requires the use of accrual accounting basis in accordance with the provisions of Note 26 of the Law regulating part of the government's financial regulations in users of the public budget. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of how to collect data qualitatively and data collection tools by designing and publishing a questionnaire among 95 experts in the field of accrual accounting in 1400 and using two The statistical tests of "binomial test" and "T test" have been analyzed. Findings indicate that the obstacles and limitations of the establishment of accrual accounting system include the limitations of the General Accounting Law and other upstream laws, challenges in applying public sector accounting standards, problems with fixed assets, problems with requirements, inventory Commodities are the non-recording of some financial events in the accrual accounting system, the lack of specialized and experienced personnel and the structural approach in the organizational structure of the public sector.
Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting, 2021
Most public sector pension planes in different countries offer significant benefits. Long-term fo... more Most public sector pension planes in different countries offer significant benefits. Long-term forecasts show that full payment of these benefits threatens many employers' financial resources, which means that either taxes should be increased or pensions or other public expenditures should be reduced. Sustainability of pension plans and their improvement for governments requires measures such as increasing participation and adjusting the investment strategy of pension funds. Since pension funds can be considered a zero-sum game, such interventions and actions add value to the redistribution between current and future plan participants as well as current and future taxpayers. For this purpose, the "value-based asset-liability management (ALM) method" can be used to estimate the value of these transfers. In this article, we will explore this method, using some of the pension planes implemented in the United States, and examine the application of this method in modifying planes. Estimates suggest that if the value-based ALM method is used, the financial stability of the pension fund will be largely guaranteed and the deficit will be avoided. In addition, pension funds will always have extra money to pay their obligations.
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Papers by Public Sector Accounting and Budgeting حسابداری و بودجهریزی بخش عمومی psabjournal