Papers by Prof. Mukesh Sud
In 2006, four successful entrepreneurs decided to establish a world-class mega university. Initia... more In 2006, four successful entrepreneurs decided to establish a world-class mega university. Initially, the project progressed slowly until Vineet Gupta was able to locate a small plot of land in Sonipat, Haryana. Forty-eight hours before the payment deadline, Ashish Dhawan and Sanjeev Bikchandani agreed to invest in their personal capital to kick start the project. They however suggested a pivot in favour of a smaller private liberal arts college. Meanwhile, Pramath Sinha, with prior experience in establishing the Indian School of Business launched a pilot through the Young India Fellowship (YIF). Dhawan and Bikchandani, through their extensive entrepreneurial networks, raised scholarships for the first two batches of the fellowship in the hope of attracting other donors to the board and getting a buy-in for Ashoka University. The team faced a number of challenges: managing the new model of collective philanthropy, recruiting faculty and finding jobs for the first undergraduate batch. At Ashoka University's first graduation ceremony in 2017 they wondered whether this model could revolutionise the higher education space like the IITs and IIMs had done for the country.
Journal of Business Ethics, Feb 1, 2011
The authors argue that a free market paradigm facilitates wealth creation but does little to dist... more The authors argue that a free market paradigm facilitates wealth creation but does little to distribute that wealth in a just manner. In order to achieve a social goal of distributive justice, the concept of a fair market is introduced and explored. The authors then examine three drivers that can help improve the lives of all people, especially the poor: civil society, its institutions, and business. After exploring the roles these drivers might play in developing fair markets, we describe three enablers that serve as catalysts for change, including the effects of globalization, the impact of technology, and the emergence of entrepreneurial activity. We conclude by making recommendations for establishing fair markets, and provide exemplars of two firms that embody the arguments made in the paper.
Journal of Business Ethics, Jan 13, 2012
Journal of Business Ethics, Sep 30, 2008
conferences. Dr. Baugous's research and consulting interests include the design, evaluation, and ... more conferences. Dr. Baugous's research and consulting interests include the design, evaluation, and implementation of employee selection and performance management systems.
Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 2009
Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, Apr 12, 2016
INTRODUCTIONEntrepreneurship has been widely recognized as an engine of economic growth (van Stel... more INTRODUCTIONEntrepreneurship has been widely recognized as an engine of economic growth (van Stel, Carree, & Thurik, 2005; Wong, Ho, & Autio, 2005). Widely cited definitions of entrepreneurship include the discovery, evaluation and exploitation of opportunities (Venkataraman, 1997) and as the process by which individuals pursue opportunities without regard to resources currently under control (Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990). It is only more recently that another variation of entrepreneurship has emerged- that of individuals who seek entrepreneurship due to a paucity of other options to earn a living. This facet of entrepreneurial behaviour emerged from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) investigation that revealed high entrepreneurship rates in low-income countries. Since then, multiple studies have explored the characteristics of necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship in both high and low-income countries (Bergmann & Sternberg, 2007; Block, Sandner, & Spiegel, 2015; Block & Wagner, 2010; Brunjes & Diez, 2013; Naude, Gries, Wood, & Meintjies, 2008). However, the characteristics of these forms of entrepreneurship in middle-income countries, specifically in terms of individual-level antecedents, is noticeably absent in the extant literature.In an attempt to explore and fill this research gap, we have investigated the individual level antecedents of necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship in India and China. These middle-income nations are two of the most rapidly growing large economies worldwide (World Bank, 2015a, 2015b). Hence the role of entrepreneurship in these contexts needs to be understood across each nation's phase of development. This, in tum, will enable both more nuanced theory development as well as enhanced policy making. A brief overview of the institutional context in these nations, and how entrepreneurship has evolved, is elaborated in the next section.IndiaThe post-independence phase (1947-1990) in India has been described as the 'license-raj' (Majumdar, 2004). It was marked by strict government controls on all aspects of manufacturing. During this period the industrial development paradigm envisaged the government as the prime force behind setting up and running core capital-intensive infrastructure industries while encouraging the private sector into relatively smaller scale labor intensive manufacturing (Majumdar, 2004). In the 1980's the government, in a significant departure from the earlier socialistic orientation, began introducing key economic reforms. For the first time the need for competition was realized, there was acceptance of the key role that market forces could play accompanied by an underlying emphasis on entrepreneurship both at the corporate and individual level. This was an era of the 'hidden hand', wherein profit generation, using firm capabilities, was the dominant paradigm (Marathe, 1989). In 1991 an acute foreign exchange crisis led to the opening of markets and the growth of the private sector, which in turn contributed to the national economy. Over the past two and a half decades this liberalized policy direction has continued with some modifications and course corrections. This has in part been a result of the country's decentralized system of governance where in states and the center are often ruled by parties with vastly differing political orientation.During this period small scale industry (SSI) has continued to play a vital role in the Indian economy. By 2004, SSI's accounted for 40% of gross value (as measured by manufacturing sector output) and 34% of total exports while continuing to provide the highest employment after agriculture (De & Nagaraj, 2014). The post-1991 phase also witnessed the emergence of a new class of information technology (IT) entrepreneurs. This included firms like Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Wipro and Cognizant Technology Solutions (CTS). Over the past decade, observing the success of the IT sector, progressive policies have been implemented with government confining itself to a facilitating role. …
Journal of Management & Organization, May 1, 2022
In a Schumpeterian economic model, dynamic capabilities (DC) help entrepreneurial firms create co... more In a Schumpeterian economic model, dynamic capabilities (DC) help entrepreneurial firms create competitive advantages. However, advancing the construct of DC in entrepreneurship is hampered by the incompatibility of some key assumptions in entrepreneurial ventures. In this paper, we propose that dynamic managerial capabilities (DMC), which builds upon the DC perspective by drawing attention to the role of managers, is a better alternative in analyzing entrepreneurship research. We find support for our ideas in a systematic analysis of extant research. Our review highlights the evolution of DMC literature in entrepreneurship and traces its dominant intellectual structures. In concurrent analysis, we highlight the limitations of utilizing DC. Additionally, we shed new light on the emergence of organizational capabilities, and present new avenues for future research.
The qualitative report, Feb 7, 2023
Patient-centric digital infrastructure can potentially enhance the efficiency of healthcare syste... more Patient-centric digital infrastructure can potentially enhance the efficiency of healthcare systems. However, even in developed nations, evidence suggests low adoption rates for such infrastructure and lack of support from clinicians is considered as one of the most critical hindering factors. In this study, we examine physicians' perceptions of the proposed large-scale information technology initiative in India that aims to transform the health sector and provide universal health coverage to all residents of India. We employed the information ecology lens to understand the broader changes in the healthcare system that could result from the initiative. We use focus group discussion and in-depth interviews to comprehend the perceptions of doctors about the initiative. Drawing upon Foucault's conceptualization of power, we find that physicians, the key stakeholders in this initiative, are skeptical about the changes in the locus of power in the new ecosystem. Specifically, they perceive that knowledge power has shifted from a historical "expert knowledge power" to power related to "data management." The physicians believe that changes are expected to manifest through monitoring, controlling, and managing the data rather than providing knowledge-based services. We present recommendations to engage physicians' perspectives in implementing large-scale patient-centric digital infrastructure.
Social Science Research Network, 2006
This study focuses on firms from emerging economies competing in global markets. Such internation... more This study focuses on firms from emerging economies competing in global markets. Such internationalization initiatives are intensely risky because of ("ertain characteristics specific to emerging nations such as resource scarcity. Drawing inferences from our case based research on two firms from the Indian pharmaceutical industry, we propose that firms need to exhibit entrepreneurial behaviour in order to grapple with the risks that they confront while entering and competing in highly advanced global markets. Specifically, firms were found to adopt a strategy of 'fund as you go' to overcome resource constraints over and above the model of 'learn as you go', as suggested by incremental models of internationalization. Case analysis, however, reveals that entrepreneurial behaviour must be complemented by strategic behaviour. Strategic entrepreneurship, i.e., an integration of entrepreneurial and strategic behaviour was found to create sustainable competitive positions in advanced international markets. Propositions are developed pertaining to internationalization efforts of firms from emerging markets that contributes to theory building on this relatively unexplored domain of international business.
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2019
Patient-centric digital infrastructure can potentially enhance the efficiency of the healthcare s... more Patient-centric digital infrastructure can potentially enhance the efficiency of the healthcare systems. Even in developed nations evidence suggests low adoption rates for such infrastructure. The Indian government, piggybacking off biometric identity, is setting up digital infrastructure to enable the provision of universal healthcare. Invoking an information ecology perspective, we investigate the physician's perception to this initiative. We find that, equipped with a unique patient identifier and stakeholders' registry, this initiative is perceived to be a game changer and could significantly impact the power dynamics in the healthcare sector. Physicians, who are the key stakeholders in this initiative, are skeptical about the change in the locus of the power, with power residing in 'data' rather than 'professional expertise'. The changes are expected to manifest through monitoring, controlling and managing the data rather than the provision of knowledge-based services. We present recommendations for the design and implementation of this large-scale patient-centric digital infrastructure.
Journal of Business Ethics, Sep 24, 2014
This document will continue to evolve as the IR expands. Additional guidelines will be drafted, a... more This document will continue to evolve as the IR expands. Additional guidelines will be drafted, as needed, over the coming months.
In 2006, four successful entrepreneurs decided to establish a world-class mega university. Initia... more In 2006, four successful entrepreneurs decided to establish a world-class mega university. Initially, the project progressed slowly until Vineet Gupta was able to locate a small plot of land in Sonipat, Haryana. Forty-eight hours before the payment deadline, Ashish Dhawan and Sanjeev Bikchandani agreed to invest in their personal capital to kick start the project. They however suggested a pivot in favour of a smaller private liberal arts college. Meanwhile, Pramath Sinha, with prior experience in establishing the Indian School of Business launched a pilot through the Young India Fellowship (YIF). Dhawan and Bikchandani, through their extensive entrepreneurial networks, raised scholarships for the first two batches of the fellowship in the hope of attracting other donors to the board and getting a buy-in for Ashoka University. The team faced a number of challenges: managing the new model of collective philanthropy, recruiting faculty and finding jobs for the first undergraduate batch. At Ashoka University's first graduation ceremony in 2017 they wondered whether this model could revolutionise the higher education space like the IITs and IIMs had done for the country.
The Qualitative Report
Patient-centric digital infrastructure can potentially enhance the efficiency of healthcare syste... more Patient-centric digital infrastructure can potentially enhance the efficiency of healthcare systems. However, even in developed nations, evidence suggests low adoption rates for such infrastructure and lack of support from clinicians is considered as one of the most critical hindering factors. In this study, we examine physicians' perceptions of the proposed large-scale information technology initiative in India that aims to transform the health sector and provide universal health coverage to all residents of India. We employed the information ecology lens to understand the broader changes in the healthcare system that could result from the initiative. We use focus group discussion and in-depth interviews to comprehend the perceptions of doctors about the initiative. Drawing upon Foucault’s conceptualization of power, we find that physicians, the key stakeholders in this initiative, are skeptical about the changes in the locus of power in the new ecosystem. Specifically, they pe...
Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 2016
INTRODUCTIONEntrepreneurship has been widely recognized as an engine of economic growth (van Stel... more INTRODUCTIONEntrepreneurship has been widely recognized as an engine of economic growth (van Stel, Carree, & Thurik, 2005; Wong, Ho, & Autio, 2005). Widely cited definitions of entrepreneurship include the discovery, evaluation and exploitation of opportunities (Venkataraman, 1997) and as the process by which individuals pursue opportunities without regard to resources currently under control (Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990). It is only more recently that another variation of entrepreneurship has emerged- that of individuals who seek entrepreneurship due to a paucity of other options to earn a living. This facet of entrepreneurial behaviour emerged from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) investigation that revealed high entrepreneurship rates in low-income countries. Since then, multiple studies have explored the characteristics of necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship in both high and low-income countries (Bergmann & Sternberg, 2007; Block, Sandner, & Spiegel, 2015; Block & ...
Journal of Management Policy and Practice, Nov 27, 2019
Presuming that American Multinational Enterprises (AMNEs) prefer to be viewed as legitimate, soci... more Presuming that American Multinational Enterprises (AMNEs) prefer to be viewed as legitimate, socially responsible firms in their host countries, we seek to provide answers to the question of how they can best determine ethical standards when faced with multiple, frequently conflicting operating environments? After exploring many of the reasons why identifying and understanding hosts' moral matrices is extremely confounding, the authors review prior and existing efforts to bridge them and suggest specific steps that AMNEs can employ to better accommodate their ethics to the vastly different cultures in which they operate.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2006
This study focuses on firms from emerging economies competing in global markets. Such internation... more This study focuses on firms from emerging economies competing in global markets. Such internationalization initiatives are intensely risky because of ("ertain characteristics specific to emerging nations such as resource scarcity. Drawing inferences from our case based research on two firms from the Indian pharmaceutical industry, we propose that firms need to exhibit entrepreneurial behaviour in order to grapple with the risks that they confront while entering and competing in highly advanced global markets. Specifically, firms were found to adopt a strategy of 'fund as you go' to overcome resource constraints over and above the model of 'learn as you go', as suggested by incremental models of internationalization. Case analysis, however, reveals that entrepreneurial behaviour must be complemented by strategic behaviour. Strategic entrepreneurship, i.e., an integration of entrepreneurial and strategic behaviour was found to create sustainable competitive positions in advanced international markets. Propositions are developed pertaining to internationalization efforts of firms from emerging markets that contributes to theory building on this relatively unexplored domain of international business.
Journal of Business Ethics, 2009
As capitalist economies have shifted their primary focus from providing goods and services for al... more As capitalist economies have shifted their primary focus from providing goods and services for all, to concentrating wealth at the top echelons of societies, social entrepreneurs have been one source of recapturing the original intent of capitalism. Social entrepreneurs have combined the efficiency and effectiveness of business organizations with the social concerns of many non-profit and governmental agencies. As a result, social entrepreneurship is viewed as having significant potential for alleviating many of the social ills we now face. To accomplish this mission, however, will require expansion of social enterprises beyond their current footprints. We explore alternate methods of expansion, scaling and replication, and then examine potential catalysts which can enable social entrepreneurs to attain their goals of social improvement. The catalysts we identify are effectual logic, enhanced legitimacy through appropriate reporting metrics, and information technology. We conclude with two brief case studies that exemplify how these catalysts are currently working to enhance the effectiveness of social start-ups.
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Papers by Prof. Mukesh Sud