This paper analyses the meaning of "local ownership in aid projects", the current vogue in aid pr... more This paper analyses the meaning of "local ownership in aid projects", the current vogue in aid practice for improving project results. Ownership by an organization is understood as a metaphor in a behavioural sense when compared to ownership by individuals. Aid involves intercultural relations and aspects of inequality between organizations and individuals. The paper pursues three main lines of inquiry: firstly into the fundamental understanding of individual concepts of cognitive and emotional facilities involved in inter-cultural understanding and exchanges; secondly into the possibility to translate concepts appropriate to individual human beings into useful organizational concepts; and thirdly into the relation between individuals and organizations. Four different perspectives of aid are discussed in relation to local ownership: ethical, bureaucratic, incentives, rational expectations. The outcome of the paper is a critical reflection on different perspectives on local ownership and a comparison between them in terms of complementarities and conflicts. Different notions of ownership relate to these perspectives. While focussing on aid projects, elements of the analysis can be useful for aid programmes and processes of policy formulation. Finally, the paper proposes to replace the notion of "ownership" by "autonomy". 1 INTRODUCTION1 This paper will critically analyse the notion of "ownership in aid projects". The concept of ownership of a project or policy by an organization can be loosely understood as to capture the degree of responsibility that the organization has and shows for the design, the planning and implementation of the project or policy and for sustaining the results. While not altogether new, the current concern with ownership, participation and partnership must be understood in the context of a number of global developments, including a shift away from government guided development towards market forces, privatization, the 1 This paper is partially informed by a study carried out "on ownership in aid projects" in seven different countries (Guimarães, Apthorpe, and Valk 2002). This study consists of a main report and six accompanying country studies (which include descriptions of the case study projects). Valk (2005) provides a summary of these studies. This work was the starting point for further reflection, also (more indirectly) drawing on personal experiences as aid worker in Zambia and as development policy consultant to various governments in Africa and Asia. I have greatly benefited from the interaction with Raymond Apthorpe and João Guimarães during our joint work on ownership in aid projects (see Guimarães, Apthorpe, and Valk 2002). Kristin Komives and George Lengkeek were so kind to comment on earlier drafts. Four anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments, which led to substantial changes.
... London SW1P 3JR. Contact: Kevin JACKSON. ... Related AGRIS Results: -, International wheat br... more ... London SW1P 3JR. Contact: Kevin JACKSON. ... Related AGRIS Results: -, International wheat breeding research in Eastern and Southern Africa, 1966-97 by Heisey, PW; Lantican, MA (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, Mexico, DF (Mexico)) (2000) in English. ...
Public administration and development, Oct 1, 1986
At the heart of a misleading conceptualisation of policy practice is what we refer to as the 'com... more At the heart of a misleading conceptualisation of policy practice is what we refer to as the 'common-sense', 'mainstream' or 'linear' model of public policy. This model represents public policy as a dichotomous linear process, of two distinct but sequential phases. The process begins with a decision or a sequence of activities which culminate in a decision. The decision also constitutes a 'policy'. Then there is a break. On the other side of the divide is 'policy implementation'. .. the unthinking acceptance of the mainstream model in policy analysis has. .. important and dangeous consequences (Clay and Schaffer, 1985, p. 3) .
International Journal of African Historical Studies, 1999
Introduction - Micro- and Macro-theoretical explanations of Industrial Performance - The Textile ... more Introduction - Micro- and Macro-theoretical explanations of Industrial Performance - The Textile Sector in International Perspective - Policy and Performance: The Textile Sector of Selected Countries - Tanzanian Economy and State - Performance of the Textile Sector in Tanzania - Macro-, Meso-, and Micro-Factors Affecting Performance - Performance Analysis of Textile Firms in Tanzania - Conclusions - Appendix - References - Index
The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and re... more The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and research in development studies. Postgraduate teaching programmes range from six-week diploma courses to the PhD programme. Research at ISS is fundamental in the sense of laying a scientific basis for the formulation of appropriate development policies. The academic work of ISS is disseminated in the form of books, journal articles, teaching texts, monographs and working papers. The Working Paper series provides a forum for work in progress which seeks to elicit comments and generate discussion. The series includes the research of staff, PhD participants and visiting fellows, and outstanding research papers by graduate students.
The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and re... more The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and research in development studies. Postgraduate teaching programmes range from six-week diploma courses to the PhD programme. Research at ISS is fundamental in the sense of laying a scientific basis for the formulation of appropriate development policies. The academic work of ISS is disseminated in the form of books, journal articles, teaching texts, monographs and working papers. The Working Paper series provides a forum for work in progress which seeks to elicit comments and generate discussion. The series includes the research of staff, PhD participants and visiting fellows, and outstanding research papers by graduate students.
Mass uprisings led by United Democratic Front Apartheid govemment declared a state of emergency F... more Mass uprisings led by United Democratic Front Apartheid govemment declared a state of emergency Foreign commercial banks refuse to roll over short-temn loans Government declared a debt moratorium as response Business leaders undertake meetings with ANC in exile and major industrialist signed a document calling for the end of apartheid. De Kock Commission: lifting credit and interest rates ceilings Secret talks between Mandela and apartheid government IMF loan due Second state of emergency declared Deregulation of banking Late Apartheid Economic Depression Un banning of liberation organisations and release of Mandela Government of national unity Democratic South Africa Reserve Bank's independence enshrined in the constitution Opening up of the financial system to foreign participation Reconstruction and Development Programme Capital account liberalised Lifting of the financial Rand Deregulation of currency controls Massive Influx of portfolio investment Financial Turbulence/Currency crash (Feb-March) Mbeki becomes deputy president Growth Employment and Redistribution macroeconomic programme Black Economic Empowerment Policy Adoption of informal inflation target range of 1 %-5% Financial Turbulence/Currency crash (June-July) Major SA corporations allowed to delisted from JSE and move to LSE Mbeki comes into office as president Mboweni the First ANC elected official as Governor of the Reserve Bank Corporate Tax cut to 30% from 48% in 1994 Adoption of a fomnal inflation targeting approach Currency swing (RlUS$ from 6 to 13.85 in the trough back to 6.6 currently) Financial Turbulence/Currency Crash (December) Adoption of Financial Sector Charter Financial Sector Commitment to development of BEE One of the worlds most financially integrated countries but slowest growing economies' 10 Years of Democracy Financial Sector targets to be applied until 2014 Public Investment Commission corporatised Calls by the Governor of the Reserve Bank for a "competitive" Rand and the doing away of all forex controls
Nepal continues to be a predominantly agricultural economy with around three fourth of its workfo... more Nepal continues to be a predominantly agricultural economy with around three fourth of its workforce employed in the agricultural sector. The manufacturing sector employed just 6.6 per cent of the total workforce (NLFS 2008). The contribution of manufacturing to total GDP was a minimal 6 per cent in 2010. However, expansion in the manufacturing sector, both in terms of size and productivity, can aid Nepal in alleviating poverty, generating gainful employment and accelerating economic prosperity as it has done in the other newly developing countries. This is because the manufacturing sector offers - in comparison to agriculture - greater opportunities for: technological progress output growth, productivity and capital accumulation transfer of surplus resources, if any, from agriculture to manufacturing economies of scale, and positive spillover effects To capitalize on these opportunities, Nepal needs to put in place appropriate policies and strategies. However, the development of the policies and strategies cannot take place in an information vacuum. They call for access to reliable and timely information on manufacturing establishments. One way of generating the required information is conducting the census of manufacturing establishments (CMEs). The CME does not only benefit policymakers and planners but also entrepreneurs, academicians and other non-government organisations and civil societies. This monograph provides an overview of the manufacturing sector of Nepal using census data from 1996/97 to 2011/12. This moves beyond mere presentation of the census results towards a more insightful analysis. It presents and analyses the performance of the manufacturing sector and its social, environmental, and regional impact. Comparisons are also made with select Asian countries to put Nepal’s current situation into perspective. This report has five chapters. Chapter One describes the layout of this report. Chapter Two describes Nepal’s manufacturing policy in a historical context. Chapter Three presents the performance of the manufacturing sector, including the development of the manufacturing sector as part of the economy (Section 3.1), its structure and structural change (Section 3.2), the productivity of the sector and its subsectors (Section 3.3), and its competitiveness in terms of the manufacturing sub-sectors and the international competitive position of Nepal (Section 3.4). This last section also uses important business indicators to compare Nepal to other countries in Asia. Chapter Four discusses the impact of the manufacturing sector. Section 4.1 highlights the social impact of the manufacturing sector in terms of social inclusiveness. Social Inclusiveness covers gender-disaggregated manufacturing employment, the wage gap ratio over the years and regional disparity. Section 4.2 reviews the environmental footprint. The environmental footprint section covers issues such as material intensity, energy intensity, waste management and disposal as well as the expenditure on environment related activities. Chapter Five provides the conclusions and policy-relevant recommendations
This paper analyses the meaning of "local ownership in aid projects", the current vogue in aid pr... more This paper analyses the meaning of "local ownership in aid projects", the current vogue in aid practice for improving project results. Ownership by an organization is understood as a metaphor in a behavioural sense when compared to ownership by individuals. Aid involves intercultural relations and aspects of inequality between organizations and individuals. The paper pursues three main lines of inquiry: firstly into the fundamental understanding of individual concepts of cognitive and emotional facilities involved in inter-cultural understanding and exchanges; secondly into the possibility to translate concepts appropriate to individual human beings into useful organizational concepts; and thirdly into the relation between individuals and organizations. Four different perspectives of aid are discussed in relation to local ownership: ethical, bureaucratic, incentives, rational expectations. The outcome of the paper is a critical reflection on different perspectives on local ownership and a comparison between them in terms of complementarities and conflicts. Different notions of ownership relate to these perspectives. While focussing on aid projects, elements of the analysis can be useful for aid programmes and processes of policy formulation. Finally, the paper proposes to replace the notion of "ownership" by "autonomy". 1 INTRODUCTION1 This paper will critically analyse the notion of "ownership in aid projects". The concept of ownership of a project or policy by an organization can be loosely understood as to capture the degree of responsibility that the organization has and shows for the design, the planning and implementation of the project or policy and for sustaining the results. While not altogether new, the current concern with ownership, participation and partnership must be understood in the context of a number of global developments, including a shift away from government guided development towards market forces, privatization, the 1 This paper is partially informed by a study carried out "on ownership in aid projects" in seven different countries (Guimarães, Apthorpe, and Valk 2002). This study consists of a main report and six accompanying country studies (which include descriptions of the case study projects). Valk (2005) provides a summary of these studies. This work was the starting point for further reflection, also (more indirectly) drawing on personal experiences as aid worker in Zambia and as development policy consultant to various governments in Africa and Asia. I have greatly benefited from the interaction with Raymond Apthorpe and João Guimarães during our joint work on ownership in aid projects (see Guimarães, Apthorpe, and Valk 2002). Kristin Komives and George Lengkeek were so kind to comment on earlier drafts. Four anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments, which led to substantial changes.
... London SW1P 3JR. Contact: Kevin JACKSON. ... Related AGRIS Results: -, International wheat br... more ... London SW1P 3JR. Contact: Kevin JACKSON. ... Related AGRIS Results: -, International wheat breeding research in Eastern and Southern Africa, 1966-97 by Heisey, PW; Lantican, MA (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, Mexico, DF (Mexico)) (2000) in English. ...
Public administration and development, Oct 1, 1986
At the heart of a misleading conceptualisation of policy practice is what we refer to as the 'com... more At the heart of a misleading conceptualisation of policy practice is what we refer to as the 'common-sense', 'mainstream' or 'linear' model of public policy. This model represents public policy as a dichotomous linear process, of two distinct but sequential phases. The process begins with a decision or a sequence of activities which culminate in a decision. The decision also constitutes a 'policy'. Then there is a break. On the other side of the divide is 'policy implementation'. .. the unthinking acceptance of the mainstream model in policy analysis has. .. important and dangeous consequences (Clay and Schaffer, 1985, p. 3) .
International Journal of African Historical Studies, 1999
Introduction - Micro- and Macro-theoretical explanations of Industrial Performance - The Textile ... more Introduction - Micro- and Macro-theoretical explanations of Industrial Performance - The Textile Sector in International Perspective - Policy and Performance: The Textile Sector of Selected Countries - Tanzanian Economy and State - Performance of the Textile Sector in Tanzania - Macro-, Meso-, and Micro-Factors Affecting Performance - Performance Analysis of Textile Firms in Tanzania - Conclusions - Appendix - References - Index
The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and re... more The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and research in development studies. Postgraduate teaching programmes range from six-week diploma courses to the PhD programme. Research at ISS is fundamental in the sense of laying a scientific basis for the formulation of appropriate development policies. The academic work of ISS is disseminated in the form of books, journal articles, teaching texts, monographs and working papers. The Working Paper series provides a forum for work in progress which seeks to elicit comments and generate discussion. The series includes the research of staff, PhD participants and visiting fellows, and outstanding research papers by graduate students.
The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and re... more The Institute of Social Studies is Europe's longest-established centre of higher education and research in development studies. Postgraduate teaching programmes range from six-week diploma courses to the PhD programme. Research at ISS is fundamental in the sense of laying a scientific basis for the formulation of appropriate development policies. The academic work of ISS is disseminated in the form of books, journal articles, teaching texts, monographs and working papers. The Working Paper series provides a forum for work in progress which seeks to elicit comments and generate discussion. The series includes the research of staff, PhD participants and visiting fellows, and outstanding research papers by graduate students.
Mass uprisings led by United Democratic Front Apartheid govemment declared a state of emergency F... more Mass uprisings led by United Democratic Front Apartheid govemment declared a state of emergency Foreign commercial banks refuse to roll over short-temn loans Government declared a debt moratorium as response Business leaders undertake meetings with ANC in exile and major industrialist signed a document calling for the end of apartheid. De Kock Commission: lifting credit and interest rates ceilings Secret talks between Mandela and apartheid government IMF loan due Second state of emergency declared Deregulation of banking Late Apartheid Economic Depression Un banning of liberation organisations and release of Mandela Government of national unity Democratic South Africa Reserve Bank's independence enshrined in the constitution Opening up of the financial system to foreign participation Reconstruction and Development Programme Capital account liberalised Lifting of the financial Rand Deregulation of currency controls Massive Influx of portfolio investment Financial Turbulence/Currency crash (Feb-March) Mbeki becomes deputy president Growth Employment and Redistribution macroeconomic programme Black Economic Empowerment Policy Adoption of informal inflation target range of 1 %-5% Financial Turbulence/Currency crash (June-July) Major SA corporations allowed to delisted from JSE and move to LSE Mbeki comes into office as president Mboweni the First ANC elected official as Governor of the Reserve Bank Corporate Tax cut to 30% from 48% in 1994 Adoption of a fomnal inflation targeting approach Currency swing (RlUS$ from 6 to 13.85 in the trough back to 6.6 currently) Financial Turbulence/Currency Crash (December) Adoption of Financial Sector Charter Financial Sector Commitment to development of BEE One of the worlds most financially integrated countries but slowest growing economies' 10 Years of Democracy Financial Sector targets to be applied until 2014 Public Investment Commission corporatised Calls by the Governor of the Reserve Bank for a "competitive" Rand and the doing away of all forex controls
Nepal continues to be a predominantly agricultural economy with around three fourth of its workfo... more Nepal continues to be a predominantly agricultural economy with around three fourth of its workforce employed in the agricultural sector. The manufacturing sector employed just 6.6 per cent of the total workforce (NLFS 2008). The contribution of manufacturing to total GDP was a minimal 6 per cent in 2010. However, expansion in the manufacturing sector, both in terms of size and productivity, can aid Nepal in alleviating poverty, generating gainful employment and accelerating economic prosperity as it has done in the other newly developing countries. This is because the manufacturing sector offers - in comparison to agriculture - greater opportunities for: technological progress output growth, productivity and capital accumulation transfer of surplus resources, if any, from agriculture to manufacturing economies of scale, and positive spillover effects To capitalize on these opportunities, Nepal needs to put in place appropriate policies and strategies. However, the development of the policies and strategies cannot take place in an information vacuum. They call for access to reliable and timely information on manufacturing establishments. One way of generating the required information is conducting the census of manufacturing establishments (CMEs). The CME does not only benefit policymakers and planners but also entrepreneurs, academicians and other non-government organisations and civil societies. This monograph provides an overview of the manufacturing sector of Nepal using census data from 1996/97 to 2011/12. This moves beyond mere presentation of the census results towards a more insightful analysis. It presents and analyses the performance of the manufacturing sector and its social, environmental, and regional impact. Comparisons are also made with select Asian countries to put Nepal’s current situation into perspective. This report has five chapters. Chapter One describes the layout of this report. Chapter Two describes Nepal’s manufacturing policy in a historical context. Chapter Three presents the performance of the manufacturing sector, including the development of the manufacturing sector as part of the economy (Section 3.1), its structure and structural change (Section 3.2), the productivity of the sector and its subsectors (Section 3.3), and its competitiveness in terms of the manufacturing sub-sectors and the international competitive position of Nepal (Section 3.4). This last section also uses important business indicators to compare Nepal to other countries in Asia. Chapter Four discusses the impact of the manufacturing sector. Section 4.1 highlights the social impact of the manufacturing sector in terms of social inclusiveness. Social Inclusiveness covers gender-disaggregated manufacturing employment, the wage gap ratio over the years and regional disparity. Section 4.2 reviews the environmental footprint. The environmental footprint section covers issues such as material intensity, energy intensity, waste management and disposal as well as the expenditure on environment related activities. Chapter Five provides the conclusions and policy-relevant recommendations
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Papers by Peter de Valk