Peter Kos

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Scientist, engineer, inventor and philosopher.

With my 40 years of R&D experience and the life-long interest in philosophy, in my retirement, I am reviewing the 20th century scientific theories and the philosophical advances to integrate them into a modern philosophical view.

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Andrej Dujella

University of Zagreb

Hemin Koyi

Uppsala University

Jana Javornik

University of East London

Graham Martin

University of Leicester

Gwen Robbins Schug

University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Gabriel Gutierrez-Alonso

University of Salamanca

John Sutton

Macquarie University

Eros Carvalho

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Kevin Arbuckle

Swansea University

Jesper Hoffmeyer

University of Copenhagen

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Papers by Peter Kos

Closure to “Transport Phenomena Applied to Sludge Dewatering”

Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Aug 1, 1977

Transport Phenomena Applied to Sludge Dewatering

Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Jun 1, 1975

Sludge dewatering is examined and treated as a flow of liquid (filtrate) through a nonrigid (defo... more

Microbiology and Biochemistry of the Nitrogen Cycle Process Applications: SHARON®, ANAMMOX, and, InNitri®

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2007

Gravity Thickening of Water Treatment Plant Sludges

Journal American Water Works Association, May 1, 1977

Research concerning the behavior of sludges during the gravity thickening process is described in... more Research concerning the behavior of sludges during the gravity thickening process is described in this article. There is at present an urgent need for dealing with waste sludges from water-treatment plants in a manner that will not he deleterious to the environment. In order to meet this need, more research in the area of sludge handling and disposal will he necessary. Although various sludge-processing techniques have heen developed for use in wastewater treatment, these are not widely used in the water-treatment field. In particular, sludge con centration hy gravity thickening prior to dewatering may he of practical importance in handling sludges from water-treatment plants.

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Predicting reactor biomass concentration in a fluidized-bed system

J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.; (United States), Nov 1, 1981

For a given set of operating conditions, an analysis of the fluidization mechanics within the rea... more

Continuous Gravity Thickening of Sludges

Elsevier eBooks, 1978

Pilot Scale Tests of a Unique Approach for BNR Upgrade of a Short SRT High Purity Oxygen System at Pima County, Az

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2004

The Ina Road Water Pollution Control Facility (WPCF) is a major wastewater treatment facility of ... more

Short SRT (solids retention time) nitrification process/flowsheet

Water Science and Technology, Jul 1, 1998

The short SRT nitrification processlflowsheet was developed to provide an inexpensive alternative... more The short SRT nitrification processlflowsheet was developed to provide an inexpensive alternative for plants in the northern climates which need to upgrade their activated sludge process for year-round nitrification or nitrogen removal. In this processlflowsheet supplemental nitrifiers are added daily to the activated sludge process to replenish nitrifiers removed with the wasted activated sludge. The supplemental nitrifiers are grown in a separate small side-stream aeration tank using ammonia available in the digested sludge dewatering liquid or in the digester supernatant. Paper presents description of this flowsheet, the theoretical background and results of modeling. Modeling of this processlflowsheet showed that the addition of the supplemental nitrifiers allows the main stream activated sludge process to nitrify during low winter temperatures at very low SRT values. For example an SRT of 7 to 10 days at IO"C is required. instead of 13 to Ig days for conventional nitrification. Thus this processlflowsheet can provide nitrification in a substantially smaller aeration tank than required for the conventional nitrification.

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Toward a more meaningful index of sludge quality

Settleability From an operational standpoint, settle ability should correlate in some way to how ... more

Nitrification of High-Ammonia Reject Water (Centrate) for Improved Efficiency in the Main-Stream Treatment Train

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2000

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On the meaning of Einstein's relativity—Scientific review of and philosophical reflection on Einstein's theory of special relativity

Physics Essays, 2014

An extensive review of Einstein&#39;s theory of special relativity and his writings from toda... more An extensive review of Einstein&#39;s theory of special relativity and his writings from today&#39;s scientific and philosophical perspectives found that at the turn of the 20th century, the scientific and philosophical views were not sufficiently developed to understand the problems that physicists faced and that Einstein tried to solve with his theory. Regardless how brilliant a scientist he was, in his pursuit, Einstein was guided by incorrect philosophical views; views prevalent at that time. These views misled him into an incorrect method and unrealistic theory with circular definitions, inconsistencies in the explanations and principles that contradict those developed from the empirical evidence. In particular, this study found that neither Einstein nor Poincaré expressed sufficiently the &quot; inertial frames of reference &quot; (coordinate systems) in their respective relativity principles. They expressed them in terms of the uniform movement of translation instead of absence of external forces. Because of that they both overlooked that fields generated in one frame of reference cause forces at a distance in the other frames of reference turning them into noninertial ones. Thus, their respective principles of relativity cannot be valid for field-based processes when field is generated outside of the frame of reference. Einstein&#39;s use of his relativity principle for conditions when it cannot be valid, in combination with an incorrect idealistic ontological view of the term &quot; Law of Nature &quot; and insufficient rationalistic understanding of the term &quot; time, &quot; misled him into an incorrect method of developing his theory and to incorrect inferences of the other principles and concepts of this theory. Thus, the foundations of Einstein&#39;s theory of special relativity, his two postulates (principle of relativity and the invariance of velocity of light) as well as the relativity of simultaneity cannot be any longer justified. With that, Einstein&#39;s attempt to unify light and electro-magnetism with mechanics, his concept of light, space, time and the whole theory of relativity with its other consequences cannot correctly represent the realities of the physical world. Apart from the philosophical, conceptual and logical problems of this theory, the invariance of velocity of light is in serious need for the experimental verification or refutation. Although the technology of Einstein&#39;s time was insufficient to carry out such test, it is technologically feasible to do so today. Therefore, it is recommended, and it should be of the utmost importance, for physicists to carry out such a test today. V C 2014 Physics Essays Publication. [http://dx. Résumé: Un examen approfondi de la théorie de la relativité restreinte d&#39;Einstein et de ses e ´crits, réalisé au travers des connaissances scientifiques et philosophiques actuelles, montre qu&#39;a ` l&#39;orée du 20 ième siècle, les visions scientifiques et philosophiques n&#39;e ´taient pas suffisamment développées pour comprendre les problèmes auxquels les physiciens faisaient face alors quand Einstein essayait de les résoudre avec sa théorie. Quand bien même il fut un brillant scientifique, Einstein e ´tait guidé par une approche philosophique incorrecte, approche qui e ´tait courante a ` l&#39;e ´poque. L&#39;environnement philosophique d&#39;alors l&#39;a amené a ` développer une méthode incorrecte et une théorie irréaliste basée sur des assertions, des explications inconsistantes et des principes qui contredisent ceux développés a ` partir de l&#39;e ´vidence empirique. Cette e ´tude montre, en particulier que ni Albert Einstein ni Henri Poincaré n&#39;ont suffisamment approfondi les &quot; référentiels inertiels &quot; dans leurs respectifs principes de la relativité. Ils les ont définis par le mouvement de translation uniforme au lieu de les définir par l&#39;absence de forces extérieures. Pour cette raison, ils ont tous les deux négligé le fait que des champs générés dans un cadre de référence provoquent des forces a ` distance dans les autres cadres de référence les transformant en noninertiels. Ainsi leurs respectifs principes de la relativité ne peuvent e ˆtre valides pour des processus basés sur le champ quand le champ est généré en dehors du cadre de référence. L&#39;utilisation par Einstein de ses principes de la relativité dans des conditions qui ne peuvent e ˆtre validées, en combinaison avec une vision ontologique incorrecte et idéaliste du terme &quot; Loi de la Nature &quot; et une compréhension rationnelle a) [email protected] 0836-1398/2014/27(3)/411/37/$25.00 V C 2014 Physics Essays Publication 411 PHYSICS ESSAYS 27, 3 (2014) insuffisante du terme &quot; Temps &quot; , l&#39;amenèrent a ` développer sa théorie au moyen d&#39;une méthode incorrecte et tirer des conclusions erronées sur les autres principes et concepts de sa théorie. Ainsi, les bases de la théorie d&#39;Einstein sur la relativité restreinte, ses…

Closure to “Transport Phenomena Applied to Sludge Dewatering”

Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division

Discussion of “Low Temperature Activated Sludge Settling”

Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 1970

Toward a more meaningful index of sludge quality

Sludge volume index (svt) is intended as a single paramet r to characterize the settleability of ... more Sludge volume index (svt) is intended as a single paramet r to characterize the settleability of activated sludge, but correlation is not good for two possible rea sons: settleability is not generally a one parameter property, and the procedure by which svi is determined is not sufficiently standardized. This paper discusses the problem and then presents a way of inter preting svi data that should improve cor relation.

Transport Phenomena Applied to Sludge Dewatering

Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, 1975

Sludge dewatering is examined and treated as a flow of liquid (filtrate) through a nonrigid (defo... more

流動床生物処理システムの反応槽内微生物濃度の予測(Journal WPCF.,Vol.53,No.11,1981)

用水と廃水, Jul 1, 1982

Gravity Thickening of Activated Sludge

i11 LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES vi SECTION I INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives 2 Gravity Thickening... more i11 LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES vi SECTION I INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives 2 Gravity Thickening 2 Thickening of Non-flocculent Suspensions 2 Thickening of Flocculent Suspensions and Real Sludges 5 Channelling and Compression 7 Model Describing Thickening as Consolidation 8 Summary 13 SECTION-II MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 14 Pilot Plant Facility 14 . Sludge Characteristics 14 Equipment 16 SECTION III EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 25 Experimental Procedure 25 Batch Thickening 25 Continuous Thickener 25 Analysis of Data 27 Batch Thickening 27 Continuous Thickening 29 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED SECTION IV USE OF CURVES IN DESIGN AND THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 44 SECTION V LIMITATIONS OF RESULTS 51 SECTION VI CONCLUSIONS 53 APPENDIX I LIST OF SYMBOLS 58 APPENDIX II SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 61 REFERENCES 68

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APPLICATION OF A SLUDGE GRAVITY THICKENING MODEL By Leo T

Kos (3) has recently advanced a mathematical model that describes the continuous gravity thickeni... more Kos (3) has recently advanced a mathematical model that describes the continuous gravity thickening process. The model is based on an analysis of transport phenomena within the thickening zone. The objective of this report is to present an outline of this new model and describe how it can be used as a rational basis for the design of both gravity thickeners and clarifiers.

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Short SRT (solids retention time) nitrification process/flowsheet

The short SRT nitrification process/flowsheet was developed to provide an inexpensive alternative... more The short SRT nitrification process/flowsheet was developed to provide an inexpensive alternative for plants in the northern climates which need to upgrade their activated sludge process for year-round nitrification or nitrogen removal. In this process/flowsheet supplemental nitrifiers are added daily to the activated sludge process to replenish nitrifiers removed with the wasted activated sludge. The supplemental nitrifiers are grown in a separate small side-stream aeration tank using ammonia available in the digested sludge dewatering liquid or in the digester supernatant. Paper presents description of this flowsheet, the theoretical background and results of modeling. Modeling of this process/flowsheet showed that the addition of the supplemental nitrifiers allows the main stream activated sludge process to nitrify during low winter temperatures at very low SRT values. For example an SRT of 7 to 10 days at 10°C is required, instead of 13 to 18 days for conventional nitrification....

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Gravity Thickening of Water Treatment Plant Sludges

Journal - American Water Works Association

There is at present an urgent need for dealing with waste sludges from water-treatment plants in ... more

Closure to “Transport Phenomena Applied to Sludge Dewatering”

Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Aug 1, 1977

Transport Phenomena Applied to Sludge Dewatering

Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, Jun 1, 1975

Sludge dewatering is examined and treated as a flow of liquid (filtrate) through a nonrigid (defo... more

Microbiology and Biochemistry of the Nitrogen Cycle Process Applications: SHARON®, ANAMMOX, and, InNitri®

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2007

Gravity Thickening of Water Treatment Plant Sludges