After Lavoisier's execution, the leading French chemists were Antoine-François Fourcroy (1755... more After Lavoisier's execution, the leading French chemists were Antoine-François Fourcroy (1755-1809), Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau (1737-1816) and Claude-Louis Berthollet (1748-1822). At the beginning of the nineteenth century Berthollet introduced a new conception of chemical change that challenged the theory of elective affinities which had dominated chemistry for nearly one hundred years. Berthollet's new affinities raised controversy among chemists and had to coexist with the firmly established theory of elective affinities. Apart from the public debate in research articles, Berthollet's affinities also had to compete with the influence of Fourcroy and his school in the textbook market. This paper seeks to assess to what extent French textbooks published at the beginning of the nineteenth century were committed to Berthollet's innovation, and how they contributed to its marginalization.
Recently there has been certain interest in putting the study of historical scientific practises ... more Recently there has been certain interest in putting the study of historical scientific practises in the context of the material culture of science. This tendency has increased researches around laboratory practises and likewise has also encouraged the making of replications of past instruments and experiments. This view has converted the experimental history of science into a new methodological approach in the history of science research. On the other hand, this approach has also played its role in focusing the use of history of science in science teaching. Science teaching has strongly claimed a central place for experimentation in science learning and, in this sense, there exist remarkable projects on the replication of instruments and experiments for science teaching. This paper aims to present this framework, exploring its advantages and problems in some area nowadays devoted to research work in higher education in Catalonia. A research work on the replication of Volta's pil...
La representación de lo invisible. La Tabla de los diferentes"rapports" observados en la química entre diferentes sustancias de Etienne-François Geoffroy
El cambio químico constituye la propia esencia de la química por ser el aspecto que mejor permiti... more El cambio químico constituye la propia esencia de la química por ser el aspecto que mejor permitió diferenciarla de otras prácticas y disciplinas. Esto fue así porqué la química se interesó mucho más por las diferencias que mostraban los materiales que por aquellas cualidades que les eran comunes. Actualmente, a principios del siglo XXI, esta apreciación no tiene el mismo sentido que tuvo antaño. Tal y como afirmaba Seymour Mauskopf en la introducción a su libro Chemical Sciences in the Modern World (1993), las ciencias químicas se han convertido a lo largo del siglo pasado en una disciplina aparentemente invisible y con unas fronteras demasiado difuminadas como para que aquella distinción pueda mantenerse estrictamente. Nuevas disciplinas como la bioquímica, la física del estado sólido, la biología molecular, la radioquímica o la geoquímica han burlado la antigua demarcación territorial de la química permitiendo su hibridación con otros dominios disciplinares. Esta invisibilidad ac...
resum La història de la ciència té l’important repte de tractar la naturalesa de la ciència en l&... more resum La història de la ciència té l’important repte de tractar la naturalesa de la ciència en l'ensenyament de les ciències tant en l'educació secundària com en la formació del professorat de ciències. En relació a aquesta demanda es planteja la qüestió següent: ¿quins aspectes de la naturalesa de la ciència poden ser considerats candidats per ser tractats amb la història de la ciència? Hi ha un doble objectiu en aquest article, en primer lloc, presentar el model empíric dels itineraris d'investigació elaborat per l'historiador de la ciència Frederic Holmes com una resposta raonablement adequada a la pregunta anterior. En segon lloc, introduir quatre articles que propugnen diferents rutes per a la inclusió de la història de la química a l'aula tot assenyalant aspectes claus de la naturalesa de la ciència. abstract History of science has the important challenge of dealing with the nature of science in science teaching in the secondary education as well as in scie...
At the end of the eighteenth century the French Revolution unchained drastic changes in education... more At the end of the eighteenth century the French Revolution unchained drastic changes in education at all levels in France. The revolutionary courses for the nitre extraction inaugurated a teaching methodology that was implemented in some new educational establishments such as the École Polytechnique and the École Normale. The latter was not successful in achieving its pedagogical aims in spite of the great luminaries of its teaching staff such as Laplace, Berthollet, Haüy, Monge and Daubenton. However, Berthollet’s chemistry lectures became the public forum where his seminal ideas of a new theory of chemical change founded in a new conception of the chemical affinity were first explained. This article is going to explore Berthollet’s chemistry course in its educational context, both as a pedagogical experience and as a part of the scientific creation scenery of his chemical affinities. This chemistry course was intended for training school teachers and in this sense some salient asp...
Resumen A finales del siglo XVIII la revolución francesa impulsó cambios drásticos en la enseñanz... more Resumen A finales del siglo XVIII la revolución francesa impulsó cambios drásticos en la enseñanza a todos los niveles. Los ideales de la revolución, el convencimiento de que el conocimiento de las ciencias favorecía el desarrollo de las capacidades intelectuales más que la enseñanza literaria y la contribución de la gente de ciencias para atender las urgentes demandas de la nación, situaron la enseñanza de las ciencias en una situación de privilegio de la que nunca hasta entonces había disfrutado. La puesta a punto de los llamados "cursos revolucionarios" inauguró una nueva metodología para la enseñanza que se implantaría en nuevas instituciones como la École Polytechnique y la École Normale. Esta última institución, a pesar de reunir las luminarias de la ciencia del momento (Laplace, Lagrange, Berthollet, Haüy, Monge y Daubenton) entre su profesorado no acabó de cuajar en sus objetivos pedagógicos. Una de las innovaciones pedagógicas de esta escuela fueron las sesiones d...
Science teaching and science teacher education involves knowing something about science itself, h... more Science teaching and science teacher education involves knowing something about science itself, how scientific knowledge has been obtained, how reliable it therefore is, what its limitations are, how far we can therefore rely on it, its changing methods and also knowing something about the interface between scientific knowledge and the wider society. In brief, science teaching and science teacher education also means knowing something about the nature of science. This communication intends to illustrate how the history of chemistry can contribute to the understanding of the nature of science in science teacher education by proposing different historical episodes to deal with certain aspects of the nature of science concerning scientific research, explanations, creativity, the role of the scientific community and the interplay between science and society.
History of science has to play its role to deal with the nature of science in science teaching in... more History of science has to play its role to deal with the nature of science in science teaching in the secondary education and in science teacher training. Concerning this target a question arises: what aspects of the nature of science can be considered candidates to be dealt with the history of science? The empirical model of the investigative pathways worked out by the historian of science Frederick Holmes as a result of his exhaustive researches on a number of scientific careers of prominent scientists might be reasonably suitable to answer that central question. The aim of this article is to explore the educational possibilities of an ICT application intend-ed for contributing to the making of historical narratives for a non-specialist public in the history of science. Particularly, an application based on Dalton's chemical atomic theory is presented.
The purpose of this paper is to show the extent to which French chemistry textbooks published dur... more The purpose of this paper is to show the extent to which French chemistry textbooks published during the first quarter of the nineteenth century reflected one of the conceptually most profound changes in chemistry. This was the new conception of chemical change introduced by the French chemist Claude-Louis Berthollet, which was founded on a new understanding of chemical affinity. The paper will primarily contrast Berthollet's ideas with the standard theory of chemical change founded on the theory of the elective affinities. The first part will show the relevance of that theory in French textbooks of chemistry in their educational context and, in the last part, the imprint of Berthollet's new affinities in chemistry textbooks will be analysed.
A polemic feature of the inclusion of the history of science in science teaching is the making of... more A polemic feature of the inclusion of the history of science in science teaching is the making of decisions about its presence throughout the consecutive learning stages. This same feature was discussed by Lavoisier and Fourcroy in the late eighteenth century when considering the appropriateness of the history of science in chemistry textbooks. The present article seeks to address this problem in a particular historical and scientific context concerning the status of chemistry during that period, from Lavoisier and Fourcroy's preliminary discourses belonging to two significant works; Lavoisier's «Traité élémentaire de chimie» and Fourcroy's «Systême de connaissances chimiques».
The lack of training of science teachers in the history of science is one of the reasons pointed ... more The lack of training of science teachers in the history of science is one of the reasons pointed out usually to neglect the presence of the history of science in science teaching. To convince science teachers of the usefulness of history of science is absolutely essential to fill their training gap in this subject. However some particularities of the scientific university training of science teachers may become a source of obstacles for their training in the history of science. This situation deserves to be taken into account and it is the major concern of this article.
El color líquido: Instrumentos y útiles de la colorimetría en el siglo XIX
Isis, 2007
... El color líquido: instrumentos y útiles de la colorimetría en el siglo XIX. Información Gener... more ... El color líquido: instrumentos y útiles de la colorimetría en el siglo XIX. Información General. Autores: Lluís Garrigós Oltra, Georgina Blanes Nadal, Carlos Millán; Editores: Alicante : Agua Clara, 2006; Año de publicación: 2006; País: España; Idioma: Español; ISBN : 84-8018-270 ...
After Lavoisier's execution, the leading French chemists were Antoine-François Fourcroy (1755... more After Lavoisier's execution, the leading French chemists were Antoine-François Fourcroy (1755-1809), Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau (1737-1816) and Claude-Louis Berthollet (1748-1822). At the beginning of the nineteenth century Berthollet introduced a new conception of chemical change that challenged the theory of elective affinities which had dominated chemistry for nearly one hundred years. Berthollet's new affinities raised controversy among chemists and had to coexist with the firmly established theory of elective affinities. Apart from the public debate in research articles, Berthollet's affinities also had to compete with the influence of Fourcroy and his school in the textbook market. This paper seeks to assess to what extent French textbooks published at the beginning of the nineteenth century were committed to Berthollet's innovation, and how they contributed to its marginalization.
Recently there has been certain interest in putting the study of historical scientific practises ... more Recently there has been certain interest in putting the study of historical scientific practises in the context of the material culture of science. This tendency has increased researches around laboratory practises and likewise has also encouraged the making of replications of past instruments and experiments. This view has converted the experimental history of science into a new methodological approach in the history of science research. On the other hand, this approach has also played its role in focusing the use of history of science in science teaching. Science teaching has strongly claimed a central place for experimentation in science learning and, in this sense, there exist remarkable projects on the replication of instruments and experiments for science teaching. This paper aims to present this framework, exploring its advantages and problems in some area nowadays devoted to research work in higher education in Catalonia. A research work on the replication of Volta's pil...
La representación de lo invisible. La Tabla de los diferentes"rapports" observados en la química entre diferentes sustancias de Etienne-François Geoffroy
El cambio químico constituye la propia esencia de la química por ser el aspecto que mejor permiti... more El cambio químico constituye la propia esencia de la química por ser el aspecto que mejor permitió diferenciarla de otras prácticas y disciplinas. Esto fue así porqué la química se interesó mucho más por las diferencias que mostraban los materiales que por aquellas cualidades que les eran comunes. Actualmente, a principios del siglo XXI, esta apreciación no tiene el mismo sentido que tuvo antaño. Tal y como afirmaba Seymour Mauskopf en la introducción a su libro Chemical Sciences in the Modern World (1993), las ciencias químicas se han convertido a lo largo del siglo pasado en una disciplina aparentemente invisible y con unas fronteras demasiado difuminadas como para que aquella distinción pueda mantenerse estrictamente. Nuevas disciplinas como la bioquímica, la física del estado sólido, la biología molecular, la radioquímica o la geoquímica han burlado la antigua demarcación territorial de la química permitiendo su hibridación con otros dominios disciplinares. Esta invisibilidad ac...
resum La història de la ciència té l’important repte de tractar la naturalesa de la ciència en l&... more resum La història de la ciència té l’important repte de tractar la naturalesa de la ciència en l'ensenyament de les ciències tant en l'educació secundària com en la formació del professorat de ciències. En relació a aquesta demanda es planteja la qüestió següent: ¿quins aspectes de la naturalesa de la ciència poden ser considerats candidats per ser tractats amb la història de la ciència? Hi ha un doble objectiu en aquest article, en primer lloc, presentar el model empíric dels itineraris d'investigació elaborat per l'historiador de la ciència Frederic Holmes com una resposta raonablement adequada a la pregunta anterior. En segon lloc, introduir quatre articles que propugnen diferents rutes per a la inclusió de la història de la química a l'aula tot assenyalant aspectes claus de la naturalesa de la ciència. abstract History of science has the important challenge of dealing with the nature of science in science teaching in the secondary education as well as in scie...
At the end of the eighteenth century the French Revolution unchained drastic changes in education... more At the end of the eighteenth century the French Revolution unchained drastic changes in education at all levels in France. The revolutionary courses for the nitre extraction inaugurated a teaching methodology that was implemented in some new educational establishments such as the École Polytechnique and the École Normale. The latter was not successful in achieving its pedagogical aims in spite of the great luminaries of its teaching staff such as Laplace, Berthollet, Haüy, Monge and Daubenton. However, Berthollet’s chemistry lectures became the public forum where his seminal ideas of a new theory of chemical change founded in a new conception of the chemical affinity were first explained. This article is going to explore Berthollet’s chemistry course in its educational context, both as a pedagogical experience and as a part of the scientific creation scenery of his chemical affinities. This chemistry course was intended for training school teachers and in this sense some salient asp...
Resumen A finales del siglo XVIII la revolución francesa impulsó cambios drásticos en la enseñanz... more Resumen A finales del siglo XVIII la revolución francesa impulsó cambios drásticos en la enseñanza a todos los niveles. Los ideales de la revolución, el convencimiento de que el conocimiento de las ciencias favorecía el desarrollo de las capacidades intelectuales más que la enseñanza literaria y la contribución de la gente de ciencias para atender las urgentes demandas de la nación, situaron la enseñanza de las ciencias en una situación de privilegio de la que nunca hasta entonces había disfrutado. La puesta a punto de los llamados "cursos revolucionarios" inauguró una nueva metodología para la enseñanza que se implantaría en nuevas instituciones como la École Polytechnique y la École Normale. Esta última institución, a pesar de reunir las luminarias de la ciencia del momento (Laplace, Lagrange, Berthollet, Haüy, Monge y Daubenton) entre su profesorado no acabó de cuajar en sus objetivos pedagógicos. Una de las innovaciones pedagógicas de esta escuela fueron las sesiones d...
Science teaching and science teacher education involves knowing something about science itself, h... more Science teaching and science teacher education involves knowing something about science itself, how scientific knowledge has been obtained, how reliable it therefore is, what its limitations are, how far we can therefore rely on it, its changing methods and also knowing something about the interface between scientific knowledge and the wider society. In brief, science teaching and science teacher education also means knowing something about the nature of science. This communication intends to illustrate how the history of chemistry can contribute to the understanding of the nature of science in science teacher education by proposing different historical episodes to deal with certain aspects of the nature of science concerning scientific research, explanations, creativity, the role of the scientific community and the interplay between science and society.
History of science has to play its role to deal with the nature of science in science teaching in... more History of science has to play its role to deal with the nature of science in science teaching in the secondary education and in science teacher training. Concerning this target a question arises: what aspects of the nature of science can be considered candidates to be dealt with the history of science? The empirical model of the investigative pathways worked out by the historian of science Frederick Holmes as a result of his exhaustive researches on a number of scientific careers of prominent scientists might be reasonably suitable to answer that central question. The aim of this article is to explore the educational possibilities of an ICT application intend-ed for contributing to the making of historical narratives for a non-specialist public in the history of science. Particularly, an application based on Dalton's chemical atomic theory is presented.
The purpose of this paper is to show the extent to which French chemistry textbooks published dur... more The purpose of this paper is to show the extent to which French chemistry textbooks published during the first quarter of the nineteenth century reflected one of the conceptually most profound changes in chemistry. This was the new conception of chemical change introduced by the French chemist Claude-Louis Berthollet, which was founded on a new understanding of chemical affinity. The paper will primarily contrast Berthollet's ideas with the standard theory of chemical change founded on the theory of the elective affinities. The first part will show the relevance of that theory in French textbooks of chemistry in their educational context and, in the last part, the imprint of Berthollet's new affinities in chemistry textbooks will be analysed.
A polemic feature of the inclusion of the history of science in science teaching is the making of... more A polemic feature of the inclusion of the history of science in science teaching is the making of decisions about its presence throughout the consecutive learning stages. This same feature was discussed by Lavoisier and Fourcroy in the late eighteenth century when considering the appropriateness of the history of science in chemistry textbooks. The present article seeks to address this problem in a particular historical and scientific context concerning the status of chemistry during that period, from Lavoisier and Fourcroy's preliminary discourses belonging to two significant works; Lavoisier's «Traité élémentaire de chimie» and Fourcroy's «Systême de connaissances chimiques».
The lack of training of science teachers in the history of science is one of the reasons pointed ... more The lack of training of science teachers in the history of science is one of the reasons pointed out usually to neglect the presence of the history of science in science teaching. To convince science teachers of the usefulness of history of science is absolutely essential to fill their training gap in this subject. However some particularities of the scientific university training of science teachers may become a source of obstacles for their training in the history of science. This situation deserves to be taken into account and it is the major concern of this article.
El color líquido: Instrumentos y útiles de la colorimetría en el siglo XIX
Isis, 2007
... El color líquido: instrumentos y útiles de la colorimetría en el siglo XIX. Información Gener... more ... El color líquido: instrumentos y útiles de la colorimetría en el siglo XIX. Información General. Autores: Lluís Garrigós Oltra, Georgina Blanes Nadal, Carlos Millán; Editores: Alicante : Agua Clara, 2006; Año de publicación: 2006; País: España; Idioma: Español; ISBN : 84-8018-270 ...
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