We develop a model in which transformational leadership bolsters followers&am... more We develop a model in which transformational leadership bolsters followers' internalization of core organizational values, which in turn influences their performance and willingness to report peers' transgressions. The model also specifies a distinct process wherein transformational leadership enhances follower performance by promoting followers' role self-efficacy. We tested the model on 2 large units (i.e., companies) of soldiers undergoing training and socialization. The study bracketed changes in soldiers' internalization of the organizational values and role self-efficacy over a 14-week period. The results support the widely held but empirically unestablished views that transformational leadership promotes change in value internalization and that this partially explains its influence on follower performance. Findings also indicate a distinct intervening process through which transformational leadership promotes performance by enhancing followers' beliefs in their own capabilities (i.e., self-efficacy). This research thus shows that 2 key processes both contribute to the understanding of how transformational leadership transforms followers and influences their behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2015
Negotiators often bargain on behalf of constituents to whom they feel accountable. We argue that ... more Negotiators often bargain on behalf of constituents to whom they feel accountable. We argue that prior evidence for the superior outcomes of promotion-focused (vs. prevention-focused) negotiators may not hold when negotiators perceive high accountability to a third party. In two studies, we found that prevention-focused dyads achieved better joint financial outcomes than promotion-focused dyads in situations where high performance was expected and evaluated by a supervisor (i.e., high accountability condition). In Study 2, we found that prevention-focused individuals perceived a better regulatory fit in the high accountability condition and that the regulatory fit of both parties in a dyad was related to more integrative solutions.
We propose and meta-analytically test a theoretical model of individual and job-based predictors ... more We propose and meta-analytically test a theoretical model of individual and job-based predictors of change-oriented behaviors. Meta-analytic tests (106 effect sizes, N = 28,402) demonstrate that employee's proactive personality is a stronger predictor of change-oriented behavior than the five-factor model (FFM) personality traits of openness and extraversion. Also, enriched job characteristics (autonomy, complexity, and task significance) are more important in predicting change-oriented behavior, than un-enriched job characteristics (routinization and formalization). Finally, we establish work engagement as a mediator that provides an explanation for how and why proactive personality and enriched job characteristics predict change-oriented behavior. We provide both theoretical and empirical integration of the literature with practical implications for managing change-oriented behaviors, which are increasingly recognized as important to both organizational effectiveness and employee career management.
Journal of occupational health psychology, Jan 19, 2015
Inconsistent published findings regarding a proposed buffering role of self-efficacy in stress co... more Inconsistent published findings regarding a proposed buffering role of self-efficacy in stress coping led us to develop a model in which within-person variability in self-efficacy over time affects how individuals' mean levels of self-efficacy moderate the relationship between demands and psychological symptoms. Results from two independent samples (manufacturing workers and college students) supported the hypothesized interaction between demands, self-efficacy mean level, and self-efficacy variability. Demands were more positively associated with psychological strain among those with high and stable self-efficacy than those with high and variable self-efficacy. We discuss the implications of intrapersonal variability in self-efficacy for research on stress coping. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
Negotiators often bargain on behalf of others. In many cases, these constituents set the goals th... more Negotiators often bargain on behalf of others. In many cases, these constituents set the goals they want their negotiators to achieve at the table. We argue that prior evidence for superior results of promotion-focused negotiators may not hold when goals are set by others. We report the results of a study in which negotiators were provided with external goals that were difficult to achieve in the given zone of agreement. We found that prevention-focused individuals planned better, and their dyads persisted longer in the negotiation than those with a promotion focus. Persistence led to higher joint outcomes for prevention-focused dyads than promotion-focused dyads. In addition, we found that agreeableness only affected individual financial outcomes for promotionfocused dyads, where high agreeableness led to poorer outcomes.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2014
We develop and test the construct of duty orientation that we propose is valuable to advancing kn... more We develop and test the construct of duty orientation that we propose is valuable to advancing knowledge about ethical behavior in organizations. Duty orientation represents an individual's volitional orientation to loyally serve and faithfully support other members of the group, to strive and sacrifice to accomplish the tasks and missions of the group, and to honor its codes and principles. We test the construct validity and predictive validity of a measure of duty orientation across five studies and six samples. Consistent with the conceptualization of duty orientation as a malleable construct, we found in separate field studies that duty orientation mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and ethical and unethical behaviors, and between transformational leadership and ethical behavior. In predicting ethical and unethical behavior, duty orientation demonstrated incremental predictive validity beyond the effects of affective organizational commitment, organizational identification, experienced job responsibility, collective self-construal, and organizational values congruence.
Despite burgeoning interest in how groups and organizations learn from failures, little is known ... more Despite burgeoning interest in how groups and organizations learn from failures, little is known about how leader behavior influences these learning processes. We analyzed longitudinal data collected at a large hospital and found that leader inclusiveness was positively associated with members' perceptions of psychological safety at Time 1, and that this relationship was stronger for members in low-performing units. Unit psychological safety climate appeared to facilitate learning from failures within the work unit (Time 2), which was positively associated with subsequent unit performance (Time 3).
This study examined relations of multiple indicators of work identity and family identity with th... more This study examined relations of multiple indicators of work identity and family identity with the number of weekly hours worked by 193 married business professionals. We found that men generally worked long hours regardless of the situational demands to work long hours and the strength of their work and family identities. Women's work hours, on the other hand, were associated with their work and family identities when weak situational demands permitted discretion over their work hours. We suggest that these sex differences can be explained by the ways in which women and men construe their work and family identities.
We propose an integrative framework to investigate the extent to which employees' organizational ... more We propose an integrative framework to investigate the extent to which employees' organizational cynicism is predicted by individual differences (positive and negative affect, trait cynicism) and positive (e.g., organizational support) and negative (e.g. psychological contract violation) aspects of the work environment. We also examine the extent to which organizational cynicism predicts employee attitudes and performance. We investigate these relationships based on 9186 individuals across 34 statistically independent samples from 32 primary studies. Using both new meta-analytic effect sizes from the current study and effect sizes from prior meta-analyses, we test whether a negative antecedent, organizational cynicism, has a predictive advantage over a positive one, organizational trust, in predicting employees' attitudes and behaviors. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the nomological network of organizational cynicism and its relationship with organizational trust.
Our study examines how personality and coping influence soldiers' psychological health among 648 ... more Our study examines how personality and coping influence soldiers' psychological health among 648 US Army personnel who were at that time deployed in Iraq at the height of an insurgency. Conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion were associated with different coping behaviors, and these were in turn related to psychological distress. Conscientiousness was positively associated with problem-focused coping and negatively with avoidance coping, whereas neuroticism was most positively associated with avoidance coping. Extraversion was positively related to both seeking social support and avoidance coping. As expected, avoidance coping was positively associated with psychological distress. Coping style explained more variance in the relationship between personality and distress among soldiers who perceived higher levels of threat, thus supporting a moderated mediation hypothesis. We discuss implications for facilitating the stress coping of workers who face acute and potentially traumatic stress exposures.
We examined the influence of positive psychological capital (PsyCap), a metaconstruct that combin... more We examined the influence of positive psychological capital (PsyCap), a metaconstruct that combines established psychological predispositions to be resilient to stress, on the well-being of soldiers during combat deployment. Among U.S. Army personnel deployed in Iraq, cognitive appraisal of stress mediated the effects of trait PsyCap on health symptoms. The indirect effects through appraisal were moderated by levels of exposure to potentially traumatic stimuli. Trait PsyCap covaried more strongly with cognitive appraisals, and had stronger indirect effects through appraisal on health, among soldiers in units with higher levels of potentially traumatic exposures. We discuss implications for research on resilience to trauma in the workplace and for helping workers cope with potentially traumatic exposures.
Despite the increasingly multinational nature of the workplace, there have been few studies of th... more Despite the increasingly multinational nature of the workplace, there have been few studies of the convergence and divergence in beliefs about ethicsbased leadership across cultures. This study examines the meaning of ethical and unethical leadership held by managers in six societies with the goal of identifying areas of convergence and divergence across cultures. More specifically, qualitative research methods were used to identify the attributes and behaviors that managers from the People's Republic of China (the PRC), Hong Kong,
This study proposes a dynamic reparatory model of voluntary work behavior. We test the hypothesis... more This study proposes a dynamic reparatory model of voluntary work behavior. We test the hypothesis that when people are made aware of their high level of negative behavior at work (i.e., counterproductive work behavior) and are informed that their behavior is counternormative and undesirable, the knowledge that they violated social norms induces guilt. This guilt, in turn, results in compensatory behavior that is positive in nature (i.e., organizational citizenship behavior). We report results from a field experiment involving normative feedback about employees' counterproductive work behavior to support this model. The findings indicate that undesirable behaviors in the workplace can be redressed by making employees aware of the negative consequences of these behaviors.
We develop and test a model based on social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1991) that links abusive s... more We develop and test a model based on social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1991) that links abusive supervision to followers' ethical intentions and behaviors. Results from a sample of 2,572 military members show that abusive supervision was negatively related to followers' moral courage and their identification with the organization's core values. In addition, work unit contexts with varying degrees of abusive supervision, reflected by the average level of abusive supervision reported by unit members, moderated relationships between the level of abusive supervision personally experienced by individuals and both their moral courage and their identification with organizational values. Moral courage and identification with organizational values accounted for the relationship between abusive supervision and followers' ethical intentions and unethical behaviors. These findings suggest that abusive supervision may undermine moral agency and that being personally abused is not...
We develop a model in which transformational leadership bolsters followers&am... more We develop a model in which transformational leadership bolsters followers' internalization of core organizational values, which in turn influences their performance and willingness to report peers' transgressions. The model also specifies a distinct process wherein transformational leadership enhances follower performance by promoting followers' role self-efficacy. We tested the model on 2 large units (i.e., companies) of soldiers undergoing training and socialization. The study bracketed changes in soldiers' internalization of the organizational values and role self-efficacy over a 14-week period. The results support the widely held but empirically unestablished views that transformational leadership promotes change in value internalization and that this partially explains its influence on follower performance. Findings also indicate a distinct intervening process through which transformational leadership promotes performance by enhancing followers' beliefs in their own capabilities (i.e., self-efficacy). This research thus shows that 2 key processes both contribute to the understanding of how transformational leadership transforms followers and influences their behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2015
Negotiators often bargain on behalf of constituents to whom they feel accountable. We argue that ... more Negotiators often bargain on behalf of constituents to whom they feel accountable. We argue that prior evidence for the superior outcomes of promotion-focused (vs. prevention-focused) negotiators may not hold when negotiators perceive high accountability to a third party. In two studies, we found that prevention-focused dyads achieved better joint financial outcomes than promotion-focused dyads in situations where high performance was expected and evaluated by a supervisor (i.e., high accountability condition). In Study 2, we found that prevention-focused individuals perceived a better regulatory fit in the high accountability condition and that the regulatory fit of both parties in a dyad was related to more integrative solutions.
We propose and meta-analytically test a theoretical model of individual and job-based predictors ... more We propose and meta-analytically test a theoretical model of individual and job-based predictors of change-oriented behaviors. Meta-analytic tests (106 effect sizes, N = 28,402) demonstrate that employee's proactive personality is a stronger predictor of change-oriented behavior than the five-factor model (FFM) personality traits of openness and extraversion. Also, enriched job characteristics (autonomy, complexity, and task significance) are more important in predicting change-oriented behavior, than un-enriched job characteristics (routinization and formalization). Finally, we establish work engagement as a mediator that provides an explanation for how and why proactive personality and enriched job characteristics predict change-oriented behavior. We provide both theoretical and empirical integration of the literature with practical implications for managing change-oriented behaviors, which are increasingly recognized as important to both organizational effectiveness and employee career management.
Journal of occupational health psychology, Jan 19, 2015
Inconsistent published findings regarding a proposed buffering role of self-efficacy in stress co... more Inconsistent published findings regarding a proposed buffering role of self-efficacy in stress coping led us to develop a model in which within-person variability in self-efficacy over time affects how individuals' mean levels of self-efficacy moderate the relationship between demands and psychological symptoms. Results from two independent samples (manufacturing workers and college students) supported the hypothesized interaction between demands, self-efficacy mean level, and self-efficacy variability. Demands were more positively associated with psychological strain among those with high and stable self-efficacy than those with high and variable self-efficacy. We discuss the implications of intrapersonal variability in self-efficacy for research on stress coping. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
Negotiators often bargain on behalf of others. In many cases, these constituents set the goals th... more Negotiators often bargain on behalf of others. In many cases, these constituents set the goals they want their negotiators to achieve at the table. We argue that prior evidence for superior results of promotion-focused negotiators may not hold when goals are set by others. We report the results of a study in which negotiators were provided with external goals that were difficult to achieve in the given zone of agreement. We found that prevention-focused individuals planned better, and their dyads persisted longer in the negotiation than those with a promotion focus. Persistence led to higher joint outcomes for prevention-focused dyads than promotion-focused dyads. In addition, we found that agreeableness only affected individual financial outcomes for promotionfocused dyads, where high agreeableness led to poorer outcomes.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2014
We develop and test the construct of duty orientation that we propose is valuable to advancing kn... more We develop and test the construct of duty orientation that we propose is valuable to advancing knowledge about ethical behavior in organizations. Duty orientation represents an individual's volitional orientation to loyally serve and faithfully support other members of the group, to strive and sacrifice to accomplish the tasks and missions of the group, and to honor its codes and principles. We test the construct validity and predictive validity of a measure of duty orientation across five studies and six samples. Consistent with the conceptualization of duty orientation as a malleable construct, we found in separate field studies that duty orientation mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and ethical and unethical behaviors, and between transformational leadership and ethical behavior. In predicting ethical and unethical behavior, duty orientation demonstrated incremental predictive validity beyond the effects of affective organizational commitment, organizational identification, experienced job responsibility, collective self-construal, and organizational values congruence.
Despite burgeoning interest in how groups and organizations learn from failures, little is known ... more Despite burgeoning interest in how groups and organizations learn from failures, little is known about how leader behavior influences these learning processes. We analyzed longitudinal data collected at a large hospital and found that leader inclusiveness was positively associated with members' perceptions of psychological safety at Time 1, and that this relationship was stronger for members in low-performing units. Unit psychological safety climate appeared to facilitate learning from failures within the work unit (Time 2), which was positively associated with subsequent unit performance (Time 3).
This study examined relations of multiple indicators of work identity and family identity with th... more This study examined relations of multiple indicators of work identity and family identity with the number of weekly hours worked by 193 married business professionals. We found that men generally worked long hours regardless of the situational demands to work long hours and the strength of their work and family identities. Women's work hours, on the other hand, were associated with their work and family identities when weak situational demands permitted discretion over their work hours. We suggest that these sex differences can be explained by the ways in which women and men construe their work and family identities.
We propose an integrative framework to investigate the extent to which employees' organizational ... more We propose an integrative framework to investigate the extent to which employees' organizational cynicism is predicted by individual differences (positive and negative affect, trait cynicism) and positive (e.g., organizational support) and negative (e.g. psychological contract violation) aspects of the work environment. We also examine the extent to which organizational cynicism predicts employee attitudes and performance. We investigate these relationships based on 9186 individuals across 34 statistically independent samples from 32 primary studies. Using both new meta-analytic effect sizes from the current study and effect sizes from prior meta-analyses, we test whether a negative antecedent, organizational cynicism, has a predictive advantage over a positive one, organizational trust, in predicting employees' attitudes and behaviors. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the nomological network of organizational cynicism and its relationship with organizational trust.
Our study examines how personality and coping influence soldiers' psychological health among 648 ... more Our study examines how personality and coping influence soldiers' psychological health among 648 US Army personnel who were at that time deployed in Iraq at the height of an insurgency. Conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion were associated with different coping behaviors, and these were in turn related to psychological distress. Conscientiousness was positively associated with problem-focused coping and negatively with avoidance coping, whereas neuroticism was most positively associated with avoidance coping. Extraversion was positively related to both seeking social support and avoidance coping. As expected, avoidance coping was positively associated with psychological distress. Coping style explained more variance in the relationship between personality and distress among soldiers who perceived higher levels of threat, thus supporting a moderated mediation hypothesis. We discuss implications for facilitating the stress coping of workers who face acute and potentially traumatic stress exposures.
We examined the influence of positive psychological capital (PsyCap), a metaconstruct that combin... more We examined the influence of positive psychological capital (PsyCap), a metaconstruct that combines established psychological predispositions to be resilient to stress, on the well-being of soldiers during combat deployment. Among U.S. Army personnel deployed in Iraq, cognitive appraisal of stress mediated the effects of trait PsyCap on health symptoms. The indirect effects through appraisal were moderated by levels of exposure to potentially traumatic stimuli. Trait PsyCap covaried more strongly with cognitive appraisals, and had stronger indirect effects through appraisal on health, among soldiers in units with higher levels of potentially traumatic exposures. We discuss implications for research on resilience to trauma in the workplace and for helping workers cope with potentially traumatic exposures.
Despite the increasingly multinational nature of the workplace, there have been few studies of th... more Despite the increasingly multinational nature of the workplace, there have been few studies of the convergence and divergence in beliefs about ethicsbased leadership across cultures. This study examines the meaning of ethical and unethical leadership held by managers in six societies with the goal of identifying areas of convergence and divergence across cultures. More specifically, qualitative research methods were used to identify the attributes and behaviors that managers from the People's Republic of China (the PRC), Hong Kong,
This study proposes a dynamic reparatory model of voluntary work behavior. We test the hypothesis... more This study proposes a dynamic reparatory model of voluntary work behavior. We test the hypothesis that when people are made aware of their high level of negative behavior at work (i.e., counterproductive work behavior) and are informed that their behavior is counternormative and undesirable, the knowledge that they violated social norms induces guilt. This guilt, in turn, results in compensatory behavior that is positive in nature (i.e., organizational citizenship behavior). We report results from a field experiment involving normative feedback about employees' counterproductive work behavior to support this model. The findings indicate that undesirable behaviors in the workplace can be redressed by making employees aware of the negative consequences of these behaviors.
We develop and test a model based on social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1991) that links abusive s... more We develop and test a model based on social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1991) that links abusive supervision to followers' ethical intentions and behaviors. Results from a sample of 2,572 military members show that abusive supervision was negatively related to followers' moral courage and their identification with the organization's core values. In addition, work unit contexts with varying degrees of abusive supervision, reflected by the average level of abusive supervision reported by unit members, moderated relationships between the level of abusive supervision personally experienced by individuals and both their moral courage and their identification with organizational values. Moral courage and identification with organizational values accounted for the relationship between abusive supervision and followers' ethical intentions and unethical behaviors. These findings suggest that abusive supervision may undermine moral agency and that being personally abused is not...
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