It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the devel... more It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the development of tissue and nerve damage in leprosy and during the reactional episodes of acute inflammation. Thalidomide (N-α-phthalimidoglutarimide), a drug used to treat leprosy reaction, modulates immune response, inhibits inflammation and NF-κB activity. Here we investigated whether thalidomide inhibits NF-κB activation induced by Mycobacterium leprae, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK activation. EMSA and supershift assays were performed to investigate NF-κB activation in response to M. leprae and its modulation following in vitro treatment with thalidomide. Luciferase assay was assayed in transfected THP-1 cells to determine NF-κB transcriptional activity. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to investigate p65 accumulation in the nucleus. Immunoblotting was used to investigate p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Following activation of PBMC and monocytes with M. leprae, the formation and nuclear localization of NF-κB complexes composed mainly of p65/p50 and p50/p50 dimers was observed. Induction of NF-κB activation and DNA binding activity was inhibited by thalidomide. The drug also reduced M. leprae-induced TNF-α production and inhibited p38 and ERK1/2 activation. Definition of the activation mechanisms in cells stimulated with M. leprae can lead to the development of new therapy applications to modulate NF-κB activation and to control the inflammatory manifestations due to enhanced TNF-α response as observed in leprosy and in leprosy reactions.
Neste capítulo, serão discutidos os parâmetros de risco de contaminação pelo M. tuberculosis, os ... more Neste capítulo, serão discutidos os parâmetros de risco de contaminação pelo M. tuberculosis, os fatores do bacilo e do organismo infectado relacionados à transmissão e ao adoecimento por TB. São descritos complexos mecanismos que envolvem a integridade do sistema imunológico do organismo infectado e que determinam se o primeiro contato com o bacilo, a primoinfecção tuberculosa, evolui ou não para a tuberculose doença. Risco de infecção Que indicador é este?
medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Nov 19, 2021
Due to tuberculosis (TB) patients' pulmonary damages, some authors believe that a SARS-CoV-2 coin... more Due to tuberculosis (TB) patients' pulmonary damages, some authors believe that a SARS-CoV-2 coinfection may result in unfavorable outcomes. A cross-sectional anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence study was conducted at a TB treatment tertiary referral unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to estimate the proportion (in %) of TB patients exposed to the new coronavirus and their main outcomes. Of 83 patients undergoing TB treatment, 26.5% have already been infected by the new coronavirus. Most patients were asymptomatic (69%) or had mild COVID-19 cases (31%). Only one patient required. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.
It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the devel... more It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the development of tissue and nerve damage in leprosy and during the reactional episodes of acute inflammation. Thalidomide (N-α-phthalimidoglutarimide), a drug used to treat leprosy reaction, modulates immune response, inhibits inflammation and NF-κB activity. Here we investigated whether thalidomide inhibits NF-κB activation induced by Mycobacterium leprae, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK activation. EMSA and supershift assays were performed to investigate NF-κB activation in response to M. leprae and its modulation following in vitro treatment with thalidomide. Luciferase assay was assayed in transfected THP-1 cells to determine NF-κB transcriptional activity. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to investigate p65 accumulation in the nucleus. Immunoblotting was used to investigate p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Following activation of PBMC and monocytes with M. leprae, the formation and nuclear localization of NF-κB complexes composed mainly of p65/p50 and p50/p50 dimers was observed. Induction of NF-κB activation and DNA binding activity was inhibited by thalidomide. The drug also reduced M. leprae-induced TNF-α production and inhibited p38 and ERK1/2 activation. Definition of the activation mechanisms in cells stimulated with M. leprae can lead to the development of new therapy applications to modulate NF-κB activation and to control the inflammatory manifestations due to enhanced TNF-α response as observed in leprosy and in leprosy reactions.
We have showed that a phospholipase A 2 isolated from Lachesis muta snake venom, denoted LM-PLA 2... more We have showed that a phospholipase A 2 isolated from Lachesis muta snake venom, denoted LM-PLA 2-I, had some biological effects. Here, we examined its effects on lymphocytes. Pre-incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with LM-PLA 2-I plus phosphatidylcholine (PC) stimulated the natural killer (NK) activity. This was accompanied by DNA binding of nuclear transcription factor kB and the increase in PKC activity with translocation of the enzyme from the cytoplasma into the plasma membrane. These effects were reproduced when lymphocytes were pre-incubated with commercial lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and abolished by stausrosporin or p-bromophenacyl bromide. Evaluation of phosphorylated PKC isoforms showed that pre-incubation with LPC activated the autophosphorylation of the PKCz isoform. Taken together, these results confirm that the enzymatic activity of the phospholipase A 2 present in L. muta venom is for the biological activity of the snake venom, and strongly suggest that the LPC produced may be acting as a modulator of PKC isoforms.
ISSN Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide. In 2015, there were approximat... more ISSN Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide. In 2015, there were approximately 10.4 million new cases of the disease, with 1.4 million deaths. Another major issue regarding TB is the worldwide emergence of drug-resistant strains. The National Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis and other Mycobacterioses assists the entire network of the Tuberculosis Control Program in Brazil by performing complex diagnostic procedures for the entire country. Here we report the drug susceptibility testing activities of the laboratory between 2013 and 2015. Our numbers highlight the importance of vigilant control programmes to quickly detect, treat and eliminate drugresistant TB cases, so as to avoid dissemination of drug-resistant forms of this important disease. Copyright 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Sep 1, 2005
Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, invades peripheral nerve Schwann cells, res... more Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, invades peripheral nerve Schwann cells, resulting in deformities associated with this disease. NF-jB is an important transcription factor involved in the regulation of host immune antimicrobial responses. We aimed in this work to investigate NF-jB signaling pathways in the human ST88-14 Schwannoma cell line infected with M. leprae. Gel shift and supershift assays indicate that two NF-jB dimers, p65/p50 and p50/p50, translocate to the nucleus in Schwann cells treated with lethally irradiated M. leprae. Consistent with p65/p50 and p50/p50 activation, we observed IjB-a degradation and reduction of p105 levels. The nuclear translocation of p50/p50 complex due to M. leprae treatment correlated with repression of NF-jB-driven transcription induced by TNF-a. Moreover, thalidomide inhibited p50 homodimer nuclear translocation induced by M. leprae and consequently rescues Schwann cells from NF-jB-dependent transcriptional repression. Here, we report for the first time that M. leprae induces NF-jB activation in Schwann cells and thalidomide is able to modulate this activation.
Due to tuberculosis (TB) patients` pulmonary damages, some authors believe that a SARS-CoV-2 coin... more Due to tuberculosis (TB) patients` pulmonary damages, some authors believe that a SARS-CoV-2 coinfection may result in unfavorable outcomes. A cross-sectional anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence study was conducted at a TB treatment tertiary referral unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to estimate the proportion (in %) of TB patients exposed to the new coronavirus and their main outcomes. Of 83 patients undergoing TB treatment, 26.5% have already been infected by the new coronavirus. Most patients were asymptomatic (69%) or had mild COVID-19 cases (31%). Only one patient required hospitalization. Among the symptoms and signs presented, the most frequently reported were: fever, headache, and myalgia. People with less education and less purchasing power seemed to had been more exposed to SARS-CoV-2.
We have showed that a phospholipase A 2 isolated from Lachesis muta snake venom, denoted LM-PLA 2... more We have showed that a phospholipase A 2 isolated from Lachesis muta snake venom, denoted LM-PLA 2-I, had some biological effects. Here, we examined its effects on lymphocytes. Pre-incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with LM-PLA 2-I plus phosphatidylcholine (PC) stimulated the natural killer (NK) activity. This was accompanied by DNA binding of nuclear transcription factor kB and the increase in PKC activity with translocation of the enzyme from the cytoplasma into the plasma membrane. These effects were reproduced when lymphocytes were pre-incubated with commercial lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and abolished by stausrosporin or p-bromophenacyl bromide. Evaluation of phosphorylated PKC isoforms showed that pre-incubation with LPC activated the autophosphorylation of the PKCz isoform. Taken together, these results confirm that the enzymatic activity of the phospholipase A 2 present in L. muta venom is for the biological activity of the snake venom, and strongly suggest that the LPC produced may be acting as a modulator of PKC isoforms.
Controle da tuberculose: uma proposta de integração ensino-serviço, 2014
Neste capítulo, serão discutidos os parâmetros de risco de contaminação pelo M. tuberculosis, os ... more Neste capítulo, serão discutidos os parâmetros de risco de contaminação pelo M. tuberculosis, os fatores do bacilo e do organismo infectado relacionados à transmissão e ao adoecimento por TB. São descritos complexos mecanismos que envolvem a integridade do sistema imunológico do organismo infectado e que determinam se o primeiro contato com o bacilo, a primoinfecção tuberculosa, evolui ou não para a tuberculose doença. Risco de infecção Que indicador é este?
It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the devel... more It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the development of tissue and nerve damage in leprosy and during the reactional episodes of acute inflammation. Thalidomide (N-α-phthalimidoglutarimide), a drug used to treat leprosy reaction, modulates immune response, inhibits inflammation and NF-κB activity. Here we investigated whether thalidomide inhibits NF-κB activation induced by Mycobacterium leprae, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK activation. EMSA and supershift assays were performed to investigate NF-κB activation in response to M. leprae and its modulation following in vitro treatment with thalidomide. Luciferase assay was assayed in transfected THP-1 cells to determine NF-κB transcriptional activity. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to investigate p65 accumulation in the nucleus. Immunoblotting was used to investigate p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Following activation of PBMC and monocytes with M. leprae, the formation and nuclear localization of NF-κB complexes composed mainly of p65/p50 and p50/p50 dimers was observed. Induction of NF-κB activation and DNA binding activity was inhibited by thalidomide. The drug also reduced M. leprae-induced TNF-α production and inhibited p38 and ERK1/2 activation. Definition of the activation mechanisms in cells stimulated with M. leprae can lead to the development of new therapy applications to modulate NF-κB activation and to control the inflammatory manifestations due to enhanced TNF-α response as observed in leprosy and in leprosy reactions.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that has plagued mankind for millennia. It is caused by Myc... more Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that has plagued mankind for millennia. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects approximately 10 million people every year. Although the disease is relatively easy to detect and treat, it continues to cause high levels of morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Adding to this problem, resistance to the drugs currently used in the treatment of tuberculosis is rising, compromising the treatment regimens currently available and promoting treatment failure and dissemination of the organism. In this chapter, we present basic information on the nature of this disease and its epidemiology and discuss several techniques used to diagnose tuberculosis, from the basic techniques used in the early days of tuberculosis research and control programs to the most recently developed methods and their promise in helping stop the tuberculosis epidemic.
Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World... more Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in U...
It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the devel... more It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the development of tissue and nerve damage in leprosy and during the reactional episodes of acute inflammation. Thalidomide (N-α-phthalimidoglutarimide), a drug used to treat leprosy reaction, modulates immune response, inhibits inflammation and NF-κB activity. Here we investigated whether thalidomide inhibits NF-κB activation induced by Mycobacterium leprae, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK activation. EMSA and supershift assays were performed to investigate NF-κB activation in response to M. leprae and its modulation following in vitro treatment with thalidomide. Luciferase assay was assayed in transfected THP-1 cells to determine NF-κB transcriptional activity. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to investigate p65 accumulation in the nucleus. Immunoblotting was used to investigate p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Following activation of PBMC and monocytes with M. leprae, the formation and nuclear localization of NF-κB complexes composed mainly of p65/p50 and p50/p50 dimers was observed. Induction of NF-κB activation and DNA binding activity was inhibited by thalidomide. The drug also reduced M. leprae-induced TNF-α production and inhibited p38 and ERK1/2 activation. Definition of the activation mechanisms in cells stimulated with M. leprae can lead to the development of new therapy applications to modulate NF-κB activation and to control the inflammatory manifestations due to enhanced TNF-α response as observed in leprosy and in leprosy reactions.
Neste capítulo, serão discutidos os parâmetros de risco de contaminação pelo M. tuberculosis, os ... more Neste capítulo, serão discutidos os parâmetros de risco de contaminação pelo M. tuberculosis, os fatores do bacilo e do organismo infectado relacionados à transmissão e ao adoecimento por TB. São descritos complexos mecanismos que envolvem a integridade do sistema imunológico do organismo infectado e que determinam se o primeiro contato com o bacilo, a primoinfecção tuberculosa, evolui ou não para a tuberculose doença. Risco de infecção Que indicador é este?
medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Nov 19, 2021
Due to tuberculosis (TB) patients' pulmonary damages, some authors believe that a SARS-CoV-2 coin... more Due to tuberculosis (TB) patients' pulmonary damages, some authors believe that a SARS-CoV-2 coinfection may result in unfavorable outcomes. A cross-sectional anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence study was conducted at a TB treatment tertiary referral unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to estimate the proportion (in %) of TB patients exposed to the new coronavirus and their main outcomes. Of 83 patients undergoing TB treatment, 26.5% have already been infected by the new coronavirus. Most patients were asymptomatic (69%) or had mild COVID-19 cases (31%). Only one patient required. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.
It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the devel... more It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the development of tissue and nerve damage in leprosy and during the reactional episodes of acute inflammation. Thalidomide (N-α-phthalimidoglutarimide), a drug used to treat leprosy reaction, modulates immune response, inhibits inflammation and NF-κB activity. Here we investigated whether thalidomide inhibits NF-κB activation induced by Mycobacterium leprae, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK activation. EMSA and supershift assays were performed to investigate NF-κB activation in response to M. leprae and its modulation following in vitro treatment with thalidomide. Luciferase assay was assayed in transfected THP-1 cells to determine NF-κB transcriptional activity. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to investigate p65 accumulation in the nucleus. Immunoblotting was used to investigate p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Following activation of PBMC and monocytes with M. leprae, the formation and nuclear localization of NF-κB complexes composed mainly of p65/p50 and p50/p50 dimers was observed. Induction of NF-κB activation and DNA binding activity was inhibited by thalidomide. The drug also reduced M. leprae-induced TNF-α production and inhibited p38 and ERK1/2 activation. Definition of the activation mechanisms in cells stimulated with M. leprae can lead to the development of new therapy applications to modulate NF-κB activation and to control the inflammatory manifestations due to enhanced TNF-α response as observed in leprosy and in leprosy reactions.
We have showed that a phospholipase A 2 isolated from Lachesis muta snake venom, denoted LM-PLA 2... more We have showed that a phospholipase A 2 isolated from Lachesis muta snake venom, denoted LM-PLA 2-I, had some biological effects. Here, we examined its effects on lymphocytes. Pre-incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with LM-PLA 2-I plus phosphatidylcholine (PC) stimulated the natural killer (NK) activity. This was accompanied by DNA binding of nuclear transcription factor kB and the increase in PKC activity with translocation of the enzyme from the cytoplasma into the plasma membrane. These effects were reproduced when lymphocytes were pre-incubated with commercial lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and abolished by stausrosporin or p-bromophenacyl bromide. Evaluation of phosphorylated PKC isoforms showed that pre-incubation with LPC activated the autophosphorylation of the PKCz isoform. Taken together, these results confirm that the enzymatic activity of the phospholipase A 2 present in L. muta venom is for the biological activity of the snake venom, and strongly suggest that the LPC produced may be acting as a modulator of PKC isoforms.
ISSN Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide. In 2015, there were approximat... more ISSN Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide. In 2015, there were approximately 10.4 million new cases of the disease, with 1.4 million deaths. Another major issue regarding TB is the worldwide emergence of drug-resistant strains. The National Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis and other Mycobacterioses assists the entire network of the Tuberculosis Control Program in Brazil by performing complex diagnostic procedures for the entire country. Here we report the drug susceptibility testing activities of the laboratory between 2013 and 2015. Our numbers highlight the importance of vigilant control programmes to quickly detect, treat and eliminate drugresistant TB cases, so as to avoid dissemination of drug-resistant forms of this important disease. Copyright 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Sep 1, 2005
Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, invades peripheral nerve Schwann cells, res... more Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, invades peripheral nerve Schwann cells, resulting in deformities associated with this disease. NF-jB is an important transcription factor involved in the regulation of host immune antimicrobial responses. We aimed in this work to investigate NF-jB signaling pathways in the human ST88-14 Schwannoma cell line infected with M. leprae. Gel shift and supershift assays indicate that two NF-jB dimers, p65/p50 and p50/p50, translocate to the nucleus in Schwann cells treated with lethally irradiated M. leprae. Consistent with p65/p50 and p50/p50 activation, we observed IjB-a degradation and reduction of p105 levels. The nuclear translocation of p50/p50 complex due to M. leprae treatment correlated with repression of NF-jB-driven transcription induced by TNF-a. Moreover, thalidomide inhibited p50 homodimer nuclear translocation induced by M. leprae and consequently rescues Schwann cells from NF-jB-dependent transcriptional repression. Here, we report for the first time that M. leprae induces NF-jB activation in Schwann cells and thalidomide is able to modulate this activation.
Due to tuberculosis (TB) patients` pulmonary damages, some authors believe that a SARS-CoV-2 coin... more Due to tuberculosis (TB) patients` pulmonary damages, some authors believe that a SARS-CoV-2 coinfection may result in unfavorable outcomes. A cross-sectional anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence study was conducted at a TB treatment tertiary referral unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to estimate the proportion (in %) of TB patients exposed to the new coronavirus and their main outcomes. Of 83 patients undergoing TB treatment, 26.5% have already been infected by the new coronavirus. Most patients were asymptomatic (69%) or had mild COVID-19 cases (31%). Only one patient required hospitalization. Among the symptoms and signs presented, the most frequently reported were: fever, headache, and myalgia. People with less education and less purchasing power seemed to had been more exposed to SARS-CoV-2.
We have showed that a phospholipase A 2 isolated from Lachesis muta snake venom, denoted LM-PLA 2... more We have showed that a phospholipase A 2 isolated from Lachesis muta snake venom, denoted LM-PLA 2-I, had some biological effects. Here, we examined its effects on lymphocytes. Pre-incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with LM-PLA 2-I plus phosphatidylcholine (PC) stimulated the natural killer (NK) activity. This was accompanied by DNA binding of nuclear transcription factor kB and the increase in PKC activity with translocation of the enzyme from the cytoplasma into the plasma membrane. These effects were reproduced when lymphocytes were pre-incubated with commercial lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and abolished by stausrosporin or p-bromophenacyl bromide. Evaluation of phosphorylated PKC isoforms showed that pre-incubation with LPC activated the autophosphorylation of the PKCz isoform. Taken together, these results confirm that the enzymatic activity of the phospholipase A 2 present in L. muta venom is for the biological activity of the snake venom, and strongly suggest that the LPC produced may be acting as a modulator of PKC isoforms.
Controle da tuberculose: uma proposta de integração ensino-serviço, 2014
Neste capítulo, serão discutidos os parâmetros de risco de contaminação pelo M. tuberculosis, os ... more Neste capítulo, serão discutidos os parâmetros de risco de contaminação pelo M. tuberculosis, os fatores do bacilo e do organismo infectado relacionados à transmissão e ao adoecimento por TB. São descritos complexos mecanismos que envolvem a integridade do sistema imunológico do organismo infectado e que determinam se o primeiro contato com o bacilo, a primoinfecção tuberculosa, evolui ou não para a tuberculose doença. Risco de infecção Que indicador é este?
It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the devel... more It is widely accepted that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the development of tissue and nerve damage in leprosy and during the reactional episodes of acute inflammation. Thalidomide (N-α-phthalimidoglutarimide), a drug used to treat leprosy reaction, modulates immune response, inhibits inflammation and NF-κB activity. Here we investigated whether thalidomide inhibits NF-κB activation induced by Mycobacterium leprae, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK activation. EMSA and supershift assays were performed to investigate NF-κB activation in response to M. leprae and its modulation following in vitro treatment with thalidomide. Luciferase assay was assayed in transfected THP-1 cells to determine NF-κB transcriptional activity. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to investigate p65 accumulation in the nucleus. Immunoblotting was used to investigate p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Following activation of PBMC and monocytes with M. leprae, the formation and nuclear localization of NF-κB complexes composed mainly of p65/p50 and p50/p50 dimers was observed. Induction of NF-κB activation and DNA binding activity was inhibited by thalidomide. The drug also reduced M. leprae-induced TNF-α production and inhibited p38 and ERK1/2 activation. Definition of the activation mechanisms in cells stimulated with M. leprae can lead to the development of new therapy applications to modulate NF-κB activation and to control the inflammatory manifestations due to enhanced TNF-α response as observed in leprosy and in leprosy reactions.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that has plagued mankind for millennia. It is caused by Myc... more Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that has plagued mankind for millennia. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects approximately 10 million people every year. Although the disease is relatively easy to detect and treat, it continues to cause high levels of morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Adding to this problem, resistance to the drugs currently used in the treatment of tuberculosis is rising, compromising the treatment regimens currently available and promoting treatment failure and dissemination of the organism. In this chapter, we present basic information on the nature of this disease and its epidemiology and discuss several techniques used to diagnose tuberculosis, from the basic techniques used in the early days of tuberculosis research and control programs to the most recently developed methods and their promise in helping stop the tuberculosis epidemic.
Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World... more Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in U...
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