These studies established a macaque model of early-phase endotoxic shock, and investigated the re... more These studies established a macaque model of early-phase endotoxic shock, and investigated the resuscitation effects of three different solutions. Twenty-four macaques were assigned to four groups. Nineteen animals were given an intravenous dose of 2.8 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At 60 min after LPS challenge, the animals were given (i) 5 mL/kg normal saline (Ns group, n = 6), (ii) 5% of 5 mL/kg sodium bicarbonate (Sb group, n = 6), (iii) hypertonic 3.5% sodium chloride of 5 mL/kg (Hs group, n = 7). The control group (Co group, n = 5) was first injected with 1 mL/kg Ns and with 5 mL/kg Ns 60 min later. Haemodynamic parameters and blood gases were measured during the experiment, and myocardial morphology was examined on termination of the experiment. Administration of LPS caused hypotension and decreases of the left ventricular work index (LVWI). In the Sb group, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, LVWI and right ventricular work index were ...
Background The incineration and burying of the soiled bedding of laboratory animals, as well as u... more Background The incineration and burying of the soiled bedding of laboratory animals, as well as using detergents to treat their feces, is hazardous to the environment. This highlights the need for an alternative, environmentally friendly solution for the treatment of the waste of laboratory animal facilities. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of ozone disinfection of the soiled bedding and feces of laboratory animals. Methods Two grams of soiled beddings were randomly sampled from the cages of mice and rats. These samples were mixed in a beaker with 40ml saline. Ozone was piped into the beaker at a concentration of 500mg/h. Samples were taken from the beaker at time 0min, 30min, 45min and 60min after ozone treatment for microbiological culturing in an incubator for 48h. Colony form unit of each plate (CFU/plate) at each time point were counted, the mean CFU/plate at each time point after ozone treatment were compared with that present at time zero. Feces of rabbits and dogs w...
Table 2. The world's 25 most endangered primates 2008-2010 are spread through 17 countries. Those... more Table 2. The world's 25 most endangered primates 2008-2010 are spread through 17 countries. Those which stand out are Madagascar (five species), Vietnam (five species), and Indonesia (four species). Madagascar Madagascar Prolemur simus, Eulemur cinereiceps, Eulemur flavifrons, Lepilemur septentrionalis, Propithecus candidus Africa Cameroon Gorilla gorilla diehli Côte d'Ivoire Cercopithecus diana roloway Ghana Cercopithecus diana roloway Kenya Procolobus rufomitratus Nigeria Procolobus epieni, Gorilla gorilla diehli Tanzania Galagoides rondoensis, Rungwecebus kipunji Asia Bangladesh Hoolock hoolock China Nomascus nasutus India Hoolock hoolock Indonesia Tarsius tumpara, Nycticebus javanicus, Simias concolor, Pongo abelii Myanmar Hoolock hoolock Sri Lanka Semnopithecus vetulus nestor Vietnam Trachypithecus delacouri, Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus, Pygathrix cinerea, Rhinopithecus avunculus, Nomascus nasutus Neotropical Region Colombia Saguinus oedipus, Ateles hybridus Venezuela Ateles hybridus Peru Oreonax flavicauda Table 3. The following primates included on the 2006-2008 list were removed from the 2008-2010 list. Madagascar Lepilemur sahamalazensis Sahamalaza sportive lemur Africa Procolobus pennantii pennantii Pennant's red colobus Procolobus badius waldroni Waldron's red colobus Asia Loris tardigradus nycticeboides Horton Plains slender loris Nomascus hainanus Hainan gibbon Neotropics Ateles fusciceps Brown-headed spider monkey Table 4. The following six primates were placed on the list for the first time. Madagascar Eulemur flavifrons Sclater's lemur Lepilemur septentrionalis Northern sportive lemur Africa Procolobus epieni Niger Delta red colobus Asia Nycticebus javanicus Javan slow loris Nomascus nasutus Cao Vit crested gibbon Neotropical Region Saguinus oedipus Cotton-top tamarin Table 6. The following table shows the five lists produced to date. The seven species shaded are those which have remained on the list since 2000.
ANAESTHESIA of wild mammals is undertaken frequently in veterinary practices and 'wildlife ho... more ANAESTHESIA of wild mammals is undertaken frequently in veterinary practices and 'wildlife hospitals' In these settings, safe, controlled anaesthesia can be achieved by using the conventional methods for domestic mammals. Particular success for a wide range of wildlife species has been noted with the use of isoflurane, either alone or in combination with injectable agents (Belant 1995, Heath and others 1996, P. Budd, personal communication). However, safe anaesthesia is also required in the field. The monitoring of wild mammal populations is an important part of wildlife management, and often requires individuals to be anaesthetised for health screening, blood sampling or the fitting of radiotags. In addition, free-living mammals are anaesthetised in the field for purely scientific or veterinary purposes. Such interventions, together with the associated capture and handling, undoubtedly carry some negative welfare implications. These have been highlighted for some mammals of high conservation value (Creel 1997, East and others 1997). However, whatever the species, application of the'three Rs'reduction, refinement and replacement is essential to minimise any adverse effects on individuals and populations. For most larger species, immobilisation and anaesthesia are generally achieved using injectable agents (Fowler and others 1998, Osofsky and Hirsch 2000, Fernandez-Moran and others 2001). These are administered through the mesh of a trapping cage, using a crush cage or by means of a blowpipe or dart gun. Single agents such as ketamine (Vetalar; Upjohn) (for badgers), or combinations, such as medetomidine (Domitor; Pfizer) with ketamine and butorphanol (Torbugesic; Willows Francis) (for badgers and foxes) are used. However, many agents and combinations which are commonly used are not completely reversible, giving prolonged recovery times. This is generally undesirable in the field: facilities are unlikely to exist to provide warm, stable temperatures; it is difficult for personnel to monitor the recovery ofmore than a few individuals, thereby limiting productivity; there may be safety concerns for operating staff; and mammals are prevented from resuming normal activities such as hunting or protecting young. There may also be difficulties in determining the correct dose to give the required length and depth of anaesthesia. This can result from problems in obtaining accurate bodyweights from conscious wild mammals, or because of the paucity of previous anaesthetic data for a particular species. Controlled anaesthesia is even more difficult to achieve in small species using injectable agents. Traditionally, rodents have been anaesthetised by inhalation induction in a polyethylene bag containing cotton wool soaked in a volatile agent. Ether was replaced by methoxyflurane as the agent of choice because of animal welfare and safety considerations (Van Zutphen and others 1993), but this agent has recently become unavailable in the UK, and there is a substantial risk of overdose if an uncalibrated method is used with modern highly volatile anaesthetics. There are particular considerations when dealing with wild mammals which necessitate the selection of anaesthetics with very wide safety margins. In many cases, a mammal's exact biological need will be unknown (Wolfensohn and Lloyd 1998). It will also have been stressed by restraint in the trap, be unused to handling, and will be more apprehensive FIG 1: Simple apparatus used to anaesthetise wild mammals in the field
The refinement of husbandry and procedures to reduce animal suffering and improve welfare is an e... more The refinement of husbandry and procedures to reduce animal suffering and improve welfare is an essential component of humane science. Successful refinement depends upon the ability to assess animal welfare effectively, and detect any signs of pain or distress as rapidly as possible, so that any suffering can be alleviated. This document provides practical guidance on setting up and operating effective protocols for the welfare assessment of animals used in research and testing. It sets out general principles for more objective observation of animals, recognizing and assessing indicators of pain or distress and tailoring these to individual projects. Systems for recording indicators, including score sheets, are reviewed and guidance is set out on determining practical monitoring regimes that are more likely to detect any signs of suffering. This guidance is intended for all staff required to assess or monitor animal welfare, including animal technologists and care staff, veterinaria...
A veterinary surgeon wishing to practice in the UK promises, on admission to the Royal College of... more A veterinary surgeon wishing to practice in the UK promises, on admission to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, that their "constant endeavour will be to ensure the welfare of the animals committed to [their] care" (RCVS 2006 Guide to Professional Conduct). Yet a constant ...
This paper argues that the number of species of nocturnal primates has been seriously underestima... more This paper argues that the number of species of nocturnal primates has been seriously underestimated. It has been traditional to separate species largely on the basis of the physical characteristics of museum specimens. This is satisfactory when the animals’ themselves recognize one another by sight, as in the majority of birds and day-living primates, but where scent and sound play the predominant role in male-female recognition, species boundaries can easily be overlooked. As Tinbergen has pointed out, closely related species do not ordinarily interbreed because: ‘the various signals serving attraction, persuasion, appeasement, and synchronisation, are so very different from one species to another.’ (Tinbergen, 1953, p.36). Here we use one conspicuous element in the communication system of galagos, which are all nocturnal, to demonstrate that similarlooking populations frequently belong to different species which have yet to be investigated.
Combining a range of assessment parameters into one usable entity has been identified as an impor... more Combining a range of assessment parameters into one usable entity has been identified as an important goal in providing a practical, objective and robust assessment of welfare, particularly in laboratory animals. This paper refines and extends one such previously published method. The proposed Extended Welfare Assessment Grid provides for the incorporation of changes in the state of an animal over time, allowing for predictive, retrospective, scheduled, or event monitoring. It enables the numeric, as well as visual, representation of the animal's welfare, placing this in the context of the careful and realistic justification for experimental use of the animal. This assessment method represents a valuable tool for those tasked with ensuring ethical oversight, as well as for those planning the use, or monitoring, of animals in research. It is particularly applicable to animals used in long-term studies, especially non-human primates. It is believed that this system will draw atten...
ABSTRACT Primates are bred in captivity for a number of purposes, from zoo-based captive breeding... more ABSTRACT Primates are bred in captivity for a number of purposes, from zoo-based captive breeding programmes for conservation to breeding for biomedical research. In each case, breeding animals that are fit for purpose, either as viable candidates for reintroduction or as valid research models, has presented challenges and resulted in steep learning curves. The breeding of animals for biomedical research has become increasingly focused on the production of animals that are less stressed by captive (specifically laboratory) environments. This is because elevated, particularly chronic, stress responses can result in altered physiological, neurological and behavioural states that have the potential to compromise the validity of scientific results. Selective breeding in captivity to, for example, maximise production, select for docile temperament or specific genotypes for biomedical research, is likely to be counter to natural selective pressures for evolutionary fitness. Given that many natural selective pressures active in the wild are absent in captivity, this paper reviews the selective breeding of primates (especially Old World monkeys) in captivity, its potential negative effects, and options that exist for ameliorating these negative effects.
1 Primates: Their characteristics and relationship with man What is a primate? Primate characteri... more 1 Primates: Their characteristics and relationship with man What is a primate? Primate characteristics Why are primates special? Ethical considerations of animals in captivity Legal considerations Further reading 2 The physical environment Considerations in accommodation design Indoor/outdoor/combination facilities Environmental conditions Waste management Further research needed Further reading 3 Staff, management and health and safety Selection of staff Training of staff Health and safety issues Lone working Employee security Further reading 4 Nutrition Natural feeding ecology Diet formulation and processing Energy requirements Carbohydrate, protein and fat Minerals and vitamins Water Supplements Different life stages Hand rearing of infants Further reading 5 Physical well-being Assessment of physical health Quarantine programme Health-screening programme Common infectious diseases Husbandry-related diseases Sedation of primates Further reading 6 Psychological well-being Strategy ...
A technique measuring leukocyte (neutrophil) activity was used to examine differences between str... more A technique measuring leukocyte (neutrophil) activity was used to examine differences between stress levels in a breeding colony of rhesus macaques housed in either a traditional caging system or open-rooms. The leukocyte activation test measured the degree to which blood from the two treatment groups could launch a further neutrophil response (superoxide production) to an in vitro challenge. Animals housed in a traditional caging system produced a significantly lower leukocyte response than animals housed in open-rooms, indicating that there was a higher level of stress associated with caged housing than open-room housing. This was not influenced by whether animals were physically restrained or trained to stand for a sedating injection. No differences were found between treatment groups in leukocyte numbers or composition. This study validates the use of the leukocyte activation test to assess physiological stress levels in non-human primates and demonstrates the animal welfare ben...
These studies established a macaque model of early-phase endotoxic shock, and investigated the re... more These studies established a macaque model of early-phase endotoxic shock, and investigated the resuscitation effects of three different solutions. Twenty-four macaques were assigned to four groups. Nineteen animals were given an intravenous dose of 2.8 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At 60 min after LPS challenge, the animals were given (i) 5 mL/kg normal saline (Ns group, n = 6), (ii) 5% of 5 mL/kg sodium bicarbonate (Sb group, n = 6), (iii) hypertonic 3.5% sodium chloride of 5 mL/kg (Hs group, n = 7). The control group (Co group, n = 5) was first injected with 1 mL/kg Ns and with 5 mL/kg Ns 60 min later. Haemodynamic parameters and blood gases were measured during the experiment, and myocardial morphology was examined on termination of the experiment. Administration of LPS caused hypotension and decreases of the left ventricular work index (LVWI). In the Sb group, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, LVWI and right ventricular work index were ...
Background The incineration and burying of the soiled bedding of laboratory animals, as well as u... more Background The incineration and burying of the soiled bedding of laboratory animals, as well as using detergents to treat their feces, is hazardous to the environment. This highlights the need for an alternative, environmentally friendly solution for the treatment of the waste of laboratory animal facilities. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of ozone disinfection of the soiled bedding and feces of laboratory animals. Methods Two grams of soiled beddings were randomly sampled from the cages of mice and rats. These samples were mixed in a beaker with 40ml saline. Ozone was piped into the beaker at a concentration of 500mg/h. Samples were taken from the beaker at time 0min, 30min, 45min and 60min after ozone treatment for microbiological culturing in an incubator for 48h. Colony form unit of each plate (CFU/plate) at each time point were counted, the mean CFU/plate at each time point after ozone treatment were compared with that present at time zero. Feces of rabbits and dogs w...
Table 2. The world's 25 most endangered primates 2008-2010 are spread through 17 countries. Those... more Table 2. The world's 25 most endangered primates 2008-2010 are spread through 17 countries. Those which stand out are Madagascar (five species), Vietnam (five species), and Indonesia (four species). Madagascar Madagascar Prolemur simus, Eulemur cinereiceps, Eulemur flavifrons, Lepilemur septentrionalis, Propithecus candidus Africa Cameroon Gorilla gorilla diehli Côte d'Ivoire Cercopithecus diana roloway Ghana Cercopithecus diana roloway Kenya Procolobus rufomitratus Nigeria Procolobus epieni, Gorilla gorilla diehli Tanzania Galagoides rondoensis, Rungwecebus kipunji Asia Bangladesh Hoolock hoolock China Nomascus nasutus India Hoolock hoolock Indonesia Tarsius tumpara, Nycticebus javanicus, Simias concolor, Pongo abelii Myanmar Hoolock hoolock Sri Lanka Semnopithecus vetulus nestor Vietnam Trachypithecus delacouri, Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus, Pygathrix cinerea, Rhinopithecus avunculus, Nomascus nasutus Neotropical Region Colombia Saguinus oedipus, Ateles hybridus Venezuela Ateles hybridus Peru Oreonax flavicauda Table 3. The following primates included on the 2006-2008 list were removed from the 2008-2010 list. Madagascar Lepilemur sahamalazensis Sahamalaza sportive lemur Africa Procolobus pennantii pennantii Pennant's red colobus Procolobus badius waldroni Waldron's red colobus Asia Loris tardigradus nycticeboides Horton Plains slender loris Nomascus hainanus Hainan gibbon Neotropics Ateles fusciceps Brown-headed spider monkey Table 4. The following six primates were placed on the list for the first time. Madagascar Eulemur flavifrons Sclater's lemur Lepilemur septentrionalis Northern sportive lemur Africa Procolobus epieni Niger Delta red colobus Asia Nycticebus javanicus Javan slow loris Nomascus nasutus Cao Vit crested gibbon Neotropical Region Saguinus oedipus Cotton-top tamarin Table 6. The following table shows the five lists produced to date. The seven species shaded are those which have remained on the list since 2000.
ANAESTHESIA of wild mammals is undertaken frequently in veterinary practices and 'wildlife ho... more ANAESTHESIA of wild mammals is undertaken frequently in veterinary practices and 'wildlife hospitals' In these settings, safe, controlled anaesthesia can be achieved by using the conventional methods for domestic mammals. Particular success for a wide range of wildlife species has been noted with the use of isoflurane, either alone or in combination with injectable agents (Belant 1995, Heath and others 1996, P. Budd, personal communication). However, safe anaesthesia is also required in the field. The monitoring of wild mammal populations is an important part of wildlife management, and often requires individuals to be anaesthetised for health screening, blood sampling or the fitting of radiotags. In addition, free-living mammals are anaesthetised in the field for purely scientific or veterinary purposes. Such interventions, together with the associated capture and handling, undoubtedly carry some negative welfare implications. These have been highlighted for some mammals of high conservation value (Creel 1997, East and others 1997). However, whatever the species, application of the'three Rs'reduction, refinement and replacement is essential to minimise any adverse effects on individuals and populations. For most larger species, immobilisation and anaesthesia are generally achieved using injectable agents (Fowler and others 1998, Osofsky and Hirsch 2000, Fernandez-Moran and others 2001). These are administered through the mesh of a trapping cage, using a crush cage or by means of a blowpipe or dart gun. Single agents such as ketamine (Vetalar; Upjohn) (for badgers), or combinations, such as medetomidine (Domitor; Pfizer) with ketamine and butorphanol (Torbugesic; Willows Francis) (for badgers and foxes) are used. However, many agents and combinations which are commonly used are not completely reversible, giving prolonged recovery times. This is generally undesirable in the field: facilities are unlikely to exist to provide warm, stable temperatures; it is difficult for personnel to monitor the recovery ofmore than a few individuals, thereby limiting productivity; there may be safety concerns for operating staff; and mammals are prevented from resuming normal activities such as hunting or protecting young. There may also be difficulties in determining the correct dose to give the required length and depth of anaesthesia. This can result from problems in obtaining accurate bodyweights from conscious wild mammals, or because of the paucity of previous anaesthetic data for a particular species. Controlled anaesthesia is even more difficult to achieve in small species using injectable agents. Traditionally, rodents have been anaesthetised by inhalation induction in a polyethylene bag containing cotton wool soaked in a volatile agent. Ether was replaced by methoxyflurane as the agent of choice because of animal welfare and safety considerations (Van Zutphen and others 1993), but this agent has recently become unavailable in the UK, and there is a substantial risk of overdose if an uncalibrated method is used with modern highly volatile anaesthetics. There are particular considerations when dealing with wild mammals which necessitate the selection of anaesthetics with very wide safety margins. In many cases, a mammal's exact biological need will be unknown (Wolfensohn and Lloyd 1998). It will also have been stressed by restraint in the trap, be unused to handling, and will be more apprehensive FIG 1: Simple apparatus used to anaesthetise wild mammals in the field
The refinement of husbandry and procedures to reduce animal suffering and improve welfare is an e... more The refinement of husbandry and procedures to reduce animal suffering and improve welfare is an essential component of humane science. Successful refinement depends upon the ability to assess animal welfare effectively, and detect any signs of pain or distress as rapidly as possible, so that any suffering can be alleviated. This document provides practical guidance on setting up and operating effective protocols for the welfare assessment of animals used in research and testing. It sets out general principles for more objective observation of animals, recognizing and assessing indicators of pain or distress and tailoring these to individual projects. Systems for recording indicators, including score sheets, are reviewed and guidance is set out on determining practical monitoring regimes that are more likely to detect any signs of suffering. This guidance is intended for all staff required to assess or monitor animal welfare, including animal technologists and care staff, veterinaria...
A veterinary surgeon wishing to practice in the UK promises, on admission to the Royal College of... more A veterinary surgeon wishing to practice in the UK promises, on admission to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, that their "constant endeavour will be to ensure the welfare of the animals committed to [their] care" (RCVS 2006 Guide to Professional Conduct). Yet a constant ...
This paper argues that the number of species of nocturnal primates has been seriously underestima... more This paper argues that the number of species of nocturnal primates has been seriously underestimated. It has been traditional to separate species largely on the basis of the physical characteristics of museum specimens. This is satisfactory when the animals’ themselves recognize one another by sight, as in the majority of birds and day-living primates, but where scent and sound play the predominant role in male-female recognition, species boundaries can easily be overlooked. As Tinbergen has pointed out, closely related species do not ordinarily interbreed because: ‘the various signals serving attraction, persuasion, appeasement, and synchronisation, are so very different from one species to another.’ (Tinbergen, 1953, p.36). Here we use one conspicuous element in the communication system of galagos, which are all nocturnal, to demonstrate that similarlooking populations frequently belong to different species which have yet to be investigated.
Combining a range of assessment parameters into one usable entity has been identified as an impor... more Combining a range of assessment parameters into one usable entity has been identified as an important goal in providing a practical, objective and robust assessment of welfare, particularly in laboratory animals. This paper refines and extends one such previously published method. The proposed Extended Welfare Assessment Grid provides for the incorporation of changes in the state of an animal over time, allowing for predictive, retrospective, scheduled, or event monitoring. It enables the numeric, as well as visual, representation of the animal's welfare, placing this in the context of the careful and realistic justification for experimental use of the animal. This assessment method represents a valuable tool for those tasked with ensuring ethical oversight, as well as for those planning the use, or monitoring, of animals in research. It is particularly applicable to animals used in long-term studies, especially non-human primates. It is believed that this system will draw atten...
ABSTRACT Primates are bred in captivity for a number of purposes, from zoo-based captive breeding... more ABSTRACT Primates are bred in captivity for a number of purposes, from zoo-based captive breeding programmes for conservation to breeding for biomedical research. In each case, breeding animals that are fit for purpose, either as viable candidates for reintroduction or as valid research models, has presented challenges and resulted in steep learning curves. The breeding of animals for biomedical research has become increasingly focused on the production of animals that are less stressed by captive (specifically laboratory) environments. This is because elevated, particularly chronic, stress responses can result in altered physiological, neurological and behavioural states that have the potential to compromise the validity of scientific results. Selective breeding in captivity to, for example, maximise production, select for docile temperament or specific genotypes for biomedical research, is likely to be counter to natural selective pressures for evolutionary fitness. Given that many natural selective pressures active in the wild are absent in captivity, this paper reviews the selective breeding of primates (especially Old World monkeys) in captivity, its potential negative effects, and options that exist for ameliorating these negative effects.
1 Primates: Their characteristics and relationship with man What is a primate? Primate characteri... more 1 Primates: Their characteristics and relationship with man What is a primate? Primate characteristics Why are primates special? Ethical considerations of animals in captivity Legal considerations Further reading 2 The physical environment Considerations in accommodation design Indoor/outdoor/combination facilities Environmental conditions Waste management Further research needed Further reading 3 Staff, management and health and safety Selection of staff Training of staff Health and safety issues Lone working Employee security Further reading 4 Nutrition Natural feeding ecology Diet formulation and processing Energy requirements Carbohydrate, protein and fat Minerals and vitamins Water Supplements Different life stages Hand rearing of infants Further reading 5 Physical well-being Assessment of physical health Quarantine programme Health-screening programme Common infectious diseases Husbandry-related diseases Sedation of primates Further reading 6 Psychological well-being Strategy ...
A technique measuring leukocyte (neutrophil) activity was used to examine differences between str... more A technique measuring leukocyte (neutrophil) activity was used to examine differences between stress levels in a breeding colony of rhesus macaques housed in either a traditional caging system or open-rooms. The leukocyte activation test measured the degree to which blood from the two treatment groups could launch a further neutrophil response (superoxide production) to an in vitro challenge. Animals housed in a traditional caging system produced a significantly lower leukocyte response than animals housed in open-rooms, indicating that there was a higher level of stress associated with caged housing than open-room housing. This was not influenced by whether animals were physically restrained or trained to stand for a sedating injection. No differences were found between treatment groups in leukocyte numbers or composition. This study validates the use of the leukocyte activation test to assess physiological stress levels in non-human primates and demonstrates the animal welfare ben...
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