The Naw is seeking to develop advanced rechargeable batteries for propulsion of underwater vehicl... more The Naw is seeking to develop advanced rechargeable batteries for propulsion of underwater vehicles Emphasis is placed on achieving high energy density as opposed to cycle life. The goal of this effort was the development of a battery that could deliver twice the energy density (100 Wh/lb) of the zinc/silver oxide system presently employed by the SEAL Delivery Vehicle. The lithium/lithium cobalt oxide (Li/Li 05 CoO 2) electrochemistry was developed at the 100 ampere-hour cell level. This cell served as the unit building block of a series/parallel-connected battery. Charge and discharge control circuitry was added to each individual cell. This made each cell of the battery protected from operator error and unbalanced charging. Results are reported on the cycling behavior of thirty, 100 ampere-hour cells along with a battery test for demonstrating smart battery electronics control and monitoring on a six cell battery Test data on batt er>'response to the control monitoring system is presented along with a complete users manual for its PC based Smart Battery functionality. 14. SUBJECT TERMS SEAL Delivery Vehicle 100 Ah rechargeable lithium Smart Battery Rechargeable lithium metal anode Li/Li x Co0 2 lithium/ metal oxide large prismatic lithium cell 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT UNCLASSIFIED
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances
Under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research, the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) is... more Under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research, the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) is the focal point for exploratory battery development within the United States Navy. NSWC is responsible for identifjmg naval power needs not met by existing technology. To accomplish this, we conduct a biennial power sou~ce survey to assess the technology gap between state-of-the-art battery performance and mid-to-long term fleet needs. Once Navy power requirements have been identified, high payoff technologies are developed to meet them. During the 1993 survey, we identified four Navy systems requiring battery developments, namely sonobuoys, mines, underwater vehicles and torpedoes. Power supply inadequacies were found to be the result of two important factors, a shift in Navy focus from deep ocean waters to the more complex, littoral (coastal) environments, and an increased emphasis on the cost effectiveness of a system in an era of reduced military budgets. The survey revealed the following issues: (1) Future sonobuoys will require significantly greater power than the presently used lithiudsulhr dioxide batteries can provide. (2) There is concern in the mine community over the f h r e availability of specific batteries. (3) In the case of underwater vehicles (including torpedo targets), there is a desire for a more cost-effective power source having a greater energy density than the presently used silver oxiddzinc cells. (4) Enhanced energy density was requested by the torpedo community to provide increased operational time. As expected, safety and environmental issues were of concern to participants responding to the survey. This paper will discuss the recommendations of the power needs survey and summarize efforts underway to implement them.
There are two important steps necessary for the optimization of electrochemical double-layer capa... more There are two important steps necessary for the optimization of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLC): maximizing the volumetric capacitance and minimizing the ohmic resistance. The application of force during the assembly of an EDLC cell is one way to achieve this optimization. The effect of the application of force on the performance characteristics of EDLC cells, assembled using porous activated carbon electrodes, was determined. It was shown that applying force to the body of the cell during assembly only provides a significant increase in the performance of the EDLC with the initial application. The results showed that any increase in the applied force beyond that initial stage does not result in a subsequent increase in performance and can result in a substantial decrease in the performance characteristics of the EDLC cell. Furthermore, it was concluded that the substantial decrease shown was attributed to an alteration of the physical structure of the porous material, which produced significant decreases in the accessible surface area and the material resistance of the activated carbon electrodes.
Although Li/CF x and Li/CF x MnO 2 have two of the highest energy densitiesof all commercial lith... more Although Li/CF x and Li/CF x MnO 2 have two of the highest energy densitiesof all commercial lithium primary batteries known to date, they are typically current-limited and therefore are not used in highpower applications. In this work, a Li/CF x MnO 2 battery (BA-5790)was hybridized with a 1,000 F lithium ion capacitor to allow its use for portable electronic devices requiring 100 W one-minute pulses. An intelligent, power-management board was developed for managing the energy flow between the components. The hybrid architecture was shown to maintain the battery current to a level that minimized energy loss and thermal stress. The performance of the Li/CF x MnO 2 hybrid was compared to the standard Li/SO 2 battery (BA-5590). The hybrid was shown to deliver the same number of 100 W pulse cycles as two BA-5590 batteries, resulting in a weight savings of 30% and a volumetric reduction of 20%. For devices requiring 8 hours of operational time or less, a 5-cell Li/CF x MnO 2 hybrid was found to be a lighter (55%) and smaller (45%) power source than the existing two BA-5590 battery option, and a lighter (42%) and smaller(27%) option than1½BA-5790batteriesalone. At higher power requirements (>100 W), further weight and size improvements can be expected.
Proceedings of the 2002 Workshop on Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, 2002.
The majority of unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) applicati... more The majority of unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) applications are electrically powered, deriving their energy from chemical reactions within a battery. Unlike thermal engines, where chemical energy is metered into a combustion chamber, batteries are unique in the storage of all energy content within a limited material construction. Fuel cells are a logical cross between the
The Naw is seeking to develop advanced rechargeable batteries for propulsion of underwater vehicl... more The Naw is seeking to develop advanced rechargeable batteries for propulsion of underwater vehicles Emphasis is placed on achieving high energy density as opposed to cycle life. The goal of this effort was the development of a battery that could deliver twice the energy density (100 Wh/lb) of the zinc/silver oxide system presently employed by the SEAL Delivery Vehicle. The lithium/lithium cobalt oxide (Li/Li 05 CoO 2) electrochemistry was developed at the 100 ampere-hour cell level. This cell served as the unit building block of a series/parallel-connected battery. Charge and discharge control circuitry was added to each individual cell. This made each cell of the battery protected from operator error and unbalanced charging. Results are reported on the cycling behavior of thirty, 100 ampere-hour cells along with a battery test for demonstrating smart battery electronics control and monitoring on a six cell battery Test data on batt er>'response to the control monitoring system is presented along with a complete users manual for its PC based Smart Battery functionality. 14. SUBJECT TERMS SEAL Delivery Vehicle 100 Ah rechargeable lithium Smart Battery Rechargeable lithium metal anode Li/Li x Co0 2 lithium/ metal oxide large prismatic lithium cell 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT UNCLASSIFIED
Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances
Under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research, the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) is... more Under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research, the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) is the focal point for exploratory battery development within the United States Navy. NSWC is responsible for identifjmg naval power needs not met by existing technology. To accomplish this, we conduct a biennial power sou~ce survey to assess the technology gap between state-of-the-art battery performance and mid-to-long term fleet needs. Once Navy power requirements have been identified, high payoff technologies are developed to meet them. During the 1993 survey, we identified four Navy systems requiring battery developments, namely sonobuoys, mines, underwater vehicles and torpedoes. Power supply inadequacies were found to be the result of two important factors, a shift in Navy focus from deep ocean waters to the more complex, littoral (coastal) environments, and an increased emphasis on the cost effectiveness of a system in an era of reduced military budgets. The survey revealed the following issues: (1) Future sonobuoys will require significantly greater power than the presently used lithiudsulhr dioxide batteries can provide. (2) There is concern in the mine community over the f h r e availability of specific batteries. (3) In the case of underwater vehicles (including torpedo targets), there is a desire for a more cost-effective power source having a greater energy density than the presently used silver oxiddzinc cells. (4) Enhanced energy density was requested by the torpedo community to provide increased operational time. As expected, safety and environmental issues were of concern to participants responding to the survey. This paper will discuss the recommendations of the power needs survey and summarize efforts underway to implement them.
There are two important steps necessary for the optimization of electrochemical double-layer capa... more There are two important steps necessary for the optimization of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLC): maximizing the volumetric capacitance and minimizing the ohmic resistance. The application of force during the assembly of an EDLC cell is one way to achieve this optimization. The effect of the application of force on the performance characteristics of EDLC cells, assembled using porous activated carbon electrodes, was determined. It was shown that applying force to the body of the cell during assembly only provides a significant increase in the performance of the EDLC with the initial application. The results showed that any increase in the applied force beyond that initial stage does not result in a subsequent increase in performance and can result in a substantial decrease in the performance characteristics of the EDLC cell. Furthermore, it was concluded that the substantial decrease shown was attributed to an alteration of the physical structure of the porous material, which produced significant decreases in the accessible surface area and the material resistance of the activated carbon electrodes.
Although Li/CF x and Li/CF x MnO 2 have two of the highest energy densitiesof all commercial lith... more Although Li/CF x and Li/CF x MnO 2 have two of the highest energy densitiesof all commercial lithium primary batteries known to date, they are typically current-limited and therefore are not used in highpower applications. In this work, a Li/CF x MnO 2 battery (BA-5790)was hybridized with a 1,000 F lithium ion capacitor to allow its use for portable electronic devices requiring 100 W one-minute pulses. An intelligent, power-management board was developed for managing the energy flow between the components. The hybrid architecture was shown to maintain the battery current to a level that minimized energy loss and thermal stress. The performance of the Li/CF x MnO 2 hybrid was compared to the standard Li/SO 2 battery (BA-5590). The hybrid was shown to deliver the same number of 100 W pulse cycles as two BA-5590 batteries, resulting in a weight savings of 30% and a volumetric reduction of 20%. For devices requiring 8 hours of operational time or less, a 5-cell Li/CF x MnO 2 hybrid was found to be a lighter (55%) and smaller (45%) power source than the existing two BA-5590 battery option, and a lighter (42%) and smaller(27%) option than1½BA-5790batteriesalone. At higher power requirements (>100 W), further weight and size improvements can be expected.
Proceedings of the 2002 Workshop on Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, 2002.
The majority of unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) applicati... more The majority of unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) applications are electrically powered, deriving their energy from chemical reactions within a battery. Unlike thermal engines, where chemical energy is metered into a combustion chamber, batteries are unique in the storage of all energy content within a limited material construction. Fuel cells are a logical cross between the
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