Book Chapters by Patricia Elaine Green
Monuments and Sites Jamaica, 1966
Sustainable Urbanisation in the Caribbean, 2024
This chapter provides a historical examination of Caribbean urbanism, focusing on Indigenous town... more This chapter provides a historical examination of Caribbean urbanism, focusing on Indigenous towns and their urban form, as well as sustainable land-use practices incorporating rivers and the sea. Highlighting the 1492 “discovery” of Indigenous Caribbean nations, the chapter explores the resulting descriptions by cosmographers and cartographers that persisted into the 19th century. Utilising these historical accounts, the chapter demonstrates that Europeans established their settlements based on the footprint of Indigenous urbanism, integrating aspects of sustainable traditions which continue to shape the Caribbean cultural landscape today. The influence of Caribbean Indigenous cultures is traced globally through early Renaissance Treatises and architecture derived from Indigenous cultural landscape practices at the time of contact. Concluding with an examination of what may be perceived as a legacy of displacement within Caribbean urbanism, the chapter suggests that conquest and enslavement may have triggered such displacements. Redressing this displacement legacy is considered within the framework of a decolonisation agenda, aligning with Caribbean sustainable development goals.
Encyclopedia of Caribbean Archaeology, 2014
Papers by Patricia Elaine Green
Urban Tropicality: 7th International Network of Tropical Architecture (iNTA) Conference, 2019
UNESCO inscribed the Historic Inner City of Paramaribo in 2002 on the World Heritage List. Its ou... more UNESCO inscribed the Historic Inner City of Paramaribo in 2002 on the World Heritage List. Its outstanding universal value reads that Paramaribo
is a former Dutch colonial town from the 17th and 18th centuries, and its buildings illustrate the gradual fusion of Dutch architectural influence with traditional local techniques and materials. Generally, urban conservation placed emphasis on individual building preservation, with legislation for authenticity of monuments and sites. However, since 2011, UNESCO outlined the historic urban landscape (HUL) recommendations as an instrument in urban conservation to generate new life for historic buildings recognising that the city is not a static monument or group of buildings but subjected to dynamic forces.
This paper therefore examines how HUL tools may be applied in Paramaribo. It looks at the outstanding universal values (OUVs) produced for inscription and what new ones have emerged since 2002 if any. Further, the paper explores the different urban context of the city, and where there may be respect for issues of diversity inside its urban environment.
The paper aims to demonstrate that Paramaribo makes a good case study for HUL with social, cultural and economic assets from the 17th century into modern times as valuable.
NACLA Report on the Americas, 2022
In West Kingston, the birthplace of reggae, the plight of the urban poor and the imperative to pr... more In West Kingston, the birthplace of reggae, the plight of the urban poor and the imperative to protect cultural heritage urge a reckoning with the legacies of enslavement.
The Journal of Architecture, 2022
Tracing across the complex histories of dominions and influences conver- ging on the Caribbean te... more Tracing across the complex histories of dominions and influences conver- ging on the Caribbean territories, this paper examines certain common historic threads that persisted into the contemporary Caribbean cultural landscape and its architecture. As the largest English Caribbean island, Jamaica had one hundred and sixty-one years (1494–1655) of Spanish governance; and in the Lesser Antilles, Trinidad had two hundred and ninety-nine years (1498–1797). Drawing evidence from sixteenth- to mid-nineteenth-century archival iconography and documentation across the wider Americas, this paper identifies and discusses a common Carib- bean urban and rural cultural landscape. By the 1834 English emancipa- tion declaration from enslavement, this landscape acquired architectural syncretism at the encounter between the Indigenous buhio, or bohio, and the arrival of Columbus in 1492. This encounter has since then propelled creole and vernacular manifestations of distinct architectural forms from Indigenous, European, and African peoples across the period of plantation enslavement. Gottfried Semper displayed a Caribbean ‘hut’ from the island of Trinidad at the 1851 Great Exhibition in London, extending the syncretic manifestation from the ‘primitive hut’ architectural treatise to the birth of modern architecture. While ascribing the roots of these styles to Caribbean traditional architecture, this paper demonstrates the value of such architectonic syncretism and the connec- tion with the development of modern architecture, and furthermore, the agenda of sustainable development.
The coastal locations of Caribbean port cities are distinct cultural landscapes in settings aroun... more The coastal locations of Caribbean port cities are distinct cultural landscapes in settings around safe harbours sheltered by hillocks containing vital elements of historic urban landscapes. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) recommended in 2011 the idea of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) as a tool to integrate policies and practices of conservation of the built environment into the wider goals of urban development. Green, Robinson and Morgan (2013) caution that some efforts by the business community to regenerate port cities have limited the holistic nature of downtown to economic and physical enhancement leaving out the critical human /social /community components. Using the geo-political definition of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) the paper explores how Caribbean cities have extreme vulnerability under heightened threat of climate change. Additionally, as Barnett (2011) suggests that successful cities almost always grew up on ...
El Patrimonio Intangible Y Otros Aspectos Relativos a Los Itinerarios Culturales Congreso Internacional Del Comite Internacional De Itinerarios Culturales De Icomos 2002 Isbn 84 235 2276 8 Pags 281 288, 2002
CARIBBEAN URBAN FORUM 2015: CUF5: Strengthening the planning framework in the Caribbean: Subtheme: 6. Habitat III Agenda- The Role of Small Island States in the Habitat Agenda, 2015
The nature of settlement patterns in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) with sprawli... more The nature of settlement patterns in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) with sprawling nature of urbanization is in need of rethinking and fine-tuning. In 2011 the city of Bridgetown, Barbados was inscribed as a World Heritage city on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List, also UNESCO’s General Conference adopted the new “Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape”. This paper will anchor around the notion of how the historic core of cities, towns and villages are vital to the way they are planned and managed in order to fulfil their role as drivers of sustainable development, and hence shape the implementation of new global development and climate change goals. It will examine examples of Caribbean cities emphasising those within the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) with the view to place this theme inside the deliberations of the Habitat III process, and the region’s preparation for HABITAT III. In this regard, the city of St Georges’, Grenada would represent an important case study to show the transferability of international best practices in urban and land management to SIDS for specific policy issues within the Caribbean urban sector related to energies for implementation of planning and management practices. It is intended that this paper will stimulate renewed political commitment for sustainable urban development by making references to wider Caribbean accomplishments to date for urban regeneration of historic centres, addressing issues of poverty and identify this in new and emerging challenges. It will question policy implications on “Island Systems Planning”, how Caribbean governments’ strategies towards informal settlements may balance both social equity and economic development. Exploring whether it is possible to increase transparency in the decision-making process for development planning outcomes, the paper will recommend incorporation of such dialogues into the curriculum review process for undergraduate, graduate and professional training.
XI International Forum Le Vie dei Mercanti Heritage, Architecture, LanDesign: Focus on Conservation, Regeneration, Innovation, 2013
""""Plasters and mortars from historic buildings have been considered useful on style, formulatio... more """"Plasters and mortars from historic buildings have been considered useful on style, formulation and cultural provenance where several transformations and stratifications have taken place over time. On the Caribbean island of Jamaica with its culturally diverse heritage holding Aboriginal, Spanish, African and English legacy, the former Ackendown Estate contains a cluster of buildings that convey this. Of significance is an ‘Old Castle’ that has received concurrently16th century Spanish, 18th century British, and 19th century Scottish dating.
This paper presents aspects of an on-going Historic Structures Report for Ackendown with scientific techniques to determine appropriate analysis for mortar composition. The aim is to investigate how historic mortars and the geology of architecture may become a useful instrument, which can contribute to the identification of different building phases to establish provenance within historic periods. A comparative analysis of heritage mortar and geology across the island having established dates from archaeology and primary documentation is being developed to facilitate interpretation.
The results will inform conservation techniques and restoration principles in hot humid tectonic environments. Outcome of this work is the launch of the concept ‘Geoarchitecture®’ embracing the multi-disciplinary approach of architecture with the science of geology in Geoconservation.""""
Caribbean Urban Forum CUF2013 Conference Papers, Mar 2013
Kingston, the capital of Jamaica since 1872, is about to receive a historic declaration, and need... more Kingston, the capital of Jamaica since 1872, is about to receive a historic declaration, and needs an integrated management plan for its built and natural heritage to facilitate urban regeneration.
The largest English-speaking Caribbean city, it sits on the Kingston Harbour, one of the seven largest natural harbours in the world. The northern backdrop is the Blue Mountain peak with Windward Maroon communities amid the natural habitat of endemic flora and fauna, and the growth and production of one of the world’s most famous coffee brands. Kingston was founded after the 1692 earthquake and subsequent tidal wave that caused two thirds of the infamous town of Port Royal to sink into the other side of the Kingston Harbour. Port Royal survives as an underwater cultural heritage site. Both the Blue and John Crow Mountain ranges, and Port Royal are on the Jamaican Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Downtown Kingston has suffered loss from abandonment of properties in the wake of crime, resulting in rampant squatting and the vandalization and salvaging of historic building elements. Efforts on the part of various stakeholder groups to revitalize the city have been successful to some extent and have resulted in the return of considerable business activity. These efforts, however, are still to honour the outstanding universal value of Kingston as a historic urban landscape.
This paper discusses the historic designation process that is anchored around the human environment characterized by the mobilization of community-based organizations and public-private partnerships along with religious, political and university engagements for local governance. The paper also explores the feasibility of and sustainability options for Kingston becoming a viable heritage tourism destination by 2015.
Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2013
There is an imbalance of Caribbean sites on the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultu... more There is an imbalance of Caribbean sites on the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage List, yet there resides in the region sites of outstanding universal value. This article discusses the potential of the Caribbean Cultural Landscapes when preparing Tentative Lists as part of the journey to inscribing World Heritage Sites. Emphasising that the tangible cultural heritage of the Caribbean has been preserved in more ways than may have been previously considered or even understood, the article demonstrates its potential in Caribbean cultural identity with possible benefits to the sustainable tourism agenda. The information presented stems primarily from workshops and expert meetings organised in the region by various Caribbean Governments in association with the UNESCO. Adopting a historical review approach, the article addresses issues for integrated research and dialogue between all Caribbean territories regardless of colonial history or language. The Cultural Landscape is the combined works of nature and man, illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence of the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment and of successive social, economic, and cultural forces, both external and internal.
This thesis reviews the architectonic heritage from Spanish colonization of English Caribbean ter... more This thesis reviews the architectonic heritage from Spanish colonization of English Caribbean territories, and the legacy produced prior to English and other European conquests from Spain. Investigation commences with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean. Using the examples of the Spanish period on the island of Jamaica that ended 1655, and on the island of Trinidad until 1797 when both became English colonies, the research seeks to define their architectonic environment, as well as how this may represent the wider Non-Hispanic Caribbean.
Architectonic covers the built heritage and its cultural landscape to include both rural and urban environments embracing coastal settlements, town settlements, as well as individual structures and construction elements for churches and shrines, dwellings, bridges, aqueducts, and generally industrial heritage. To commence, the thesis presents an examination of the Aboriginal environment prior to European contact using examples from across the Americas. Additionally, it compares contemporaneous activities within the wider Americas, and events in Spain. Information has been gathered from resources in Archives and National Libraries, using mainly the visual material of historic maps, atlases, and other illustrations accompanied by their descriptive analyses. This is enhanced by scholarly publications of this resource.
Identified in this thesis is Aboriginal Architecture within its territorial framework, and the Spanish intervention on these including the introduction of Spanish-Creole Architecture, all leading to the evolution of Caribbean Vernacular Architecture. The thesis puts forward that there is a continuum of this heritage into the English Caribbean today, and attempts to provide a framework for attribution. Further, it hopes to break the silence about the physical environmnt of prior Spanish settlements of the English Caribbean, in order to demonstrate potential linkages between Non-Hispanic and Hispanic regions of the Americas. It promotes the conservation of this heritage, and its integration into wider discourse presenting it for engagement at various levels of sustainable development in the Caribbean, including for cultural tourism.
El patrimonio intangible y otros aspectos relativos a los …, 2002
Jamaica Journal 17 (3), 39-45, 1984
Le patrimoine culturel des Caraïbes et la Convention …, 2000
US/ICOMOS Proceedings of the Interamerican Symposium on Authenticity in the Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage, San Antonio, Texas, USA , Mar 1996
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Book Chapters by Patricia Elaine Green
Papers by Patricia Elaine Green
is a former Dutch colonial town from the 17th and 18th centuries, and its buildings illustrate the gradual fusion of Dutch architectural influence with traditional local techniques and materials. Generally, urban conservation placed emphasis on individual building preservation, with legislation for authenticity of monuments and sites. However, since 2011, UNESCO outlined the historic urban landscape (HUL) recommendations as an instrument in urban conservation to generate new life for historic buildings recognising that the city is not a static monument or group of buildings but subjected to dynamic forces.
This paper therefore examines how HUL tools may be applied in Paramaribo. It looks at the outstanding universal values (OUVs) produced for inscription and what new ones have emerged since 2002 if any. Further, the paper explores the different urban context of the city, and where there may be respect for issues of diversity inside its urban environment.
The paper aims to demonstrate that Paramaribo makes a good case study for HUL with social, cultural and economic assets from the 17th century into modern times as valuable.
This paper presents aspects of an on-going Historic Structures Report for Ackendown with scientific techniques to determine appropriate analysis for mortar composition. The aim is to investigate how historic mortars and the geology of architecture may become a useful instrument, which can contribute to the identification of different building phases to establish provenance within historic periods. A comparative analysis of heritage mortar and geology across the island having established dates from archaeology and primary documentation is being developed to facilitate interpretation.
The results will inform conservation techniques and restoration principles in hot humid tectonic environments. Outcome of this work is the launch of the concept ‘Geoarchitecture®’ embracing the multi-disciplinary approach of architecture with the science of geology in Geoconservation.""""
The largest English-speaking Caribbean city, it sits on the Kingston Harbour, one of the seven largest natural harbours in the world. The northern backdrop is the Blue Mountain peak with Windward Maroon communities amid the natural habitat of endemic flora and fauna, and the growth and production of one of the world’s most famous coffee brands. Kingston was founded after the 1692 earthquake and subsequent tidal wave that caused two thirds of the infamous town of Port Royal to sink into the other side of the Kingston Harbour. Port Royal survives as an underwater cultural heritage site. Both the Blue and John Crow Mountain ranges, and Port Royal are on the Jamaican Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Downtown Kingston has suffered loss from abandonment of properties in the wake of crime, resulting in rampant squatting and the vandalization and salvaging of historic building elements. Efforts on the part of various stakeholder groups to revitalize the city have been successful to some extent and have resulted in the return of considerable business activity. These efforts, however, are still to honour the outstanding universal value of Kingston as a historic urban landscape.
This paper discusses the historic designation process that is anchored around the human environment characterized by the mobilization of community-based organizations and public-private partnerships along with religious, political and university engagements for local governance. The paper also explores the feasibility of and sustainability options for Kingston becoming a viable heritage tourism destination by 2015.
Architectonic covers the built heritage and its cultural landscape to include both rural and urban environments embracing coastal settlements, town settlements, as well as individual structures and construction elements for churches and shrines, dwellings, bridges, aqueducts, and generally industrial heritage. To commence, the thesis presents an examination of the Aboriginal environment prior to European contact using examples from across the Americas. Additionally, it compares contemporaneous activities within the wider Americas, and events in Spain. Information has been gathered from resources in Archives and National Libraries, using mainly the visual material of historic maps, atlases, and other illustrations accompanied by their descriptive analyses. This is enhanced by scholarly publications of this resource.
Identified in this thesis is Aboriginal Architecture within its territorial framework, and the Spanish intervention on these including the introduction of Spanish-Creole Architecture, all leading to the evolution of Caribbean Vernacular Architecture. The thesis puts forward that there is a continuum of this heritage into the English Caribbean today, and attempts to provide a framework for attribution. Further, it hopes to break the silence about the physical environmnt of prior Spanish settlements of the English Caribbean, in order to demonstrate potential linkages between Non-Hispanic and Hispanic regions of the Americas. It promotes the conservation of this heritage, and its integration into wider discourse presenting it for engagement at various levels of sustainable development in the Caribbean, including for cultural tourism.
is a former Dutch colonial town from the 17th and 18th centuries, and its buildings illustrate the gradual fusion of Dutch architectural influence with traditional local techniques and materials. Generally, urban conservation placed emphasis on individual building preservation, with legislation for authenticity of monuments and sites. However, since 2011, UNESCO outlined the historic urban landscape (HUL) recommendations as an instrument in urban conservation to generate new life for historic buildings recognising that the city is not a static monument or group of buildings but subjected to dynamic forces.
This paper therefore examines how HUL tools may be applied in Paramaribo. It looks at the outstanding universal values (OUVs) produced for inscription and what new ones have emerged since 2002 if any. Further, the paper explores the different urban context of the city, and where there may be respect for issues of diversity inside its urban environment.
The paper aims to demonstrate that Paramaribo makes a good case study for HUL with social, cultural and economic assets from the 17th century into modern times as valuable.
This paper presents aspects of an on-going Historic Structures Report for Ackendown with scientific techniques to determine appropriate analysis for mortar composition. The aim is to investigate how historic mortars and the geology of architecture may become a useful instrument, which can contribute to the identification of different building phases to establish provenance within historic periods. A comparative analysis of heritage mortar and geology across the island having established dates from archaeology and primary documentation is being developed to facilitate interpretation.
The results will inform conservation techniques and restoration principles in hot humid tectonic environments. Outcome of this work is the launch of the concept ‘Geoarchitecture®’ embracing the multi-disciplinary approach of architecture with the science of geology in Geoconservation.""""
The largest English-speaking Caribbean city, it sits on the Kingston Harbour, one of the seven largest natural harbours in the world. The northern backdrop is the Blue Mountain peak with Windward Maroon communities amid the natural habitat of endemic flora and fauna, and the growth and production of one of the world’s most famous coffee brands. Kingston was founded after the 1692 earthquake and subsequent tidal wave that caused two thirds of the infamous town of Port Royal to sink into the other side of the Kingston Harbour. Port Royal survives as an underwater cultural heritage site. Both the Blue and John Crow Mountain ranges, and Port Royal are on the Jamaican Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Downtown Kingston has suffered loss from abandonment of properties in the wake of crime, resulting in rampant squatting and the vandalization and salvaging of historic building elements. Efforts on the part of various stakeholder groups to revitalize the city have been successful to some extent and have resulted in the return of considerable business activity. These efforts, however, are still to honour the outstanding universal value of Kingston as a historic urban landscape.
This paper discusses the historic designation process that is anchored around the human environment characterized by the mobilization of community-based organizations and public-private partnerships along with religious, political and university engagements for local governance. The paper also explores the feasibility of and sustainability options for Kingston becoming a viable heritage tourism destination by 2015.
Architectonic covers the built heritage and its cultural landscape to include both rural and urban environments embracing coastal settlements, town settlements, as well as individual structures and construction elements for churches and shrines, dwellings, bridges, aqueducts, and generally industrial heritage. To commence, the thesis presents an examination of the Aboriginal environment prior to European contact using examples from across the Americas. Additionally, it compares contemporaneous activities within the wider Americas, and events in Spain. Information has been gathered from resources in Archives and National Libraries, using mainly the visual material of historic maps, atlases, and other illustrations accompanied by their descriptive analyses. This is enhanced by scholarly publications of this resource.
Identified in this thesis is Aboriginal Architecture within its territorial framework, and the Spanish intervention on these including the introduction of Spanish-Creole Architecture, all leading to the evolution of Caribbean Vernacular Architecture. The thesis puts forward that there is a continuum of this heritage into the English Caribbean today, and attempts to provide a framework for attribution. Further, it hopes to break the silence about the physical environmnt of prior Spanish settlements of the English Caribbean, in order to demonstrate potential linkages between Non-Hispanic and Hispanic regions of the Americas. It promotes the conservation of this heritage, and its integration into wider discourse presenting it for engagement at various levels of sustainable development in the Caribbean, including for cultural tourism.