This book considers some recent and spectacular failures in policy-making and asks what is meant ... more This book considers some recent and spectacular failures in policy-making and asks what is meant by policy 'disaster', the different forms that they can take and why they have occured. These issues are explored in nine contrasting cases drawn from both the European Union and its member states. These include: the devastating crisis in the Belgium political system following the exposure of a paedophile ring; the crisis in the Dutch fight against drugs; 'Mad Cows', the 'Arms to Iraq' affair in the UK; monetary union between West and East Germany; the Swedish monetary crisis of 1992; and the EU's common fisheries policy and policies towards civil war in Yugoslavia. This book is an excellent study of how and why policies can go wrong and highlights the limits of what governments can achieve in Western Europe.
In “The Story of American Freedom,” Eric Foner wrote: “No idea is more fundamental to Americans’ ... more In “The Story of American Freedom,” Eric Foner wrote: “No idea is more fundamental to Americans’ sense of themselves as individuals and as a nation than freedom.” But, freedom was not a right given to all people. Freedom had to be fought for by every generation. Claims to freedom have also been contradictory. The rhetoric of freedom was central to the abolitionist movement and to slave owners who claimed the freedom to own their “property.”
This article will propose a detailed definition of "policy disaster" whose use makes th... more This article will propose a detailed definition of "policy disaster" whose use makes the UK's recent record seem considerably less "disastrous" than a recent article by Patrick Dunleavy has suggested. It will also show that policy disasters occur widely throughout Europe. The article will then apply contrasting perspec tives to an analysis of Britain's best known disaster (The Poll Tax) to illustrate how viewpoint prejudices conclusions as to the causes of disasters. Finally, the article will suggest that policy disasters are potentially extremely valuable as a source of policy learning, but they also present special obstacles in realising that potential.
We performed a prospective, randomized study to determine whether subcutaneous administration of ... more We performed a prospective, randomized study to determine whether subcutaneous administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in combination with an autologous renal cell vaccine is feasible and can potentiate antitumor immunity. Seventeen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma underwent surgical resection with preparation of an autologous tumor cell vaccine. Patients were vaccinated intradermally twice at weakly intervals with 10(7) irradiated tumor cells plus bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and once with 10(7) tumor cells alone. Patients were randomized to one of three groups: no adjuvant IL-2, low-dose IL-2 (1.2 x 10(6) IU/m2), or high-dose IL-2 (1.2 x 10(7) IU/m2). IL-2 was administered subcutaneously on the day of vaccination and the subsequent 4 days. Immune response was monitored by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to tumor cells as compared with normal autologous renal cells. Sixteen of 17 patients received vaccine therapy. Four patients developed cellular immunity specific for autologous tumor cells as measured by DTH responses; two had received no IL-2 and two had received high-dose IL-2. There were two partial responses (PR) noted, both in patients who received high-dose IL-2. One responding patient was DTH(+) and one was negative. A third patient who was DTH(+) after vaccination with no IL-2 had a dramatic PR after receiving IL-2 subcutaneously in a subsequent protocol. Prospective testing of response to recall antigens indicated that only 5 of 12 tested patients were positive, including both clinical responders. These data suggest that subcutaneously administered adjuvant IL-2 does not dramatically augment the immunologic response to autologous renal cell vaccines as determined by the development of tumor-specific DTH response.
To determine the efficacy of behavioral management counseling in the treatment of persistent, exc... more To determine the efficacy of behavioral management counseling in the treatment of persistent, excessive infant crying (> 3 hours per day). Two treatments, one no treatment control group. Infants were group-matched according to baseline fuss/cry levels, sociodemographic, and infant variables. Treatments were carried out sequentially by the same counselors. Telephone counseling by volunteers (mothers) of CRY-SIS, a national support group for the parents of crying infants. Sequential sample of 27 mother-infant pairs receiving treatment 1 (Tr1, empathy: talking through the problem), 21 receiving treatment 2 (Tr2, behavioral management: specific care taking suggestions) and 44 receiving no treatment (C, controls). Infants were between 1 to 5 months of age. Mother-infant pairs had a pretreatment baseline assessment and a posttreatment follow-up (3 months after baseline) using 1-week diaries. Total fuss/cry duration reduced significantly more in the behavioral management group (by 51%) than the empathy group (37%) or the control group (35%). This was mainly due to significantly reduced evening fussing/crying in Tr2 (67%) compared with Tr1 (45%) and C (42%). No differences in total number of fuss/cry bouts/day were found. However, the number of fuss/cry bouts reduced significantly more in the evening in Tr2 (by 55%) compared with Tr1 (27%) and C (32%). Behavioral management mothers evaluated the same counselors as more sympathetic, knowledgeable, and understanding. Tr2 was also perceived by mothers to have helped them more in reducing the crying problem, coping with the infant, and improving the relationship with their infant than Tr1. No effects of treatment on infant difficult temperament were found. Behavioral management was more effective in reducing fussing/crying than spending time with the mother talking through the problem or just waiting for spontaneous remission. Treatment by suitably but briefly trained lay counselors is an inexpensive and successful treatment option.
Acid phosphatase (Acph) activities and protein content were measured in developing ovaries of adu... more Acid phosphatase (Acph) activities and protein content were measured in developing ovaries of adult flies. Acph and protein increased approximately logarithmically for the first 2 days of adult life and then plateaued at about 80 and 35 times, respectively, the levels present at eclosion. The specific activity of Acph was constant for the first 15 hr and then increased by a factor of three over the next 2 days. Analysis of staged follicles showed that the specific activity of Acph starts to increase at stage 10. Ovaries from homozygotes for Acph-1 "4, a null activity mutant, showed constant low specific activity, indicating that this gene codes for the major ovarian Acph. Ovarian transplantations between Acph-1 n4 and wild type showed that Acph is made by the ovary. Ovaries from isolated abdomens failed to increase in Acph activity or protein, but treating isolated abdomens with ZR-515, a juvenile hormone analog, caused nearly normal levels to be attained. Ovaries of the female sterile mutant ap4 failed to develop Acph activity unless they were implanted into a normal host or treated with ZR-515. Ovaries from the female sterile mutant fs(3)L? developed no increase in Acph activity even when treated with ZR-515. The results demonstrate that the activity of a genetically localized enzyme is controlled by a chemically defined hormone in a genetically favorable higher eucaryote.
Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 1994
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or s... more This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
This book considers some recent and spectacular failures in policy-making and asks what is meant ... more This book considers some recent and spectacular failures in policy-making and asks what is meant by policy 'disaster', the different forms that they can take and why they have occured. These issues are explored in nine contrasting cases drawn from both the European Union and its member states. These include: the devastating crisis in the Belgium political system following the exposure of a paedophile ring; the crisis in the Dutch fight against drugs; 'Mad Cows', the 'Arms to Iraq' affair in the UK; monetary union between West and East Germany; the Swedish monetary crisis of 1992; and the EU's common fisheries policy and policies towards civil war in Yugoslavia. This book is an excellent study of how and why policies can go wrong and highlights the limits of what governments can achieve in Western Europe.
In “The Story of American Freedom,” Eric Foner wrote: “No idea is more fundamental to Americans’ ... more In “The Story of American Freedom,” Eric Foner wrote: “No idea is more fundamental to Americans’ sense of themselves as individuals and as a nation than freedom.” But, freedom was not a right given to all people. Freedom had to be fought for by every generation. Claims to freedom have also been contradictory. The rhetoric of freedom was central to the abolitionist movement and to slave owners who claimed the freedom to own their “property.”
This article will propose a detailed definition of "policy disaster" whose use makes th... more This article will propose a detailed definition of "policy disaster" whose use makes the UK's recent record seem considerably less "disastrous" than a recent article by Patrick Dunleavy has suggested. It will also show that policy disasters occur widely throughout Europe. The article will then apply contrasting perspec tives to an analysis of Britain's best known disaster (The Poll Tax) to illustrate how viewpoint prejudices conclusions as to the causes of disasters. Finally, the article will suggest that policy disasters are potentially extremely valuable as a source of policy learning, but they also present special obstacles in realising that potential.
We performed a prospective, randomized study to determine whether subcutaneous administration of ... more We performed a prospective, randomized study to determine whether subcutaneous administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in combination with an autologous renal cell vaccine is feasible and can potentiate antitumor immunity. Seventeen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma underwent surgical resection with preparation of an autologous tumor cell vaccine. Patients were vaccinated intradermally twice at weakly intervals with 10(7) irradiated tumor cells plus bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and once with 10(7) tumor cells alone. Patients were randomized to one of three groups: no adjuvant IL-2, low-dose IL-2 (1.2 x 10(6) IU/m2), or high-dose IL-2 (1.2 x 10(7) IU/m2). IL-2 was administered subcutaneously on the day of vaccination and the subsequent 4 days. Immune response was monitored by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to tumor cells as compared with normal autologous renal cells. Sixteen of 17 patients received vaccine therapy. Four patients developed cellular immunity specific for autologous tumor cells as measured by DTH responses; two had received no IL-2 and two had received high-dose IL-2. There were two partial responses (PR) noted, both in patients who received high-dose IL-2. One responding patient was DTH(+) and one was negative. A third patient who was DTH(+) after vaccination with no IL-2 had a dramatic PR after receiving IL-2 subcutaneously in a subsequent protocol. Prospective testing of response to recall antigens indicated that only 5 of 12 tested patients were positive, including both clinical responders. These data suggest that subcutaneously administered adjuvant IL-2 does not dramatically augment the immunologic response to autologous renal cell vaccines as determined by the development of tumor-specific DTH response.
To determine the efficacy of behavioral management counseling in the treatment of persistent, exc... more To determine the efficacy of behavioral management counseling in the treatment of persistent, excessive infant crying (> 3 hours per day). Two treatments, one no treatment control group. Infants were group-matched according to baseline fuss/cry levels, sociodemographic, and infant variables. Treatments were carried out sequentially by the same counselors. Telephone counseling by volunteers (mothers) of CRY-SIS, a national support group for the parents of crying infants. Sequential sample of 27 mother-infant pairs receiving treatment 1 (Tr1, empathy: talking through the problem), 21 receiving treatment 2 (Tr2, behavioral management: specific care taking suggestions) and 44 receiving no treatment (C, controls). Infants were between 1 to 5 months of age. Mother-infant pairs had a pretreatment baseline assessment and a posttreatment follow-up (3 months after baseline) using 1-week diaries. Total fuss/cry duration reduced significantly more in the behavioral management group (by 51%) than the empathy group (37%) or the control group (35%). This was mainly due to significantly reduced evening fussing/crying in Tr2 (67%) compared with Tr1 (45%) and C (42%). No differences in total number of fuss/cry bouts/day were found. However, the number of fuss/cry bouts reduced significantly more in the evening in Tr2 (by 55%) compared with Tr1 (27%) and C (32%). Behavioral management mothers evaluated the same counselors as more sympathetic, knowledgeable, and understanding. Tr2 was also perceived by mothers to have helped them more in reducing the crying problem, coping with the infant, and improving the relationship with their infant than Tr1. No effects of treatment on infant difficult temperament were found. Behavioral management was more effective in reducing fussing/crying than spending time with the mother talking through the problem or just waiting for spontaneous remission. Treatment by suitably but briefly trained lay counselors is an inexpensive and successful treatment option.
Acid phosphatase (Acph) activities and protein content were measured in developing ovaries of adu... more Acid phosphatase (Acph) activities and protein content were measured in developing ovaries of adult flies. Acph and protein increased approximately logarithmically for the first 2 days of adult life and then plateaued at about 80 and 35 times, respectively, the levels present at eclosion. The specific activity of Acph was constant for the first 15 hr and then increased by a factor of three over the next 2 days. Analysis of staged follicles showed that the specific activity of Acph starts to increase at stage 10. Ovaries from homozygotes for Acph-1 "4, a null activity mutant, showed constant low specific activity, indicating that this gene codes for the major ovarian Acph. Ovarian transplantations between Acph-1 n4 and wild type showed that Acph is made by the ovary. Ovaries from isolated abdomens failed to increase in Acph activity or protein, but treating isolated abdomens with ZR-515, a juvenile hormone analog, caused nearly normal levels to be attained. Ovaries of the female sterile mutant ap4 failed to develop Acph activity unless they were implanted into a normal host or treated with ZR-515. Ovaries from the female sterile mutant fs(3)L? developed no increase in Acph activity even when treated with ZR-515. The results demonstrate that the activity of a genetically localized enzyme is controlled by a chemically defined hormone in a genetically favorable higher eucaryote.
Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 1994
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or s... more This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
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