Ogma civellae (Steiner, 1949) Raski &Luc, 1987, O. cobbi (Micoletzky, 1922) Siddiqi, 1986, and O.... more Ogma civellae (Steiner, 1949) Raski &Luc, 1987, O. cobbi (Micoletzky, 1922) Siddiqi, 1986, and O. palmatum (Siddiqi &Southey, 1962) Siddiqi, 1986 are reported in natural habitats in southeastern Spain. Each is briefly described using light microscopy, and the original descriptions are amplified and supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. Measurements with standard deviations and SEM illustrations are included for each species and compared with previous data.
During nematode surveys in southern Spain and Italy 14 populations of Xiphinema species tentative... more During nematode surveys in southern Spain and Italy 14 populations of Xiphinema species tentatively identified as Xiphinema americanum-group were detected. Morphological and morphometrical studies identified three new species and six known Xiphinema americanumgroup species, viz.: Xiphinema parabrevicolle n. sp., Xiphinema parapachydermum n. sp., Xiphinema paratenuicutis n. sp., Xiphinema duriense, Xiphinema incertum, Xiphinema opisthohysterum, Xiphinema pachtaicum, Xiphinema rivesi, and Xiphinema santos. The Xiphinema americanum-group is the most difficult Xiphinema species group for diagnosis since the morphology is very conservative and morphometric characters often overlap. This group includes vectors of several important plant pathogenic viruses that cause significant damage to a wide range of agricultural crops. Molecular characterisation of these species using D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, ITS1-rRNA and the protein-coding mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 was carried out and maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analysis were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among these species and with other Xiphinema americanum-group species.
Members of the genus Scutellonema can cause substantial crop losses to ornamental and cultivated ... more Members of the genus Scutellonema can cause substantial crop losses to ornamental and cultivated plants directly by feeding ectoparasitically on plant roots (Bridge et al., 2005; Coyne et al., 2006). In May 2015, a soil sample from a house garden from Heraklion city in Crete, Greece, was sent for diagnosis of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this place, there had been cactus (Opuntia sp.) plants (probably imported), which were uprooted 3 to 4 years earlier. After that, the area was cropped with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in spring–summer and leaf vegetables such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in autumn–winter. The soil was collected 1 mon after the end of chicory crop. A population density (ca. 30 individuals/100 cm3 of soil) of spiral nematodes (Scutellonema sp.) was found by extracting soil with the wet sieving and decanting method (Cobb, 1918). Morphological and molecular analyses of females identified the species as Scutellonema brachyurus (...
The occurrence of a male-less population of Sphaeronema alni parasitising chestnut (Castanea sati... more The occurrence of a male-less population of Sphaeronema alni parasitising chestnut (Castanea sativa) roots and inducing a stelar syncytium is reported for the first time in Pola de Somiedo (Oviedo province), Spain. Morphometric and molecular characters of the Spanish population matched those of a topotype population from Russia. SEM observations showed swollen females having the first lip annulus wider than the second and appearing as a cap-like, circumoral elevation. The second-stage juveniles, having a single band in the lateral fields, were characterised by a non-annulated dome-shaped lip region derived from the fusion of the oral disc with all the lip sectors and lip annuli, and showing slit-like amphidial apertures and an oval prestoma. The sequences of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, partial 18S rRNA and ITS rRNA gene for the Spanish and topotype populations of S. alni were congruent and matched those deposited in GenBank for another population from Germany, thereby confirming their conspecificity. A PCR-RFLP profile of D2-D3 of 28S rRNA for identification of this species was also provided. The phylogenetic relationships between S. alni populations and representatives of the suborder Criconematina, as inferred from analysis of partial 18S rRNA and D2-D3 of 28S gene sequences obtained in this and previous studies, indicated that S. alni formed a basal clade on the majority consensus Bayesian phylogenetic trees, standing together with Meloidoderita sp. or alone. These findings provide additional evidence of the need to clarify the position of Sphaeronema within Criconematina and its relationships with representatives of Tylenchulinae.
Trabajo presentado en la LXI Reunion Anual del Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejor... more Trabajo presentado en la LXI Reunion Anual del Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos y Animales (PCCMCA), celebrado enCosta Rica del 5 al 8 de abril de 2016.
Plant-parasitic nematode species have been reported on several occasions from coastal sand dunes,... more Plant-parasitic nematode species have been reported on several occasions from coastal sand dunes, including Longidorus and Rotylenchus species (Vovlas et al., 2008; De Luca et al., 2009; Mateille et al., 2014). In April 2016, 10 soil samples of 3 to 4 kg from the rhizosphere of Tamarix smyrnensis with different vegetation around (viz. Elymus farctus, Lycium schweinfurthii, Crithmum maritimum, and Arthrocnemum sp.) were collected for diagnosis of plant-parasitic nematodes. The area of sampling was a coastal sand dune near the archeological site of Komos, southwest of Crete, Greece. Low soil populations of a needle and a spiral nematode were detected (3 and 8 individuals/1,000 cm(3) of soil, respectively), which prompted us to undertake a detailed morphological and molecular comparative study with previous reported data. Nematodes were extracted from soil with the wet sieving and decanting method (Cobb, 1918). Morphological and molecular analyses of females identified these species as...
The genus Longidorus includes a remarkable group of invertebrate animals of the phylum Nematoda c... more The genus Longidorus includes a remarkable group of invertebrate animals of the phylum Nematoda comprising polyphagous root-ectoparasites of numerous plants including several agricultural crops and trees. Damage is caused by direct feeding on root cells as well as by transmitting nepoviruses that cause disease on those crops. Thus, correct identification of Longidorus species is essential to establish appropriate control measures. We provide the first detailed information on the diversity and distribution of Longidorus species infesting wild and cultivated olive soils in a wide-region in southern Spain that included 159 locations from which 449 sampling sites were analyzed. The present study doubles the known biodiversity of Longidorus species identified in olives by including six new species (Longidorus indalus sp. nov., Longidorus macrodorus sp. nov., Longidorus onubensis sp. nov., Longidorus silvestris sp. nov., Longidorus vallensis sp. nov., and Longidorus wicuolea sp. nov.), two new records for wild and cultivate olives (L. alvegus and L. vineacola), and two additional new records for wild olive (L. intermedius and L. lusitanicus). We also found evidence of some geographic species associations to western (viz. L. alvegus, L. intermedius, L. lusitanicus, L. onubensis sp. nov., L. vineacola, L. vinearum, L. wicuolea sp. nov.) and eastern distributions (viz. L. indalus sp. nov.), while only L. magnus was detected in both areas. We developed a comparative study by considering morphological and morphometrical features together with molecular data from nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S, ITS1, and partial 18S). Results of molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the morphological hypotheses and allowed the delimitation and discrimination of six new species of the genus described herein and four known species. Phylogenetic analyses of Longidorus spp. based on three molecular markers resulted in a general consensus of these species groups, since lineages were maintained for the majority of species. This study represents the most complete phylogenetic analysis for Longidorus species to date.
Stunted growth of large patches of cabbage cv. Lupini, associated with severe soil infestations b... more Stunted growth of large patches of cabbage cv. Lupini, associated with severe soil infestations by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica and the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, the casual agent of clubroot disease, was observed in several fields at Castellaneta, province of Taranto, in southern Italy. The host-parasite responses of cabbage roots to parasitism by the two soil-borne pathogens was studied and compared. In roots infected by P. brassicae, the plasmodia were present in cortex and pericycle cells, causing hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and developed into resting spores within host tissues. Parasitism of M. javanica was characterized by the establishment of distinct permanent feeding sites with giant cells in the cortex, endodermis and vascular parenchyma, which limit water and nutrient translocation.
Low density of an unknown root-knot nematode was found on wild olive soils at Cape Spartel near T... more Low density of an unknown root-knot nematode was found on wild olive soils at Cape Spartel near Tanger city in northern Morocco. Morphometry, esterase and malate dehydrogenase electrophoretic phenotypes, as well as ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences demonstrated that this nematode species differs clearly from other previously described root-knot nematodes. The species is herein described, illustrated and named as Meloidogyne spartelensis n. sp. This new root-knot nematode can be morphologically distinguished from other Meloidogyne spp. by: (i) roundish perineal pattern, dorsal arch low, with fine, sinuous cuticle striae, lateral field faintly visible; (ii) female excretory pore posterior to stylet knobs, EP/ST ratio 1.4-2.0; (iii) second-stage juveniles with hemizonid located 1 to 2 annuli anterior to excretory pore and long, sub-digitate tail; and (iv) males with lateral field composed of four incisures, with areolated outer bands. Phylogenetic trees based on 18S, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, D2-D3 of 28S rDNA, and partial coxII-16S rRNA and coxI gene of mtDNA showed that M. spartelensis n. sp. belongs to an undescribed root-knot nematode lineage that is clearly separated from other species with resemblance in morphology, such as M. dunensis, M. kralli, and M. sewelli.
La higuera (Ficus carica L.) y su fruto comestible, el higo, es una de las frutas más antiguas co... more La higuera (Ficus carica L.) y su fruto comestible, el higo, es una de las frutas más antiguas conocidas por el hombre. Es originario de la región mediterránea y se consume como fruto seco en un 90% y enlatado o como conserva en un 10% (Bolin y King, 1980). Costa Rica produjo en el 2009 más de 7000 kg de higo, de los cuales el 94% se comercializó como fruto fresco (Barboza, 2007). Scherb (1993) menciona que dentro de los problemas fitosanitarios de la higuera se encuentra Meloidogyne, considerado uno de los factores que más limitantes del rendimiento y la producción. Se integraron métodos morfológicos y moleculares para determinar la especie de Meloidogyne responsable de producir agallas en el sistema radical de plantas de higuera provenientes de dos fincas productoras de la localidad de Pacayas, Cartago, Costa Rica.
Ogma civellae (Steiner, 1949) Raski &Luc, 1987, O. cobbi (Micoletzky, 1922) Siddiqi, 1986, and O.... more Ogma civellae (Steiner, 1949) Raski &Luc, 1987, O. cobbi (Micoletzky, 1922) Siddiqi, 1986, and O. palmatum (Siddiqi &Southey, 1962) Siddiqi, 1986 are reported in natural habitats in southeastern Spain. Each is briefly described using light microscopy, and the original descriptions are amplified and supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. Measurements with standard deviations and SEM illustrations are included for each species and compared with previous data.
During nematode surveys in southern Spain and Italy 14 populations of Xiphinema species tentative... more During nematode surveys in southern Spain and Italy 14 populations of Xiphinema species tentatively identified as Xiphinema americanum-group were detected. Morphological and morphometrical studies identified three new species and six known Xiphinema americanumgroup species, viz.: Xiphinema parabrevicolle n. sp., Xiphinema parapachydermum n. sp., Xiphinema paratenuicutis n. sp., Xiphinema duriense, Xiphinema incertum, Xiphinema opisthohysterum, Xiphinema pachtaicum, Xiphinema rivesi, and Xiphinema santos. The Xiphinema americanum-group is the most difficult Xiphinema species group for diagnosis since the morphology is very conservative and morphometric characters often overlap. This group includes vectors of several important plant pathogenic viruses that cause significant damage to a wide range of agricultural crops. Molecular characterisation of these species using D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, ITS1-rRNA and the protein-coding mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 was carried out and maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analysis were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among these species and with other Xiphinema americanum-group species.
Members of the genus Scutellonema can cause substantial crop losses to ornamental and cultivated ... more Members of the genus Scutellonema can cause substantial crop losses to ornamental and cultivated plants directly by feeding ectoparasitically on plant roots (Bridge et al., 2005; Coyne et al., 2006). In May 2015, a soil sample from a house garden from Heraklion city in Crete, Greece, was sent for diagnosis of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this place, there had been cactus (Opuntia sp.) plants (probably imported), which were uprooted 3 to 4 years earlier. After that, the area was cropped with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in spring–summer and leaf vegetables such as spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in autumn–winter. The soil was collected 1 mon after the end of chicory crop. A population density (ca. 30 individuals/100 cm3 of soil) of spiral nematodes (Scutellonema sp.) was found by extracting soil with the wet sieving and decanting method (Cobb, 1918). Morphological and molecular analyses of females identified the species as Scutellonema brachyurus (...
The occurrence of a male-less population of Sphaeronema alni parasitising chestnut (Castanea sati... more The occurrence of a male-less population of Sphaeronema alni parasitising chestnut (Castanea sativa) roots and inducing a stelar syncytium is reported for the first time in Pola de Somiedo (Oviedo province), Spain. Morphometric and molecular characters of the Spanish population matched those of a topotype population from Russia. SEM observations showed swollen females having the first lip annulus wider than the second and appearing as a cap-like, circumoral elevation. The second-stage juveniles, having a single band in the lateral fields, were characterised by a non-annulated dome-shaped lip region derived from the fusion of the oral disc with all the lip sectors and lip annuli, and showing slit-like amphidial apertures and an oval prestoma. The sequences of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, partial 18S rRNA and ITS rRNA gene for the Spanish and topotype populations of S. alni were congruent and matched those deposited in GenBank for another population from Germany, thereby confirming their conspecificity. A PCR-RFLP profile of D2-D3 of 28S rRNA for identification of this species was also provided. The phylogenetic relationships between S. alni populations and representatives of the suborder Criconematina, as inferred from analysis of partial 18S rRNA and D2-D3 of 28S gene sequences obtained in this and previous studies, indicated that S. alni formed a basal clade on the majority consensus Bayesian phylogenetic trees, standing together with Meloidoderita sp. or alone. These findings provide additional evidence of the need to clarify the position of Sphaeronema within Criconematina and its relationships with representatives of Tylenchulinae.
Trabajo presentado en la LXI Reunion Anual del Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejor... more Trabajo presentado en la LXI Reunion Anual del Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos y Animales (PCCMCA), celebrado enCosta Rica del 5 al 8 de abril de 2016.
Plant-parasitic nematode species have been reported on several occasions from coastal sand dunes,... more Plant-parasitic nematode species have been reported on several occasions from coastal sand dunes, including Longidorus and Rotylenchus species (Vovlas et al., 2008; De Luca et al., 2009; Mateille et al., 2014). In April 2016, 10 soil samples of 3 to 4 kg from the rhizosphere of Tamarix smyrnensis with different vegetation around (viz. Elymus farctus, Lycium schweinfurthii, Crithmum maritimum, and Arthrocnemum sp.) were collected for diagnosis of plant-parasitic nematodes. The area of sampling was a coastal sand dune near the archeological site of Komos, southwest of Crete, Greece. Low soil populations of a needle and a spiral nematode were detected (3 and 8 individuals/1,000 cm(3) of soil, respectively), which prompted us to undertake a detailed morphological and molecular comparative study with previous reported data. Nematodes were extracted from soil with the wet sieving and decanting method (Cobb, 1918). Morphological and molecular analyses of females identified these species as...
The genus Longidorus includes a remarkable group of invertebrate animals of the phylum Nematoda c... more The genus Longidorus includes a remarkable group of invertebrate animals of the phylum Nematoda comprising polyphagous root-ectoparasites of numerous plants including several agricultural crops and trees. Damage is caused by direct feeding on root cells as well as by transmitting nepoviruses that cause disease on those crops. Thus, correct identification of Longidorus species is essential to establish appropriate control measures. We provide the first detailed information on the diversity and distribution of Longidorus species infesting wild and cultivated olive soils in a wide-region in southern Spain that included 159 locations from which 449 sampling sites were analyzed. The present study doubles the known biodiversity of Longidorus species identified in olives by including six new species (Longidorus indalus sp. nov., Longidorus macrodorus sp. nov., Longidorus onubensis sp. nov., Longidorus silvestris sp. nov., Longidorus vallensis sp. nov., and Longidorus wicuolea sp. nov.), two new records for wild and cultivate olives (L. alvegus and L. vineacola), and two additional new records for wild olive (L. intermedius and L. lusitanicus). We also found evidence of some geographic species associations to western (viz. L. alvegus, L. intermedius, L. lusitanicus, L. onubensis sp. nov., L. vineacola, L. vinearum, L. wicuolea sp. nov.) and eastern distributions (viz. L. indalus sp. nov.), while only L. magnus was detected in both areas. We developed a comparative study by considering morphological and morphometrical features together with molecular data from nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S, ITS1, and partial 18S). Results of molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the morphological hypotheses and allowed the delimitation and discrimination of six new species of the genus described herein and four known species. Phylogenetic analyses of Longidorus spp. based on three molecular markers resulted in a general consensus of these species groups, since lineages were maintained for the majority of species. This study represents the most complete phylogenetic analysis for Longidorus species to date.
Stunted growth of large patches of cabbage cv. Lupini, associated with severe soil infestations b... more Stunted growth of large patches of cabbage cv. Lupini, associated with severe soil infestations by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica and the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, the casual agent of clubroot disease, was observed in several fields at Castellaneta, province of Taranto, in southern Italy. The host-parasite responses of cabbage roots to parasitism by the two soil-borne pathogens was studied and compared. In roots infected by P. brassicae, the plasmodia were present in cortex and pericycle cells, causing hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and developed into resting spores within host tissues. Parasitism of M. javanica was characterized by the establishment of distinct permanent feeding sites with giant cells in the cortex, endodermis and vascular parenchyma, which limit water and nutrient translocation.
Low density of an unknown root-knot nematode was found on wild olive soils at Cape Spartel near T... more Low density of an unknown root-knot nematode was found on wild olive soils at Cape Spartel near Tanger city in northern Morocco. Morphometry, esterase and malate dehydrogenase electrophoretic phenotypes, as well as ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences demonstrated that this nematode species differs clearly from other previously described root-knot nematodes. The species is herein described, illustrated and named as Meloidogyne spartelensis n. sp. This new root-knot nematode can be morphologically distinguished from other Meloidogyne spp. by: (i) roundish perineal pattern, dorsal arch low, with fine, sinuous cuticle striae, lateral field faintly visible; (ii) female excretory pore posterior to stylet knobs, EP/ST ratio 1.4-2.0; (iii) second-stage juveniles with hemizonid located 1 to 2 annuli anterior to excretory pore and long, sub-digitate tail; and (iv) males with lateral field composed of four incisures, with areolated outer bands. Phylogenetic trees based on 18S, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, D2-D3 of 28S rDNA, and partial coxII-16S rRNA and coxI gene of mtDNA showed that M. spartelensis n. sp. belongs to an undescribed root-knot nematode lineage that is clearly separated from other species with resemblance in morphology, such as M. dunensis, M. kralli, and M. sewelli.
La higuera (Ficus carica L.) y su fruto comestible, el higo, es una de las frutas más antiguas co... more La higuera (Ficus carica L.) y su fruto comestible, el higo, es una de las frutas más antiguas conocidas por el hombre. Es originario de la región mediterránea y se consume como fruto seco en un 90% y enlatado o como conserva en un 10% (Bolin y King, 1980). Costa Rica produjo en el 2009 más de 7000 kg de higo, de los cuales el 94% se comercializó como fruto fresco (Barboza, 2007). Scherb (1993) menciona que dentro de los problemas fitosanitarios de la higuera se encuentra Meloidogyne, considerado uno de los factores que más limitantes del rendimiento y la producción. Se integraron métodos morfológicos y moleculares para determinar la especie de Meloidogyne responsable de producir agallas en el sistema radical de plantas de higuera provenientes de dos fincas productoras de la localidad de Pacayas, Cartago, Costa Rica.
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