Corbella Rius, Núria Novel mutants involved in nervous and tracheal development in Drosophila mel... more Corbella Rius, Núria Novel mutants involved in nervous and tracheal development in Drosophila melanogaster
A recent focus on fetal surgery has raised the possibility of fetal cleft lip and palate repairs.... more A recent focus on fetal surgery has raised the possibility of fetal cleft lip and palate repairs. Because of the fetus's marked plasticity, fetal repairs may have results that more closely approximate normality. Furthermore, the impact on cost management could be dramatic with a decreased need for extensive postoperative care, orthodontia, and speech therapy. This article considers the future prospects of intrauterine cleft lip repair as the next generation of surgical advances.
This review was prompted by continued public and professional interest of necrotizing fasciitis a... more This review was prompted by continued public and professional interest of necrotizing fasciitis as well as worldwide increases in the incidence of streptococcal invasive infections. Our objective was to outline the clinical course of necrotizing fasciitis and delineate factors relating to mortality among 163 diagnosed patients. Over 14 years patients diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis were reviewed for patient history, comorbid conditions, and progression of clinical course. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors increasing mortality risk among necrotizing fasciitis patients. Nearly 17 per cent of the patients showed no identifiable antecedent trauma. Seventy-one per cent of tissue culture-positive patients (145) had multibacterial infections. Although no streptococcal species were recovered from one-third of these culture-positive patients there was an increase in mortality noted with β- Streptococcus infections. Ninety-six per cent of the patient deaths were co...
ABSTRACTMammalian digit tip regeneration is linked to the presence of nail tissue, but a nail-exp... more ABSTRACTMammalian digit tip regeneration is linked to the presence of nail tissue, but a nail-explicit model is missing. Here, we report that nail-less double-ventral digits of ΔLARM1/2 mutants that lack limb-specific Lmx1b enhancers fail to regenerate. To separate the nail’s effect from the lack of DV polarity, we also interrogate double-dorsal double-nail digits and show that they regenerate. Thus, DV polarity is not a prerequisite for regeneration and the nail requirement is supported. Transcriptomic comparison between wild-type and non-regenerative ΔLARM1/2 mutant blastemas reveals differential up-regulation of vascularization and connective tissue functional signatures in wild-type versus upregulation of inflammation in the mutant. These results, together with the finding of uniform Lmx1b expression in the wild-type blastema and in the dorsal dermis underneath the nail, indicate that, in addition of the nail’s effect, a direct role for Lmx1b in driving the progression of digit ...
. Hox transcription factors play critical roles during development and reactivation may participa... more . Hox transcription factors play critical roles during development and reactivation may participate in tumorigenesis. For example, some prostate cancers overexpress androgen sensitive HOXC8, while others upregulate androgen insensitive HOXB13. A comprehensive Hox expression profile during prostate development has not been described. We generated a prostatic Hox expression profile in an effort to identify candidate Hox genes critical to prostate development and potentially tumorigenesis. Mouse prostates at various stages of development [0, 2, 6, 13, and 24 weeks of age] were collected RNA isolated, cDNA generated and semi-quantitative PCR performed. We also examined Hox expression in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) cell line. Hox genes with profiles of interest were subjected to quantitative PCR for confirmation. Hoxa10 is expressed through out prostate development and in TRAMP cells implicating it as a marker of prostate tissue similar to its corresponding expression in the female ...
In 2013, the older Swanson classification for congenital hand differences was replaced by a new s... more In 2013, the older Swanson classification for congenital hand differences was replaced by a new system, proposed by Oberg, Manske and Tonkin (OMT) at the recommendation of the International Federation of Society for Surgery of the Hand (IFSSH) Committee for Congenital Conditions (Ezaki et al., 2014). There were multiple reasons for this change. With the rapid progression of knowledge in limb development and clinical genetics, the limitations of Swanson classification in combining aetiology and morphology had become more evident. Moreover, there was growing dissatisfaction with the older classification’s inability to classify certain conditions, such as symbrachydactyly and cleft hand.
Patient‐derived samples present an advantage over current cell line models of high‐grade serous o... more Patient‐derived samples present an advantage over current cell line models of high‐grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) that are not always reliable and phenotypically faithful models of in vivo HGSOC. To improve upon cell line models of HGSOC, we set out to characterize a panel of patient‐derived cells and determine their epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics. We analyzed RNA and protein expression levels in patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models of HGSOC, and functionally characterized these models using flow cytometry, wound healing assays, invasion assays, and spheroid cultures. Besides in vitro work, we also evaluated the growth characteristics of PDX in vivo (orthotopic PDX). We found that all samples had hybrid characteristics, covering a spectrum from an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal state. Samples with a stronger epithelial phenotype were more active in self‐renewal assays and more tumorigenic in orthotopic xenograft models as compared to samples with a stronger mesenchymal...
Limb development can be described along three axes – proximal‐distal, anterior‐posterior, and dor... more Limb development can be described along three axes – proximal‐distal, anterior‐posterior, and dorsal‐ventral. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) coordinate growth along the proximal‐distal axis, while sonic hedgehog (SHH), secreted from the zone of polarizing activity, directs anterior‐posterior patterning and expansion. AER‐related FGFs and SHH regulate each other in a positive feedback loop. This reciprocal loop is critical for proper limb patterning, however the molecular intermediates involved in this loop are only partially characterized. Previously, we identified LIM homeobox 2 (LHX2) as a downstream target of FGF in the FGF to SHH loop and determined that FGF upregulates LHX2 in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. This suggests that LHX2, expressed in the mesoderm subjacent to the AER, is a primary response target of FGF signaling.Cis‐regulatory modules (CRMs) within noncoding DNA can convey temporal and spatial regulation of an asso...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The ideal hemostatic agent for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy would p... more BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The ideal hemostatic agent for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy would provide complete hemostasis and sealing of the collecting system at a low cost. Chitosan is an established topical hemostatic agent, but standard sterilization techniques affect its functional and biological properties thereby preventing parenteral uses. This study sought to characterize the safety and efficacy of an implanted chitosan hemostat sterilized with either a standard technique, electron beam irradiation, or a novel technique, non-thermal nitrogen plasma, in a porcine laparoscopic partial nephrectomy model. METHODS Laparoscopic partial nephrectomies were performed on 6 farm pigs and hemostasis achieved using only a chitosan hemostatic agent (Clo-Sur P.A.D.) that was e-beam (n=3) or plasma sterilized (n=3). Number of pads needed to achieve hemostasis, estimated blood loss, operative time, mass of kidney resection, and warm ischemia time were measured. Animals were monitored for 14 weeks and at harvest retrograde ureteropyelography and histologic analysis were performed. RESULTS Complete hemostasis and collection system sealing was achieved in both groups. There was a trend toward less pads required for hemostasis (p = 0.056) and reduced blood loss (p = 0.096) with plasma-sterilized pads although this did not achieve statistical significance. No complications were observed over 14 weeks and gross examination showed the implanted chitosan was encapsulated in a fibrous capsule. Histologic analysis revealed a healed nephrectomy site with residual CS and associated chronic inflammation, reactive fibrosis and foreign body giant cell formation. Importantly, the adjacent renal parenchyma was intact and viable with no residual inflammation or cytologic damage. CONCLUSION Chitosan pads alone provided safe and effective hemostasis in a porcine laparoscopic partial nephrectomy model. Plasma sterilization may enhance hemostatic efficacy and resorption compared to e-beam.
Accumulating data on the molecular interactions that occur during limb development have greatly e... more Accumulating data on the molecular interactions that occur during limb development have greatly enhanced our understanding of the process of limb morphogenesis. In this chapter, the key morphologic events are described, the broad categories of molecules involved are defined, the known molecular cascades and specific pathways that orchestrate limb development are reviewed. In addition, cascades disrupted by known genetic mutations associated with limb malformations are identified.
With the rapidly changing course of medical education and ever-increasing time restrictions on ba... more With the rapidly changing course of medical education and ever-increasing time restrictions on basic biomedical science instruction, most educators have one question in common-what is the most relevant information for the next generation of physicians? The Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME) and the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation (COCA) support a list of learning objectives for medical students defined by faculty prior to any educational activities, regardless of pedagogy. The question remains-what ensures competency for medical students in a given subject area upon completion of the course? To accomplish the task to ensure competency in human clinical embryology, a 6-month interactive online collaboration was formed. The outcome is a set of competencies in human embryology that should be required of all medical students, with the goals and learning objectives required to achieve these competencies.
vals from d 1-21 postpartum from healthy ewes delivered preterm (131-133 d gestation) by cesarean... more vals from d 1-21 postpartum from healthy ewes delivered preterm (131-133 d gestation) by cesarean section (n = 6). Aliquots of daily pooled samples were analyzed. Fat content was determined from fresh samples by the crematocrit technique. The remaining samples were frozen at Ϫ70ЊC until analysis. Total protein (g/dL) and Zn (mg/dL) values were determined at d 1-7, d 10, d 14, and d 21 by colorimetric assay. PT to T ewe milk reference values were analyzed by t-test. Results: Mean total protein and Zn concentrations were greater in PT (() vs T (() ewe milk from d 1-21, with the largest differences observed from d 1-7 (p Յ .05; Figures 1 and 2). Total fat content was lower in PT ewe milk on d 1 (3.1 Ϯ 0.6 g/dL PT vs 5.6 Ϯ 0.6 g/dL T, p = .001) but similar to T ewe milk thereafter (Figure 3).
Purpose NOGO-A is a myelin associated protein best known for its ability to inhibit CNS regenerat... more Purpose NOGO-A is a myelin associated protein best known for its ability to inhibit CNS regeneration in adults and may be involved in the maintenance of established neural pathways. Recent experiments have identified NOGO-A during development, when regeneration is less relevant. Thus, its role during development is unclear. We hypothesize that NOGO-A has a role in neural tube induction or early neuronal differentiation. Methods To test our hypothesis we isolated chicken NOGO-A using RT-PCR. We utilized a protocol for difficult templates to isolate and replicate the GC rich NOGO-A transcript. A 219 base pair probe was synthesized and used to perform whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) to localize NOGO-A expression in Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stages 4-17 chick embryos. Regulation and induction of NOGO-A was tested by Shh, Fgf8b and RA bead implantation in HH4 embryos. These were harvested after 4 and 8 hours and processed by WISH. Results We identified two different isoforms of NOGO-A in the chick embryo; 3.8KB and 4.3KB isoforms that we have sequenced. WISH showed initial NOGO-A expression in the neural plate at induction (HH4). Expression then followed formation of the neural tube (HH8), primary brain vesicles (HH12) and somites (HH17). Ectopic Shh increased local NOGO-A expression at 4 hours, Fgf8b showed increased local expression at 8 hours, and RA showed no increased expression. Conclusions Our WISH experiments demonstrated that NOGO-A expression begins early in development and is induced by Shh and Fgf-8, known mediators of neural tube development. Additionally, we identified two isoforms of NOGO-A in the chicken embryo. It remains to be determined if these two isoforms are splice variants, and if they have distinct roles. Our results support our initial hypothesis that NOGO-A has a role beyond inhibition of CNS regeneration and is involved in CNS development.
INTRODUCTION During development, precise temporal and spatial regulation of critical genes is req... more INTRODUCTION During development, precise temporal and spatial regulation of critical genes is required to orchestrate body plan morphology. Preservation of a generalized developmental process and body plan across divergent species suggests that regulation has also been conserved. Thus, evolutionarily conserved regions (ECRs) in association with developmentally important genes are likely candidates as regulatory elements. Screening of ECRs has recently been described during early chick development, using in vitro whole embryo electroporation of ECR constructs containing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The major limitation of this technique is that the chick embryos only survive in vitro for about 48 hrs after electroporation and thus enhancers involved in later development and organogenesis cannot be determined. We previously reported on a method to deliver expression vectors at targeted locations during in ovo development by confined microelectroporation (CMEP). We have modified this technique to broaden the targeted region of electroporation and vector delivery, i.e., targeted regional electroporation (TREP). Herein, we demonstrate the ability of this technique to screen for ECR activity at later stages of development.
Corbella Rius, Núria Novel mutants involved in nervous and tracheal development in Drosophila mel... more Corbella Rius, Núria Novel mutants involved in nervous and tracheal development in Drosophila melanogaster
A recent focus on fetal surgery has raised the possibility of fetal cleft lip and palate repairs.... more A recent focus on fetal surgery has raised the possibility of fetal cleft lip and palate repairs. Because of the fetus's marked plasticity, fetal repairs may have results that more closely approximate normality. Furthermore, the impact on cost management could be dramatic with a decreased need for extensive postoperative care, orthodontia, and speech therapy. This article considers the future prospects of intrauterine cleft lip repair as the next generation of surgical advances.
This review was prompted by continued public and professional interest of necrotizing fasciitis a... more This review was prompted by continued public and professional interest of necrotizing fasciitis as well as worldwide increases in the incidence of streptococcal invasive infections. Our objective was to outline the clinical course of necrotizing fasciitis and delineate factors relating to mortality among 163 diagnosed patients. Over 14 years patients diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis were reviewed for patient history, comorbid conditions, and progression of clinical course. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors increasing mortality risk among necrotizing fasciitis patients. Nearly 17 per cent of the patients showed no identifiable antecedent trauma. Seventy-one per cent of tissue culture-positive patients (145) had multibacterial infections. Although no streptococcal species were recovered from one-third of these culture-positive patients there was an increase in mortality noted with β- Streptococcus infections. Ninety-six per cent of the patient deaths were co...
ABSTRACTMammalian digit tip regeneration is linked to the presence of nail tissue, but a nail-exp... more ABSTRACTMammalian digit tip regeneration is linked to the presence of nail tissue, but a nail-explicit model is missing. Here, we report that nail-less double-ventral digits of ΔLARM1/2 mutants that lack limb-specific Lmx1b enhancers fail to regenerate. To separate the nail’s effect from the lack of DV polarity, we also interrogate double-dorsal double-nail digits and show that they regenerate. Thus, DV polarity is not a prerequisite for regeneration and the nail requirement is supported. Transcriptomic comparison between wild-type and non-regenerative ΔLARM1/2 mutant blastemas reveals differential up-regulation of vascularization and connective tissue functional signatures in wild-type versus upregulation of inflammation in the mutant. These results, together with the finding of uniform Lmx1b expression in the wild-type blastema and in the dorsal dermis underneath the nail, indicate that, in addition of the nail’s effect, a direct role for Lmx1b in driving the progression of digit ...
. Hox transcription factors play critical roles during development and reactivation may participa... more . Hox transcription factors play critical roles during development and reactivation may participate in tumorigenesis. For example, some prostate cancers overexpress androgen sensitive HOXC8, while others upregulate androgen insensitive HOXB13. A comprehensive Hox expression profile during prostate development has not been described. We generated a prostatic Hox expression profile in an effort to identify candidate Hox genes critical to prostate development and potentially tumorigenesis. Mouse prostates at various stages of development [0, 2, 6, 13, and 24 weeks of age] were collected RNA isolated, cDNA generated and semi-quantitative PCR performed. We also examined Hox expression in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) cell line. Hox genes with profiles of interest were subjected to quantitative PCR for confirmation. Hoxa10 is expressed through out prostate development and in TRAMP cells implicating it as a marker of prostate tissue similar to its corresponding expression in the female ...
In 2013, the older Swanson classification for congenital hand differences was replaced by a new s... more In 2013, the older Swanson classification for congenital hand differences was replaced by a new system, proposed by Oberg, Manske and Tonkin (OMT) at the recommendation of the International Federation of Society for Surgery of the Hand (IFSSH) Committee for Congenital Conditions (Ezaki et al., 2014). There were multiple reasons for this change. With the rapid progression of knowledge in limb development and clinical genetics, the limitations of Swanson classification in combining aetiology and morphology had become more evident. Moreover, there was growing dissatisfaction with the older classification’s inability to classify certain conditions, such as symbrachydactyly and cleft hand.
Patient‐derived samples present an advantage over current cell line models of high‐grade serous o... more Patient‐derived samples present an advantage over current cell line models of high‐grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) that are not always reliable and phenotypically faithful models of in vivo HGSOC. To improve upon cell line models of HGSOC, we set out to characterize a panel of patient‐derived cells and determine their epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics. We analyzed RNA and protein expression levels in patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models of HGSOC, and functionally characterized these models using flow cytometry, wound healing assays, invasion assays, and spheroid cultures. Besides in vitro work, we also evaluated the growth characteristics of PDX in vivo (orthotopic PDX). We found that all samples had hybrid characteristics, covering a spectrum from an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal state. Samples with a stronger epithelial phenotype were more active in self‐renewal assays and more tumorigenic in orthotopic xenograft models as compared to samples with a stronger mesenchymal...
Limb development can be described along three axes – proximal‐distal, anterior‐posterior, and dor... more Limb development can be described along three axes – proximal‐distal, anterior‐posterior, and dorsal‐ventral. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) coordinate growth along the proximal‐distal axis, while sonic hedgehog (SHH), secreted from the zone of polarizing activity, directs anterior‐posterior patterning and expansion. AER‐related FGFs and SHH regulate each other in a positive feedback loop. This reciprocal loop is critical for proper limb patterning, however the molecular intermediates involved in this loop are only partially characterized. Previously, we identified LIM homeobox 2 (LHX2) as a downstream target of FGF in the FGF to SHH loop and determined that FGF upregulates LHX2 in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. This suggests that LHX2, expressed in the mesoderm subjacent to the AER, is a primary response target of FGF signaling.Cis‐regulatory modules (CRMs) within noncoding DNA can convey temporal and spatial regulation of an asso...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The ideal hemostatic agent for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy would p... more BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The ideal hemostatic agent for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy would provide complete hemostasis and sealing of the collecting system at a low cost. Chitosan is an established topical hemostatic agent, but standard sterilization techniques affect its functional and biological properties thereby preventing parenteral uses. This study sought to characterize the safety and efficacy of an implanted chitosan hemostat sterilized with either a standard technique, electron beam irradiation, or a novel technique, non-thermal nitrogen plasma, in a porcine laparoscopic partial nephrectomy model. METHODS Laparoscopic partial nephrectomies were performed on 6 farm pigs and hemostasis achieved using only a chitosan hemostatic agent (Clo-Sur P.A.D.) that was e-beam (n=3) or plasma sterilized (n=3). Number of pads needed to achieve hemostasis, estimated blood loss, operative time, mass of kidney resection, and warm ischemia time were measured. Animals were monitored for 14 weeks and at harvest retrograde ureteropyelography and histologic analysis were performed. RESULTS Complete hemostasis and collection system sealing was achieved in both groups. There was a trend toward less pads required for hemostasis (p = 0.056) and reduced blood loss (p = 0.096) with plasma-sterilized pads although this did not achieve statistical significance. No complications were observed over 14 weeks and gross examination showed the implanted chitosan was encapsulated in a fibrous capsule. Histologic analysis revealed a healed nephrectomy site with residual CS and associated chronic inflammation, reactive fibrosis and foreign body giant cell formation. Importantly, the adjacent renal parenchyma was intact and viable with no residual inflammation or cytologic damage. CONCLUSION Chitosan pads alone provided safe and effective hemostasis in a porcine laparoscopic partial nephrectomy model. Plasma sterilization may enhance hemostatic efficacy and resorption compared to e-beam.
Accumulating data on the molecular interactions that occur during limb development have greatly e... more Accumulating data on the molecular interactions that occur during limb development have greatly enhanced our understanding of the process of limb morphogenesis. In this chapter, the key morphologic events are described, the broad categories of molecules involved are defined, the known molecular cascades and specific pathways that orchestrate limb development are reviewed. In addition, cascades disrupted by known genetic mutations associated with limb malformations are identified.
With the rapidly changing course of medical education and ever-increasing time restrictions on ba... more With the rapidly changing course of medical education and ever-increasing time restrictions on basic biomedical science instruction, most educators have one question in common-what is the most relevant information for the next generation of physicians? The Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME) and the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation (COCA) support a list of learning objectives for medical students defined by faculty prior to any educational activities, regardless of pedagogy. The question remains-what ensures competency for medical students in a given subject area upon completion of the course? To accomplish the task to ensure competency in human clinical embryology, a 6-month interactive online collaboration was formed. The outcome is a set of competencies in human embryology that should be required of all medical students, with the goals and learning objectives required to achieve these competencies.
vals from d 1-21 postpartum from healthy ewes delivered preterm (131-133 d gestation) by cesarean... more vals from d 1-21 postpartum from healthy ewes delivered preterm (131-133 d gestation) by cesarean section (n = 6). Aliquots of daily pooled samples were analyzed. Fat content was determined from fresh samples by the crematocrit technique. The remaining samples were frozen at Ϫ70ЊC until analysis. Total protein (g/dL) and Zn (mg/dL) values were determined at d 1-7, d 10, d 14, and d 21 by colorimetric assay. PT to T ewe milk reference values were analyzed by t-test. Results: Mean total protein and Zn concentrations were greater in PT (() vs T (() ewe milk from d 1-21, with the largest differences observed from d 1-7 (p Յ .05; Figures 1 and 2). Total fat content was lower in PT ewe milk on d 1 (3.1 Ϯ 0.6 g/dL PT vs 5.6 Ϯ 0.6 g/dL T, p = .001) but similar to T ewe milk thereafter (Figure 3).
Purpose NOGO-A is a myelin associated protein best known for its ability to inhibit CNS regenerat... more Purpose NOGO-A is a myelin associated protein best known for its ability to inhibit CNS regeneration in adults and may be involved in the maintenance of established neural pathways. Recent experiments have identified NOGO-A during development, when regeneration is less relevant. Thus, its role during development is unclear. We hypothesize that NOGO-A has a role in neural tube induction or early neuronal differentiation. Methods To test our hypothesis we isolated chicken NOGO-A using RT-PCR. We utilized a protocol for difficult templates to isolate and replicate the GC rich NOGO-A transcript. A 219 base pair probe was synthesized and used to perform whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) to localize NOGO-A expression in Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stages 4-17 chick embryos. Regulation and induction of NOGO-A was tested by Shh, Fgf8b and RA bead implantation in HH4 embryos. These were harvested after 4 and 8 hours and processed by WISH. Results We identified two different isoforms of NOGO-A in the chick embryo; 3.8KB and 4.3KB isoforms that we have sequenced. WISH showed initial NOGO-A expression in the neural plate at induction (HH4). Expression then followed formation of the neural tube (HH8), primary brain vesicles (HH12) and somites (HH17). Ectopic Shh increased local NOGO-A expression at 4 hours, Fgf8b showed increased local expression at 8 hours, and RA showed no increased expression. Conclusions Our WISH experiments demonstrated that NOGO-A expression begins early in development and is induced by Shh and Fgf-8, known mediators of neural tube development. Additionally, we identified two isoforms of NOGO-A in the chicken embryo. It remains to be determined if these two isoforms are splice variants, and if they have distinct roles. Our results support our initial hypothesis that NOGO-A has a role beyond inhibition of CNS regeneration and is involved in CNS development.
INTRODUCTION During development, precise temporal and spatial regulation of critical genes is req... more INTRODUCTION During development, precise temporal and spatial regulation of critical genes is required to orchestrate body plan morphology. Preservation of a generalized developmental process and body plan across divergent species suggests that regulation has also been conserved. Thus, evolutionarily conserved regions (ECRs) in association with developmentally important genes are likely candidates as regulatory elements. Screening of ECRs has recently been described during early chick development, using in vitro whole embryo electroporation of ECR constructs containing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The major limitation of this technique is that the chick embryos only survive in vitro for about 48 hrs after electroporation and thus enhancers involved in later development and organogenesis cannot be determined. We previously reported on a method to deliver expression vectors at targeted locations during in ovo development by confined microelectroporation (CMEP). We have modified this technique to broaden the targeted region of electroporation and vector delivery, i.e., targeted regional electroporation (TREP). Herein, we demonstrate the ability of this technique to screen for ECR activity at later stages of development.
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Papers by Kerby Oberg