The use of technology in teaching and learning mathematics is not new. The view of how technology... more The use of technology in teaching and learning mathematics is not new. The view of how technology should be used in the mathematical classroom is affected, among others, by changes in the community. A form of technological tool that is becoming popular in teaching and learning mathematics is the use of technology-based games. Many educators are interested in developing instructional games in Mathematics to engage today’s children in a fun way of learning. However, the process required for developing a game that is both engaging and instructionally effective remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate pupils’ level of acquisition of numeracy knowledge in a specially developed computer game called Numeraction. The game supports major components in numeracy, namely mental computation, visual thinking and number sense. The game has a response system for recording and displaying the pupils’ scores. Participants of this study were 971 pupils from fifteen primary schools in the state ...
This paper describes the design and development process of an online Arabic vocabulary games lear... more This paper describes the design and development process of an online Arabic vocabulary games learning prototype for elementary learners at the Centre for Foundation Studies (CFS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The effort to produce this learning prototype is an attempt to integrate game-based learning in an online environment, to provide new learning experience for learners who have been through a traditional Arabic teaching and learning methods, and to collect and analyze their feedbacks and responses as the formative evaluation of the prototype. The exploration of the game-based learning prototype potential for use in teaching and learning in real setting by learners and teachers is also among the steps taken to evaluate the practicality of the prototype.
This paper focuses on the implementation of multimedia elements used for instructions on IMLO. IM... more This paper focuses on the implementation of multimedia elements used for instructions on IMLO. IMLO (Interactive Multimedia Learning Object) is a multimedia software prototype about 'multiplication of two' topic which is developed for dyslexic children in Malaysia. The aim of this research is to describe the functions of multimedia elements in IMLO's learning and exercise activities. The approach for this research is qualitative, where the multimedia elements are interpreted using ARCS model and the outcomes are validated by experts. This finding is very important to develop IMLO prototype as well as other researchers who want to get useful guidelines for similar multimedia instruction development for dyslexic children.
The paper describes the findings from the early phase of a research conducted to evaluate the imp... more The paper describes the findings from the early phase of a research conducted to evaluate the impact of utilization of connectedness and empowerment. I t employs a theory of change approach to study the outcomes brought about by the RI Cs. I nitial findings however, suggest that the RI Cs have evolved individually and are unique from each other, thus requiring a functions. I nterviews, observations and document analysis conducted at six RI Cs imply three main models: (1) The Cybercafé model, (2) The community service center model and (3) The entrepreneurial center model. Three theories of change are subsequently proposed to address each model and further aid the evaluation of the RI Cs in each category. I ndex Terms I CT development, Evaluation, Rural I nternet Centers, Theory of Change. I. INTRODUCTION alaysia is a developing country with a population of 28.0 million spread over thirteen states. The ICT agenda was spurred by the formation of the National Information Technology Council and the Multimedia Super Corridor in 1995. In 2008, there were more than 15 million internet users and 25 million mobile subscribers in Malaysia[1]. The 9th Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) targeted the setting up of 70 district internet centers and 100 sub-district centers. The services offered at those already established are cyber café like (e-mail and internet access); word processing; desktop publishing; access to e-government services, education and training, printing and scanning. Projects such as Pusat Internet Desa or Rural Internet Centre (RIC) are carried Manuscript received October 4, 2010.
Student-Driven Learning Strategies for the 21st Century Classroom
Service learning is a method of teaching which combines classroom instructions with service to co... more Service learning is a method of teaching which combines classroom instructions with service to community. The provision of meaningful experience allows learners to drive their own learning. In the context of this study, service learning was used as an approach in increasing students' awareness and inculcating positive attitudes towards persons with disabilities. This also aims to promote inclusive society by eliminating challenges faced by PWDs, namely social discrimination, lack of awareness and traditional prejudices. Thirty-three students from the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA were made as facilitators for a 3-day program involving the PWDs. The reflections provided by the students emerged into three themes, namely: 1) inculcation of positive attitudes and perceptions towards PWDs, 2) inculcation of awareness and knowledge on PWDs issues, and 3) other benefits. In conclusion, the experience gained by the students through service learning has been proven to b...
Background and Purpose: An intervention program becomes a necessity when a learning problem arise... more Background and Purpose: An intervention program becomes a necessity when a learning problem arises. To ensure the program effectiveness, pedagogical and assessment decisions rely heavily on the actual needs of learners. Hence, this study aimed to conduct a needs analysis survey to investigate the indigenous learners’ needs in terms of their attitudes towards ESL learning, favorable language skills, topics of interest and preferable modes of learning. Unlike other groups of Malaysian learners, the indigenous experience extreme ESL learning disadvantage due to their struggle to assimilate themselves in a multi-ethnic school environment. Methodology: This study employed design-based research (DBR) methodology with the utilization of mixed-method tools in the forms of document analysis and close-ended questionnaire. These data variations aim for the breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration. Past public examination results were used to highlight the indigenous learning prob...
Dyslexic children have their own characteristics such as simple task, motivation oriented, and mu... more Dyslexic children have their own characteristics such as simple task, motivation oriented, and multisensory preference. Intervention for dyslexia is possible and some research has been done to help dyslexic children to learn better. Here, the researchers have done a preliminary research by looking at possibilities of implementing mobile comic application as a way of learning for dyslexic children. Interview, survey, and observation amongst teacher and students have been done at two schools for dyslexia students . The findings revealed that there is potentiality to design and develop the mobile comic application. Following this study, the researchers will investigate further on the comic style and the use of interactive multimedia elements as instruction. Key-Words: Mobile comic, Dyslexia, Interactive Comic, Mobile Application, Comic for Learning, Dyslexic children
This is an online Arabic vocabulary learning games prototype which is specifically designed for e... more This is an online Arabic vocabulary learning games prototype which is specifically designed for elementary learners at pre-university level at Centre for Foundation Studies (CFS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The design and development of games prototype are based on the methods and approaches of design and development research (Richey & Klein, 2007), which was formerly known as developmental research (Richey, Klein & Nelson, 2004). This method is also known as designed case (Reigeluth & Frick, 1999), designbased research (Reeves, 2006 & Herrington, et. al, 2007), formative research (Nieveen, 2007), design research (Bannan- Ritland, 2003; Van der Akker, 2007). It begun with the analysis of 3 theories from literature based on the work of Nation (2003), Prensky (2001) and Mayer (2001). This game-based learning prototype allows the lecturers and students to use it as an additional learning aid to learn Arabic language in a gaming application, in addition to traditi...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
This paper discusses the needs of students with disabilities (SWDs) at a local public university.... more This paper discusses the needs of students with disabilities (SWDs) at a local public university. Twenty-one SWDs aged between 19 and 24 years old, across 15 faculties voluntarily involved themselves in this study. The study showed that the provision of disabled-friendly facilities at the university is still severely lacking and improvement must be made so that this will facilitate the teaching and learning process particularly for SWDs. Support services such as special counselling services and special programmes for SWDs should be enhanced as suggested by the participants of this study. In addition, awareness towards SWDs should also be inculcated among university staff and students so that an inclusive environment can be established in the university to support SWDs.
DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science
A blended learning approach (BLA) to teaching interactive multimedia project development to dista... more A blended learning approach (BLA) to teaching interactive multimedia project development to distance learning students is proposed. The learning outcome pertinent to the project includes animation features using authoring tools. There are three learning issues affecting the traditional teaching method that the proposed BLA attempted to address. Firstly, students do not have the time and location flexibility in learning the skills for multimedia development. Secondly, students have insufficient time to complete the given task. Lastly, students often need extra time in understanding difficult topics. The design of the proposed BLA comprises teaching delivery (De), learning activities (L), course content (C), assessment (A) and discussion (D) using the ideals of a flipped classroom. A DeLCAD model is thus introduced in this paper. The proposed BLA is implemented using a proprietary Learning Management System. The lecturer delivers the required skills online via virtual class and personal video conferencing. Tools for teaching including Padlet, Zoom, 5hp, ClassTools, Kahoot!, TOGlic, Trello, Qizziz, Minnit and Powtoon are used in creating an engaging learning experience for the students. The learning is made to be fun by using gamification and virtual learning. The proposed approach provides online learning support time to complete the multimedia application development task. Assessment tools namely, quiz, test and assignment are used with rubrics to assess students' understanding and quality of their project. Students also use online discussion tools to discuss project development matters with other students and the lecturer. Three cohorts of part-time distance learning students at Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia comprising two control groups (DeLCAD not applied; N = 15 and N = 11) and one treatment group (DeLCAD applied; N = 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 25) were studied. It was found that the overall grade performance of the N cohort was generally superior by 30% on average compared to that of the N and N cohorts. Students were able to demonstrate their grasp of the knowledge and skills of the project online using Zoom. The DeLCAD model of the proposed BLA thus helped provide the students the control over learning pace and space to attain their learning outcomes and thereby improving their course grades.
Abstract Planning for innovative teaching and learning technologies incurs more than just budgeti... more Abstract Planning for innovative teaching and learning technologies incurs more than just budgeting and coming up with figures that serves well in the top management's eyes. A common mistake made by educational practitioners in planning and implementing new ...
7th International Conference on University Learning and Teaching (InCULT 2014) Proceedings, 2016
Inclusive education is not a new agenda in the education system in Malaysia, including universiti... more Inclusive education is not a new agenda in the education system in Malaysia, including universities. In this study, experiences of the special educational needs (SEN) learners in Malaysian universities are explored. Sixty-six SEN learners who are currently studying in selected Malaysian Universities participated in this study. The study found that most of the participants faced barriers and challenges as learners in IHLs such as during their teaching and learning, during their fieldworks, during their assessments and when dealing with the university staff. In addition, the SEN learners also highlighted on their needs to enhance their functions as learners in universities such as the improvement of campus facilities that are barrier free, getting more support and awareness of the university staff and other able learners as well as the needs of facilities and technologies specifically for them.
2014 IEEE Conference on e-Learning, e-Management and e-Services (IC3e), 2014
The initiative of higher education to adopt e-learning as learning management system has move tow... more The initiative of higher education to adopt e-learning as learning management system has move towards the effectiveness of teaching and learning in the university. One of the e-learning tools that are widespread today is the use of a Learning Management System. The purpose of this research was to identify the relationship between the factors affecting the use of Learning Management System (LMS) namely, i-Class at University Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Malaysia. The researcher examined four factors which are the students' technology competency, students' access to i-Class, lecturers' initiative, and students' perceive usefulness towards the students' utilization of i-Class. The research employed the quantitative and supported by qualitative methodology. The respondents are students enroll in electronic distance learning (e-PJJ) in UiTM Shah Alam. A total of 380 students responded to the questionnaire and five students participated in the interview session. This study showed that students' perceive usefulness (r = 0.399, p<;0.001) and lecturer' initiative (r = 0.319, p<;0.001) has a moderate relationship with students' utilization of i-Class. The hypotheses testing were conducted and the results show that all the studied factors contributed to the utilization of i-Class. The results also showed that online chatting (synchronous) should be added into the i-Class system. Based from the findings, this research is beneficial for other universities that practiced web-based distance learning in order to improve the existing learning management system.
ICT Development for Social and Rural Connectedness, 2013
This chapter presents a case of rural connectedness through ICT utilization at internet centers i... more This chapter presents a case of rural connectedness through ICT utilization at internet centers in Malaysia. Personal capacity development is included to provide a complete picture of the rural users’ experience. Aspects of a research conducted at sixteen Malaysian internet centers (RICs) will be succinctly described to provide the reader details on how ICT influences the connectedness of rural folks. The chapter will illustrate the different dimensions and levels of connectedness in rural Malaysia; a typology of connectedness via ICT will be presented. The chapter ends with lessons learned and implications for future studies in ICT and connectedness.
SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2013
ABSTRACT This chapter discusses connectedness as a construct and how it is defined and explored i... more ABSTRACT This chapter discusses connectedness as a construct and how it is defined and explored in various fields. It will focus on the psycho- social dimension of connectedness and thus, will highlight the definition of connectedness from a psychological perspective. The chapter then briefly relates connectedness to existing theories including Self Determined Theory. Recent research on connectedness will also be highlighted to provide the rationale and to frame the research described in Chap. 3.
The use of technology in teaching and learning mathematics is not new. The view of how technology... more The use of technology in teaching and learning mathematics is not new. The view of how technology should be used in the mathematical classroom is affected, among others, by changes in the community. A form of technological tool that is becoming popular in teaching and learning mathematics is the use of technology-based games. Many educators are interested in developing instructional games in Mathematics to engage today’s children in a fun way of learning. However, the process required for developing a game that is both engaging and instructionally effective remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate pupils’ level of acquisition of numeracy knowledge in a specially developed computer game called Numeraction. The game supports major components in numeracy, namely mental computation, visual thinking and number sense. The game has a response system for recording and displaying the pupils’ scores. Participants of this study were 971 pupils from fifteen primary schools in the state ...
This paper describes the design and development process of an online Arabic vocabulary games lear... more This paper describes the design and development process of an online Arabic vocabulary games learning prototype for elementary learners at the Centre for Foundation Studies (CFS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The effort to produce this learning prototype is an attempt to integrate game-based learning in an online environment, to provide new learning experience for learners who have been through a traditional Arabic teaching and learning methods, and to collect and analyze their feedbacks and responses as the formative evaluation of the prototype. The exploration of the game-based learning prototype potential for use in teaching and learning in real setting by learners and teachers is also among the steps taken to evaluate the practicality of the prototype.
This paper focuses on the implementation of multimedia elements used for instructions on IMLO. IM... more This paper focuses on the implementation of multimedia elements used for instructions on IMLO. IMLO (Interactive Multimedia Learning Object) is a multimedia software prototype about 'multiplication of two' topic which is developed for dyslexic children in Malaysia. The aim of this research is to describe the functions of multimedia elements in IMLO's learning and exercise activities. The approach for this research is qualitative, where the multimedia elements are interpreted using ARCS model and the outcomes are validated by experts. This finding is very important to develop IMLO prototype as well as other researchers who want to get useful guidelines for similar multimedia instruction development for dyslexic children.
The paper describes the findings from the early phase of a research conducted to evaluate the imp... more The paper describes the findings from the early phase of a research conducted to evaluate the impact of utilization of connectedness and empowerment. I t employs a theory of change approach to study the outcomes brought about by the RI Cs. I nitial findings however, suggest that the RI Cs have evolved individually and are unique from each other, thus requiring a functions. I nterviews, observations and document analysis conducted at six RI Cs imply three main models: (1) The Cybercafé model, (2) The community service center model and (3) The entrepreneurial center model. Three theories of change are subsequently proposed to address each model and further aid the evaluation of the RI Cs in each category. I ndex Terms I CT development, Evaluation, Rural I nternet Centers, Theory of Change. I. INTRODUCTION alaysia is a developing country with a population of 28.0 million spread over thirteen states. The ICT agenda was spurred by the formation of the National Information Technology Council and the Multimedia Super Corridor in 1995. In 2008, there were more than 15 million internet users and 25 million mobile subscribers in Malaysia[1]. The 9th Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) targeted the setting up of 70 district internet centers and 100 sub-district centers. The services offered at those already established are cyber café like (e-mail and internet access); word processing; desktop publishing; access to e-government services, education and training, printing and scanning. Projects such as Pusat Internet Desa or Rural Internet Centre (RIC) are carried Manuscript received October 4, 2010.
Student-Driven Learning Strategies for the 21st Century Classroom
Service learning is a method of teaching which combines classroom instructions with service to co... more Service learning is a method of teaching which combines classroom instructions with service to community. The provision of meaningful experience allows learners to drive their own learning. In the context of this study, service learning was used as an approach in increasing students' awareness and inculcating positive attitudes towards persons with disabilities. This also aims to promote inclusive society by eliminating challenges faced by PWDs, namely social discrimination, lack of awareness and traditional prejudices. Thirty-three students from the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA were made as facilitators for a 3-day program involving the PWDs. The reflections provided by the students emerged into three themes, namely: 1) inculcation of positive attitudes and perceptions towards PWDs, 2) inculcation of awareness and knowledge on PWDs issues, and 3) other benefits. In conclusion, the experience gained by the students through service learning has been proven to b...
Background and Purpose: An intervention program becomes a necessity when a learning problem arise... more Background and Purpose: An intervention program becomes a necessity when a learning problem arises. To ensure the program effectiveness, pedagogical and assessment decisions rely heavily on the actual needs of learners. Hence, this study aimed to conduct a needs analysis survey to investigate the indigenous learners’ needs in terms of their attitudes towards ESL learning, favorable language skills, topics of interest and preferable modes of learning. Unlike other groups of Malaysian learners, the indigenous experience extreme ESL learning disadvantage due to their struggle to assimilate themselves in a multi-ethnic school environment. Methodology: This study employed design-based research (DBR) methodology with the utilization of mixed-method tools in the forms of document analysis and close-ended questionnaire. These data variations aim for the breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration. Past public examination results were used to highlight the indigenous learning prob...
Dyslexic children have their own characteristics such as simple task, motivation oriented, and mu... more Dyslexic children have their own characteristics such as simple task, motivation oriented, and multisensory preference. Intervention for dyslexia is possible and some research has been done to help dyslexic children to learn better. Here, the researchers have done a preliminary research by looking at possibilities of implementing mobile comic application as a way of learning for dyslexic children. Interview, survey, and observation amongst teacher and students have been done at two schools for dyslexia students . The findings revealed that there is potentiality to design and develop the mobile comic application. Following this study, the researchers will investigate further on the comic style and the use of interactive multimedia elements as instruction. Key-Words: Mobile comic, Dyslexia, Interactive Comic, Mobile Application, Comic for Learning, Dyslexic children
This is an online Arabic vocabulary learning games prototype which is specifically designed for e... more This is an online Arabic vocabulary learning games prototype which is specifically designed for elementary learners at pre-university level at Centre for Foundation Studies (CFS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The design and development of games prototype are based on the methods and approaches of design and development research (Richey & Klein, 2007), which was formerly known as developmental research (Richey, Klein & Nelson, 2004). This method is also known as designed case (Reigeluth & Frick, 1999), designbased research (Reeves, 2006 & Herrington, et. al, 2007), formative research (Nieveen, 2007), design research (Bannan- Ritland, 2003; Van der Akker, 2007). It begun with the analysis of 3 theories from literature based on the work of Nation (2003), Prensky (2001) and Mayer (2001). This game-based learning prototype allows the lecturers and students to use it as an additional learning aid to learn Arabic language in a gaming application, in addition to traditi...
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
This paper discusses the needs of students with disabilities (SWDs) at a local public university.... more This paper discusses the needs of students with disabilities (SWDs) at a local public university. Twenty-one SWDs aged between 19 and 24 years old, across 15 faculties voluntarily involved themselves in this study. The study showed that the provision of disabled-friendly facilities at the university is still severely lacking and improvement must be made so that this will facilitate the teaching and learning process particularly for SWDs. Support services such as special counselling services and special programmes for SWDs should be enhanced as suggested by the participants of this study. In addition, awareness towards SWDs should also be inculcated among university staff and students so that an inclusive environment can be established in the university to support SWDs.
DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science
A blended learning approach (BLA) to teaching interactive multimedia project development to dista... more A blended learning approach (BLA) to teaching interactive multimedia project development to distance learning students is proposed. The learning outcome pertinent to the project includes animation features using authoring tools. There are three learning issues affecting the traditional teaching method that the proposed BLA attempted to address. Firstly, students do not have the time and location flexibility in learning the skills for multimedia development. Secondly, students have insufficient time to complete the given task. Lastly, students often need extra time in understanding difficult topics. The design of the proposed BLA comprises teaching delivery (De), learning activities (L), course content (C), assessment (A) and discussion (D) using the ideals of a flipped classroom. A DeLCAD model is thus introduced in this paper. The proposed BLA is implemented using a proprietary Learning Management System. The lecturer delivers the required skills online via virtual class and personal video conferencing. Tools for teaching including Padlet, Zoom, 5hp, ClassTools, Kahoot!, TOGlic, Trello, Qizziz, Minnit and Powtoon are used in creating an engaging learning experience for the students. The learning is made to be fun by using gamification and virtual learning. The proposed approach provides online learning support time to complete the multimedia application development task. Assessment tools namely, quiz, test and assignment are used with rubrics to assess students' understanding and quality of their project. Students also use online discussion tools to discuss project development matters with other students and the lecturer. Three cohorts of part-time distance learning students at Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia comprising two control groups (DeLCAD not applied; N = 15 and N = 11) and one treatment group (DeLCAD applied; N = 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 25) were studied. It was found that the overall grade performance of the N cohort was generally superior by 30% on average compared to that of the N and N cohorts. Students were able to demonstrate their grasp of the knowledge and skills of the project online using Zoom. The DeLCAD model of the proposed BLA thus helped provide the students the control over learning pace and space to attain their learning outcomes and thereby improving their course grades.
Abstract Planning for innovative teaching and learning technologies incurs more than just budgeti... more Abstract Planning for innovative teaching and learning technologies incurs more than just budgeting and coming up with figures that serves well in the top management&amp;#x27;s eyes. A common mistake made by educational practitioners in planning and implementing new ...
7th International Conference on University Learning and Teaching (InCULT 2014) Proceedings, 2016
Inclusive education is not a new agenda in the education system in Malaysia, including universiti... more Inclusive education is not a new agenda in the education system in Malaysia, including universities. In this study, experiences of the special educational needs (SEN) learners in Malaysian universities are explored. Sixty-six SEN learners who are currently studying in selected Malaysian Universities participated in this study. The study found that most of the participants faced barriers and challenges as learners in IHLs such as during their teaching and learning, during their fieldworks, during their assessments and when dealing with the university staff. In addition, the SEN learners also highlighted on their needs to enhance their functions as learners in universities such as the improvement of campus facilities that are barrier free, getting more support and awareness of the university staff and other able learners as well as the needs of facilities and technologies specifically for them.
2014 IEEE Conference on e-Learning, e-Management and e-Services (IC3e), 2014
The initiative of higher education to adopt e-learning as learning management system has move tow... more The initiative of higher education to adopt e-learning as learning management system has move towards the effectiveness of teaching and learning in the university. One of the e-learning tools that are widespread today is the use of a Learning Management System. The purpose of this research was to identify the relationship between the factors affecting the use of Learning Management System (LMS) namely, i-Class at University Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Malaysia. The researcher examined four factors which are the students' technology competency, students' access to i-Class, lecturers' initiative, and students' perceive usefulness towards the students' utilization of i-Class. The research employed the quantitative and supported by qualitative methodology. The respondents are students enroll in electronic distance learning (e-PJJ) in UiTM Shah Alam. A total of 380 students responded to the questionnaire and five students participated in the interview session. This study showed that students' perceive usefulness (r = 0.399, p<;0.001) and lecturer' initiative (r = 0.319, p<;0.001) has a moderate relationship with students' utilization of i-Class. The hypotheses testing were conducted and the results show that all the studied factors contributed to the utilization of i-Class. The results also showed that online chatting (synchronous) should be added into the i-Class system. Based from the findings, this research is beneficial for other universities that practiced web-based distance learning in order to improve the existing learning management system.
ICT Development for Social and Rural Connectedness, 2013
This chapter presents a case of rural connectedness through ICT utilization at internet centers i... more This chapter presents a case of rural connectedness through ICT utilization at internet centers in Malaysia. Personal capacity development is included to provide a complete picture of the rural users’ experience. Aspects of a research conducted at sixteen Malaysian internet centers (RICs) will be succinctly described to provide the reader details on how ICT influences the connectedness of rural folks. The chapter will illustrate the different dimensions and levels of connectedness in rural Malaysia; a typology of connectedness via ICT will be presented. The chapter ends with lessons learned and implications for future studies in ICT and connectedness.
SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2013
ABSTRACT This chapter discusses connectedness as a construct and how it is defined and explored i... more ABSTRACT This chapter discusses connectedness as a construct and how it is defined and explored in various fields. It will focus on the psycho- social dimension of connectedness and thus, will highlight the definition of connectedness from a psychological perspective. The chapter then briefly relates connectedness to existing theories including Self Determined Theory. Recent research on connectedness will also be highlighted to provide the rationale and to frame the research described in Chap. 3.
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