Higher levels of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of developing postmenopausal ... more Higher levels of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer, as well as a lower risk of cancer recurrence, and improved survival. However, the mechanisms for these associations are not well understood. Proposed mechanisms include altered levels of inflammation and altered immune function due to physical activity. PURPOSE: To review the literature on aerobic exercise interventions investigating inflammatory and immunological markers among healthy female and breast cancer survivors. METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE were systematically searched using the search terms: breast cancer, exercise, immunological markers (specifically monocytes, T cells, lymphocytes and leukocytes), as well as inflammation markers affected by exercise and relevant to cancer prevention and survival, namely, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Included studies were full text English-language randomized controlled trials of aero...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instabi... more Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. One of the earliest signs of PD can be decreased arm swing due to rigidity around the shoulder girdle. Rigidity is one component of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), where stiffness of a manipulated joint is ranked on a subjective scale of 0-4, and therefore may be susceptible to inter-rater variability. However, unlike tremor, bradykinesia and even postural instability, rigidity can be very difficult to quantify. A traditional test has been the Wartenberg pendulum test, where the subject, lying supine or in a sitting position with the limb hanging freely, has their limb raised to a horizontal position against gravity and subsequently released and the number of oscillations is recorded. Here we greatly extend the traditional test by using quantitative accelerometers and the physical properties of a subject’s arm to fit dynamic models during the whole period of t...
Observational research suggests that exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve su... more Observational research suggests that exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve survival. One proposed mechanism for the protective effect of aerobic exercise related to cancer risk and outcomes, but has not been examined definitively, is the immune response to aerobic exercise. Two prevailing paradigms are proposed. The first considers the host immune response as modifiable by aerobic exercise training. This exercise-modulated immune-tumor crosstalk in the mammary microenvironment may alter the balance between tumor initiation and progression versus tumor suppression. The second paradigm considers the beneficial role of exercise-induced, skeletal muscle-derived cytokines, termed "myokines". These myokines exert endocrine-like effects on multiple organs, including the mammary glands. In this systematic review, we i) define the role of macrophages and T-cells in breast cancer initiation and progression; ii) address the two paradigms that support exercise-indu...
Campbell KL (2014) Aerobic capacity and upper limb strength are reduced in women diagnosed with b... more Campbell KL (2014) Aerobic capacity and upper limb strength are reduced in women diagnosed with breast cancer: a systematic review.
Observational research suggests that exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve su... more Observational research suggests that exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve survival. One proposed mechanism for the protective effect of aerobic exercise related to cancer risk and outcomes, but has not been examined definitively, is the immune response to aerobic exercise. Two prevailing paradigms are proposed. The first considers the host immune response as modifiable by aerobic exercise training. This exercise-modulated immune-tumor crosstalk in the mammary microenvironment may alter the balance between tumor initiation and progression versus tumor suppression. The second paradigm considers the beneficial role of exercise-induced, skeletal muscle-derived cytokines, termed "myokines". These myokines exert endocrine-like effects on multiple organs, including the mammary glands. In this systematic review, we i) define the role of macrophages and T-cells in breast cancer initiation and progression; ii) address the two paradigms that support exercise-indu...
Higher levels of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of developing postmenopausal ... more Higher levels of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer, as well as a lower risk of cancer recurrence, and improved survival. However, the mechanisms for these associations are not well understood. Proposed mechanisms include altered levels of inflammation and altered immune function due to physical activity. PURPOSE: To review the literature on aerobic exercise interventions investigating inflammatory and immunological markers among healthy female and breast cancer survivors. METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE were systematically searched using the search terms: breast cancer, exercise, immunological markers (specifically monocytes, T cells, lymphocytes and leukocytes), as well as inflammation markers affected by exercise and relevant to cancer prevention and survival, namely, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Included studies were full text English-language randomized controlled trials of aero...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instabi... more Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. One of the earliest signs of PD can be decreased arm swing due to rigidity around the shoulder girdle. Rigidity is one component of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), where stiffness of a manipulated joint is ranked on a subjective scale of 0-4, and therefore may be susceptible to inter-rater variability. However, unlike tremor, bradykinesia and even postural instability, rigidity can be very difficult to quantify. A traditional test has been the Wartenberg pendulum test, where the subject, lying supine or in a sitting position with the limb hanging freely, has their limb raised to a horizontal position against gravity and subsequently released and the number of oscillations is recorded. Here we greatly extend the traditional test by using quantitative accelerometers and the physical properties of a subject’s arm to fit dynamic models during the whole period of t...
Observational research suggests that exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve su... more Observational research suggests that exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve survival. One proposed mechanism for the protective effect of aerobic exercise related to cancer risk and outcomes, but has not been examined definitively, is the immune response to aerobic exercise. Two prevailing paradigms are proposed. The first considers the host immune response as modifiable by aerobic exercise training. This exercise-modulated immune-tumor crosstalk in the mammary microenvironment may alter the balance between tumor initiation and progression versus tumor suppression. The second paradigm considers the beneficial role of exercise-induced, skeletal muscle-derived cytokines, termed "myokines". These myokines exert endocrine-like effects on multiple organs, including the mammary glands. In this systematic review, we i) define the role of macrophages and T-cells in breast cancer initiation and progression; ii) address the two paradigms that support exercise-indu...
Campbell KL (2014) Aerobic capacity and upper limb strength are reduced in women diagnosed with b... more Campbell KL (2014) Aerobic capacity and upper limb strength are reduced in women diagnosed with breast cancer: a systematic review.
Observational research suggests that exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve su... more Observational research suggests that exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve survival. One proposed mechanism for the protective effect of aerobic exercise related to cancer risk and outcomes, but has not been examined definitively, is the immune response to aerobic exercise. Two prevailing paradigms are proposed. The first considers the host immune response as modifiable by aerobic exercise training. This exercise-modulated immune-tumor crosstalk in the mammary microenvironment may alter the balance between tumor initiation and progression versus tumor suppression. The second paradigm considers the beneficial role of exercise-induced, skeletal muscle-derived cytokines, termed "myokines". These myokines exert endocrine-like effects on multiple organs, including the mammary glands. In this systematic review, we i) define the role of macrophages and T-cells in breast cancer initiation and progression; ii) address the two paradigms that support exercise-indu...
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Papers by Negin Niksirat