In 2015, UN member states committed to eliminate female genital mutilation (FGM) by 2030 as part ... more In 2015, UN member states committed to eliminate female genital mutilation (FGM) by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Agenda. To reach this goal, interventions need to be targeted and guided by the best available evidence. To date, however, estimates of the number of girls and women affected by FGM and their trends over time and geographic space have been limited by the availability, specificity and quality of population-level data. We present new estimates based on all publicly available nationally representative surveys collected since the 1990s that contain both information on FGM status and on the age at which FGM occurred. Using survival analysis, we generate estimates of FGM risk by single year of age for all countries with available data, and for rural and urban areas separately. The likelihood of experiencing FGM has decreased at the global level, but progress has been starkly uneven between countries. The available data indicate no progress in reducing FGM risk in Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali and Guinea. In addition, rural and urban areas have diverged over the last two decades, with FGM declining more rapidly in urban areas. We describe limitations in the availability and quality of data on FGM occurrence and ageat-FGM. Based on current trends, the SDG goal of eliminating FGM by 2030 is out of reach, and the pace at which the practice is being abandoned would need to accelerate to eliminate FGM by 2030. The heterogeneity in trends between countries and rural vs urban areas offers an opportunity to contrast countries where FGM is in rapid decline and explore potential policy lessons and programmatic implications for countries where the practice of FGM appears to remain entrenched.
This study describes a project that tested the feasibility and effectiveness of replicating the v... more This study describes a project that tested the feasibility and effectiveness of replicating the village empowerment program (VEP) developed by the Senegalese NGO, TOSTAN, in Burkina Faso. Although one of the ultimate goals of this model is the eradication of female genital cutting (FGC), Tostan has found that an effective means to achieve this is by empowering community members to understand and act on their situation through a broadbased functional educational program. TOSTAN's educational model includes four modules on human rights, problem solving, environmental hygiene and women's health. TOSTAN's hypothesis is that communication of technical information, discussion of human rights issues, and development of strategies for social transformation improve the confidence and selfdetermination of women through participatory educational methods. Mwangaza Action, a Burkinabé NGO affiliated with the Cooperative League of the United Stated of America (CLUSA), adapted and implemented the VEP model in Bazega/Zoundwego province. Although originally developed for empowering women, the program implemented in Burkina Faso also involved men because of their key role in such decisions. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, with funding from USAID and the GTZ Supra Regional Project Against FGC, supported the adaptation, implementation and evaluation of the VEP model in 23 villages in the province of Bazega/Zoundwéogo.
La présente analyse du projet Frontiers du Population Council fait un tour historique des événeme... more La présente analyse du projet Frontiers du Population Council fait un tour historique des événements majeurs de la lutte contre la pratique de l’excision au Burkina Faso avant d’aborder les conventions internationales auxquelles le pays a adhéré ainsi que les textes nationaux adoptés en ce qui concerne les droits de l’homme, spécifiquement le droit des femmes et des enfants. Elle analyse également l’application de la loi à travers l’évolution des cas de condamnation depuis l’adoption de la loi. Enfin, elle s’intéressera à quelques programmes d’intervention mis en place en identifiant les acquis et les limites. Ce travail fait partie d’une étude sur l’évolution de la pratique de l’excision. Elle est complétée par une analyse secondaire des données, et une enquête qualitative dans cinq provinces. The present analysis by the Population Council’s Frontiers project takes a historical tour of the major events in the fight against the practice of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) i...
53109. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the ... more 53109. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
53109. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the ... more 53109. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided t... more License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is reducing in almost all countries in which it is a traditional practice. There are huge variations between countries and communities though, ranging from no change at all to countries and communities where the practice has been more than halved from one generation to the next. Various interventions implemented over the last 30–40 years are believed to have been instrumental in stimulating this reduction, even though in most cases the decrease in prevalence has been slow.This raises questions about the efficacy of interventions to eliminate FGM and an urgent need to channel the limited resources available, where it can make the most difference in the abandonment of FGM.This paper is intended to contribute to the design of more effective interventions by assessing existing knowledge of what works and wh...
Protecting youth reproductive health is an important strategy for developing countries. n Multise... more Protecting youth reproductive health is an important strategy for developing countries. n Multisectoral approaches that engage government agencies, communities, and youth are vital for sustainable change. n It is critical for implementing agencies to institutionalize, budget for, and monitor interventions within their routine job responsibilities.
Purpose SDG 5.3 targets include eliminating harmful practices such as Female Genital Mutilation (... more Purpose SDG 5.3 targets include eliminating harmful practices such as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Limited information is available about levels of investment needed and realistic estimates of potential incidence change. In this work, we estimate the cost and impact of FGM programs in 31 high burden countries. Methods This analysis combines program data, secondary data analysis, and population-level costing methods to estimate cost and impact of high and moderate scaleup of FGM programs between 2020 and 2030. Cost per person or community reached was multiplied by populations to estimate costs, and regression analysis was used to estimate new incidence rates, which were applied to populations to estimate cases averted. Results Reaching the high-coverage targets for 31 countries by 2030 would require an investment of US$ 3.3 billion. This scenario would avert more than 24 million cases of FGM, at an average cost of US$ 134 per case averted. A moderate-coverage scenario would cost ...
One of the foremost priorities at the international level in recent years has been to improve wom... more One of the foremost priorities at the international level in recent years has been to improve women's reproductive health and welfare. The government of Burkina Faso, in its response to this issue, clearly expressed its will to work towards improved reproductive health in general, and to fight against female genital cutting in particular. This is the background for the Community Based Education Program implemented by Mwangaza Action, with a view to improving women's reproductive health and putting an end to female genital cutting. Mwangaza Action replicated the TOSTAN Program also named the Village empowerment program (VEP) that resulted in public declarations of abandonment of female genital cutting in 938 village communities in Senegal. In Burkina Faso, the Community Based Education Program involves 23 villages in the Zoundweogo province and in the departments of Bere and Binde. It is a holistic program which includes four modules relating to several areas of community welfare: education in human rights, problem solving processes, hygiene and disease prevention, women's health. These modules are taught through 64 sessions during which the participants (men and women) discuss to find solutions to several problems faced by their communities. During implementation of this program, positive change has been noted in the beneficiary villages. The promotion of reproductive health and human rights by the communities and the regular activities of public hygiene have been observed. Also, these villages expressed their opposition to violence against women. Lastly, the program improved the population's knowledge and changed their views on women's role in community development activities. The utilization of health services, antenatal consultations, family planning and children care showed significant increases. The 23 communities finally made a public declaration of abandonment of female genital cutting practices in front of 5000 villages, religious, traditional and political leaders, program managers, from government, NGOs and international organizations and medias. This document is a synopsis of the entire process implemented to allow for replication of the TOSTAN Program and the results achieved in the social and cultural context of Burkina Faso.
In 2015, UN member states committed to eliminate female genital mutilation (FGM) by 2030 as part ... more In 2015, UN member states committed to eliminate female genital mutilation (FGM) by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Agenda. To reach this goal, interventions need to be targeted and guided by the best available evidence. To date, however, estimates of the number of girls and women affected by FGM and their trends over time and geographic space have been limited by the availability, specificity and quality of population-level data. We present new estimates based on all publicly available nationally representative surveys collected since the 1990s that contain both information on FGM status and on the age at which FGM occurred. Using survival analysis, we generate estimates of FGM risk by single year of age for all countries with available data, and for rural and urban areas separately. The likelihood of experiencing FGM has decreased at the global level, but progress has been starkly uneven between countries. The available data indicate no progress in reducing FGM risk in Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali and Guinea. In addition, rural and urban areas have diverged over the last two decades, with FGM declining more rapidly in urban areas. We describe limitations in the availability and quality of data on FGM occurrence and ageat-FGM. Based on current trends, the SDG goal of eliminating FGM by 2030 is out of reach, and the pace at which the practice is being abandoned would need to accelerate to eliminate FGM by 2030. The heterogeneity in trends between countries and rural vs urban areas offers an opportunity to contrast countries where FGM is in rapid decline and explore potential policy lessons and programmatic implications for countries where the practice of FGM appears to remain entrenched.
This study describes a project that tested the feasibility and effectiveness of replicating the v... more This study describes a project that tested the feasibility and effectiveness of replicating the village empowerment program (VEP) developed by the Senegalese NGO, TOSTAN, in Burkina Faso. Although one of the ultimate goals of this model is the eradication of female genital cutting (FGC), Tostan has found that an effective means to achieve this is by empowering community members to understand and act on their situation through a broadbased functional educational program. TOSTAN's educational model includes four modules on human rights, problem solving, environmental hygiene and women's health. TOSTAN's hypothesis is that communication of technical information, discussion of human rights issues, and development of strategies for social transformation improve the confidence and selfdetermination of women through participatory educational methods. Mwangaza Action, a Burkinabé NGO affiliated with the Cooperative League of the United Stated of America (CLUSA), adapted and implemented the VEP model in Bazega/Zoundwego province. Although originally developed for empowering women, the program implemented in Burkina Faso also involved men because of their key role in such decisions. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, with funding from USAID and the GTZ Supra Regional Project Against FGC, supported the adaptation, implementation and evaluation of the VEP model in 23 villages in the province of Bazega/Zoundwéogo.
La présente analyse du projet Frontiers du Population Council fait un tour historique des événeme... more La présente analyse du projet Frontiers du Population Council fait un tour historique des événements majeurs de la lutte contre la pratique de l’excision au Burkina Faso avant d’aborder les conventions internationales auxquelles le pays a adhéré ainsi que les textes nationaux adoptés en ce qui concerne les droits de l’homme, spécifiquement le droit des femmes et des enfants. Elle analyse également l’application de la loi à travers l’évolution des cas de condamnation depuis l’adoption de la loi. Enfin, elle s’intéressera à quelques programmes d’intervention mis en place en identifiant les acquis et les limites. Ce travail fait partie d’une étude sur l’évolution de la pratique de l’excision. Elle est complétée par une analyse secondaire des données, et une enquête qualitative dans cinq provinces. The present analysis by the Population Council’s Frontiers project takes a historical tour of the major events in the fight against the practice of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) i...
53109. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the ... more 53109. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
53109. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the ... more 53109. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided t... more License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is reducing in almost all countries in which it is a traditional practice. There are huge variations between countries and communities though, ranging from no change at all to countries and communities where the practice has been more than halved from one generation to the next. Various interventions implemented over the last 30–40 years are believed to have been instrumental in stimulating this reduction, even though in most cases the decrease in prevalence has been slow.This raises questions about the efficacy of interventions to eliminate FGM and an urgent need to channel the limited resources available, where it can make the most difference in the abandonment of FGM.This paper is intended to contribute to the design of more effective interventions by assessing existing knowledge of what works and wh...
Protecting youth reproductive health is an important strategy for developing countries. n Multise... more Protecting youth reproductive health is an important strategy for developing countries. n Multisectoral approaches that engage government agencies, communities, and youth are vital for sustainable change. n It is critical for implementing agencies to institutionalize, budget for, and monitor interventions within their routine job responsibilities.
Purpose SDG 5.3 targets include eliminating harmful practices such as Female Genital Mutilation (... more Purpose SDG 5.3 targets include eliminating harmful practices such as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Limited information is available about levels of investment needed and realistic estimates of potential incidence change. In this work, we estimate the cost and impact of FGM programs in 31 high burden countries. Methods This analysis combines program data, secondary data analysis, and population-level costing methods to estimate cost and impact of high and moderate scaleup of FGM programs between 2020 and 2030. Cost per person or community reached was multiplied by populations to estimate costs, and regression analysis was used to estimate new incidence rates, which were applied to populations to estimate cases averted. Results Reaching the high-coverage targets for 31 countries by 2030 would require an investment of US$ 3.3 billion. This scenario would avert more than 24 million cases of FGM, at an average cost of US$ 134 per case averted. A moderate-coverage scenario would cost ...
One of the foremost priorities at the international level in recent years has been to improve wom... more One of the foremost priorities at the international level in recent years has been to improve women's reproductive health and welfare. The government of Burkina Faso, in its response to this issue, clearly expressed its will to work towards improved reproductive health in general, and to fight against female genital cutting in particular. This is the background for the Community Based Education Program implemented by Mwangaza Action, with a view to improving women's reproductive health and putting an end to female genital cutting. Mwangaza Action replicated the TOSTAN Program also named the Village empowerment program (VEP) that resulted in public declarations of abandonment of female genital cutting in 938 village communities in Senegal. In Burkina Faso, the Community Based Education Program involves 23 villages in the Zoundweogo province and in the departments of Bere and Binde. It is a holistic program which includes four modules relating to several areas of community welfare: education in human rights, problem solving processes, hygiene and disease prevention, women's health. These modules are taught through 64 sessions during which the participants (men and women) discuss to find solutions to several problems faced by their communities. During implementation of this program, positive change has been noted in the beneficiary villages. The promotion of reproductive health and human rights by the communities and the regular activities of public hygiene have been observed. Also, these villages expressed their opposition to violence against women. Lastly, the program improved the population's knowledge and changed their views on women's role in community development activities. The utilization of health services, antenatal consultations, family planning and children care showed significant increases. The 23 communities finally made a public declaration of abandonment of female genital cutting practices in front of 5000 villages, religious, traditional and political leaders, program managers, from government, NGOs and international organizations and medias. This document is a synopsis of the entire process implemented to allow for replication of the TOSTAN Program and the results achieved in the social and cultural context of Burkina Faso.
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