ABSTRACT Manoeuvring ability of Offshore Supply Vessel (OSV) is a very critical aspect. An early ... more ABSTRACT Manoeuvring ability of Offshore Supply Vessel (OSV) is a very critical aspect. An early prediction of vessel behaviour will definitely help to improve upon the design. The regular methods available for manoeuvring prediction such as free running model test, ...
Corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy inhibited by henna was investigated by using weight loss a... more Corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy inhibited by henna was investigated by using weight loss analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potendiodynamic polarization study. Lawsonia inermis or also known as henna was extracted by using ethyl acetate and methanol. The result from these characterization shows that henna extracted in ethyl acetate exhibits better inhibition towards corrosion. The value for charge transfer resistance, (R ct) decreases as a result of increasing in the degree of protection of AA5083. Double layer capacitance, (C dl) decrease indicates that a layer was form indicating the formation of a surface film. This reflects the inhibitor does retard the corrosion rate. Both solvent extract Lawsone component which is the main constituent of Lawsonia Inermis and both also were able to inhibit AA5083 in this experiment.
Development of environmental friendly hydraulic fluid has a major influence in ecologically benig... more Development of environmental friendly hydraulic fluid has a major influence in ecologically benign environment. This future type of oil should be non-toxic, biodegradable and ecological benign. Subsequently, it becomes crucial to recognize the sustainability of such oil in maintaining a high system performance which resulting in tremendous contribution towards machinery technology. Furthermore, the development of methods to evaluate the actual performance of hydraulic fluid has been of great interest. In this project a hydraulic test rig which incorporates LabView data acquisition system (DAQ) was built to conduct endurance test where it can be operated for up to 280 bar, running continuously with several safety features. The rig was used to test the oil and other stringent parameters, running for nearly 10000 hours at the temperature of 70 ºC under constant pressure of 70 bar and pump speed of 40 Hz. Major factors in the decrease of mechanical efficiency are thermal heat, friction, aging behaviour and contamination of the plant oil. Explained in this paper are the features of the hydraulic system built to evaluate the performance of plant oils, accompanied by some results for evaluating the suitability of the usage of plant oil as hydraulic fluid. Index Term-hydraulic fluid, mechanical efficiency, plant oil, volumetric efficiency I.
The present research concerns on the study of the effects of micro–pits arrays formed on taper di... more The present research concerns on the study of the effects of micro–pits arrays formed on taper die using cold forward plane strain extrusion experiments. Each pit was of reverse pyramids configuration having 330 microns diagonal length. The pits were 860 microns apart each others. Two additive free paraffinic mineral oils with low viscosity (P2) and high viscosity (P3) were used in this experimental work. The experimental results were compared with the results obtained from the plane strain extrusion experimental works with taper die without micro–pits (NA). The experimental results focused on the extrusion load, billet surface roughness and billet grid pattern on inclination slope. From the results, the existence of the micro–pits array on the taper die surface affected the extrusion load. At the same time, the micro–pits array affected the extruded billet surface roughness after the experiments. From this experiment, we could conclude that the micro–pits formed on the taper die (P...
Determination of Mercury in Biological Sample in Muar River Estuary, West Johor, Malaysia. This s... more Determination of Mercury in Biological Sample in Muar River Estuary, West Johor, Malaysia. This study was carried out at the Estuary of Muar River, west Johor, Malaysia. Different types of biota species namely Crassostrea irredalei, Perna viridis and Anadara granosa were collected all through the torrential rainy season in November 2005. These biota species were dried and then cooked in an acid solution for Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometric (CV-AAS) analysis. CV-AAS) was used for decisive the mercury (Hg++) concentration in the collected biota species. The average Hg++ concentration in C. irredalei, P. viridis and A. granosa were 1.854 ± 1.012 µg g-1 , 0.336 ± 1.125 µg g-1 and 1.178 ± 1.182 µg g-1 respectively. These results directed that the biota especially C. irredalei and A. granosa are contaminated by Hg++ and these are not safe to be consumed for publicly used due to the total Hg++ concentration exceeding 0.5 µg g-1 according to WHO.
Friction material in a brake system plays an important role for effective and safe brake performa... more Friction material in a brake system plays an important role for effective and safe brake performance. Brake materials contain mainly Alumina and other ingredients. This research attempts to examine mechanical properties of Boron mixed brake pads. Five groups of semi-metallic composite materials were studied. Friction coefficient of Boron mixed and commercial brake pads were significantly different. Average friction coefficient of Boron mixed pads was 0.495, 0.065 higher than commercial pad. Abrupt reduction of friction coefficient which is known as fade was more significant in the commercial pad samples than in Boron mixed pads. Fade occurred in commercial pad sample at the lower temperature as first fade was at 204 o C and second was at 159 o C resulted from earlier softening and degradation of Alumina material. All Boron pads were more stable and constant than their commercial counterparts. The study shows a slight reduction of friction coefficient at a temperature of 204 o C during the first fade and 238 o C on the second for Boron mixed pads. Both commercial and Boron mixed brake pads showed normal recovery stage in that they returned to their pre-fade friction coefficient levels with little temperature reduction. Properties of Boron mixed brake pads are better than Commercial brake pads.
Corrosion is chemically induced damage to a material that results in deterioration of the materia... more Corrosion is chemically induced damage to a material that results in deterioration of the material and its properties. Ships, marinas, pipelines, offshore structures, desalination plants, and heat exchangers are some examples of systems that experienced marine corrosion. Aluminum alloy is commonly used in marine applications. The use of inhibitors is one of the practical methods for protection against corrosion. Sodium benzoate has found considerable application as a corrosion inhibitor in low concentrations. The aim of this study is to analyze corrosion behavior of Aluminum alloy AA 7618 towards tropical seawater with the presence of sodium benzoate as corrosion inhibitor aimed to use in industrial applications. Immersion test and electrochemical test were conducted to measure the corrosion. The immersion period for the Aluminum alloy was 60 days. Seawater sample was collected from South China Sea along Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. This study reports the results of weight loss (...
The concentrations of some toxic elements Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr... more The concentrations of some toxic elements Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) etc in rural groundwater in Terengganu, Malaysia were determined using most sophisticated instrument ICP-MS and GF-AAS. Most of the populations of Terengganu live in rural area and they use ground water surviving their life. Obtained results are compared with WHO and interim water quality guideline. The determination of heavy and toxic elements in drinking water was obtained by elemental analysis techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Groundwater samples were taken from different districts of Terengganu. Most importantly, ICP-MS has recently been described as a very sensitive, multielement technique. Detection limits obtained by GF-AAS for heavy and trace metals such as Cr and Pb are 1.15 and 3.21 g L-1 respectively, and detection limits obtained by ICP-MS for As, Se and Pb are 8.3, 18 and 0.22 g L-1 respectively. Obtained results showed that all samples got high concentration of lead (Pb) but does not exceed the WHO and Malaysian standards.
2009 Second International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science, 2009
The microbiological quality of rural column water at Kuala Terengganu was determined. Coliform (E... more The microbiological quality of rural column water at Kuala Terengganu was determined. Coliform (E.Coli), algae, fungi and total count of bacteria were used indicators for the hygienic quality of the Kuala Terengganu water. Membrane filter method and direct count method were applied for the purpose of detection and enumeration. Conclusions relative to the water quality status, as well as the
Recirculating aquaculture-hydroponic systems were designed to provide an artificial, controlled e... more Recirculating aquaculture-hydroponic systems were designed to provide an artificial, controlled environment that optimizes the growth of fish (or other aquatic species) and soil-less plants, complete control of water quality, the production schedule and the fish product, while conserving water resources. Nutrients removal such as inorganic nitrogen and phosphate is essential for aquaculture wastewater treatment to protect receiving waters from eutrophication as well as for potential reuse of the treated water. In this study, a prototype of an aquaponic system was built at the Freshwater Hatchery Unit on the University Malaysia Terengganu campus. The system consists of a fish culture tank, hydroponic trough, sump, sand filter and water holding tank. Hydroponic troughs were planted with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) that been used to treat wastewater from an aquaculture system stocked with African catfish. The unplanted hydroponic trough was concurrently run as a control unit. The effect of five different water flow rates was tested in order to relate nutrients removal, water quality with plant growth. The results showed that the aquaponic recirculating system removed 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (47-65%), total suspended solids (67-83%), total ammonia nitrogen (64-78%), and nitrite-nitrogen (68-89%), and demonstrated positive correlated with flow rates. Total phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen removal rates varied from 43% to 53% and 42% to 65%, respectively, and were negatively correlated with flow rates. It was found that all flow rates were efficient in nutrient removal and in maintaining the water quality parameters within the acceptable and safe limits for growth and survival of fish.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CORROSION RESISTANCE ON METAL JOINT BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF COOLING ME... more A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CORROSION RESISTANCE ON METAL JOINT BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF COOLING METHOD. WB Wan Nik 1* , R. Rosliza 2 , O. Sulaiman 1 , Y. Prawoto 3 , MFR Zulkifli 1 and D. Hui 4. ... Corresponding author's email : [email protected]. ...
The effects of raw material treatment and concentration of phosphoric acid on the characteristics... more The effects of raw material treatment and concentration of phosphoric acid on the characteristics of activated carbon were investigated. Adsorptions of Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd in activated carbon were carried out to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of selected activated carbons. It was found that treated raw material reduces inorganic element and increases Brunet Elmer Teller (BET) surface area of the activated carbon. The optimum BET surface area was achieved with following conditions; 30% phosphoric acid concentration, treated raw material, and activation temperature of 500 o C with holding time of 2 hours. The optimum BET surface area and the average pore diameter were found to be 1058 m 2 g-1 and 20.64nm, respectively. The pore size distribution of the activated carbon by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also confirmed to these conditions. Thermal stability of these samples was investigated using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The maximum thermal stability was observed up to 600 o C. Adsorption studies for activated carbon impregnated with 30% H 3 PO 4 in the application of filter system confirm the adsorbing capacity of activated carbon. In this study, it was observed 100% of Cr was adsorbed followed by Pb (99.8 %), Cd (99.5 %) and Cu (25 %).
Double-walled microspheres based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) are potential delivery syst... more Double-walled microspheres based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) are potential delivery systems for reducing a very high initial burst release of encapsulated protein and peptide drugs. In this study, double-walled microspheres made of glucose core, hydroxyl-terminated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (Glu-PLGA), and carboxyl-terminated PLGA were fabricated using a modified water-in-oil-in-oil-in-water (w 1 /o/o/w 2) emulsion solvent evaporation technique for the controlled release of a model protein, lysozyme. Microspheres size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, lysozyme in vitro release profiles, bioactivity, and structural integrity, were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that double-walled microspheres comprising of Glu-PLGA and PLGA with a mass ratio of 1:1 have a spherical shape and smooth surfaces. A statistically significant increase in the encapsulation efficiency (82.52 ± 3.28%) was achieved when 1% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 2.5% (w/v) trehalose were incorporated in the internal and external aqueous phase, respectively, during emulsification. Double-walled microspheres prepared together with excipients (PVA and trehalose) showed a better control release of lysozyme. The released lysozyme was fully bioactive, and its structural integrity was slightly affected during microspheres fabrication and in vitro release studies. Therefore, double-walled microspheres made of Glu-PLGA and PLGA together with excipients (PVA and trehalose) provide a controlled and sustained release for lysozyme.
Port development work involves laborious activities and sub sequential use of large amount of ene... more Port development work involves laborious activities and sub sequential use of large amount of energy. Modular construction has facilitate labour require, energy usage, hence carbon footage has gain approval of efficient product development in recent year. The use of such mobile equipments equally gives advantage to port to reduce port traffic, safety preservation of environment reduction in maintenance and berth allocation. Heavy seaborne traffic in port leads to the requirement of port terminal development or improvement. Port terminal involved problem related to traffic and high cost. The use of mobile floating protection facilities can offset this problem. The study involved design and modeling of a safe loading and unloading facilities to ensure the smooth flow of the work and reduction in the work delay. The berthing facility is moveable, floating structure that act as a protection for ships berthing in port. The modeling involve design of that determine the safe berthing velocity and , the berthing energy, environmental load (wind and current) and material which are the important parameters for fender selection and to ensure that it is safe to carry out its function as loading and unloading facilities. By using light weight less energy can be employ to build berth, and to conduct berthing operation, and by providing safety the system can be provided discount for environmental conservation. The result of this study hoped to improve safety and efficiency of the port operation in handling of the ships entering and leaving the port. The model is designed for prototyping physical system that can be use for experiments and commercialization.
This paper presents and discusses the wave height prediction of the Terengganu Sea. It is based o... more This paper presents and discusses the wave height prediction of the Terengganu Sea. It is based on 2008–2010 wave data collected from the study area. Rayleigh and Weibull density functions were used to model the significant wave heights (Hs). The Weibull expression is more prominent throughout the year. The Weibull scale and shape parameters of 0.69 and 1.49 respectively for the whole year can be utilized to predict the significant wave height for the study area. The results of this study will be highly useful for optimal design of ocean engineering projects.
Hourly wind-speed data recorded at University Malaysia Terengganu Renewable Energy Research Cente... more Hourly wind-speed data recorded at University Malaysia Terengganu Renewable Energy Research Center (UMT RERC) using NRG Symphonie data retriever in the Kuala Terengganu between the years 2004 and 2007. The UMT RERC station is located at 4°13.6′ N and 103°26.1′ E. All measurements in the wind observation station are recorded using the cup anemometer at a height of 23 m at mean sea level (18 m above the ground level), has been analyzed to determine monthly wind speed and energy. The monthly average wind speeds for Kuala Terengganu range from 2.00 m/s to 5.20 m/s. The yearly mean wind speed for Kuala Terengganu was obtained as 2.9 m/s and north east monsoon season (November to March) mean wind speed was 3.9 m/s for the same period. The wind power of investigated site is lowest in south west monsoon season, while it is highest in north east monsoon season as 84.60 W/m2. The highest wind probability value with 0.70 is determined in the north east monsoon season while the lowest value is ...
ABSTRACT Manoeuvring ability of Offshore Supply Vessel (OSV) is a very critical aspect. An early ... more ABSTRACT Manoeuvring ability of Offshore Supply Vessel (OSV) is a very critical aspect. An early prediction of vessel behaviour will definitely help to improve upon the design. The regular methods available for manoeuvring prediction such as free running model test, ...
Corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy inhibited by henna was investigated by using weight loss a... more Corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy inhibited by henna was investigated by using weight loss analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potendiodynamic polarization study. Lawsonia inermis or also known as henna was extracted by using ethyl acetate and methanol. The result from these characterization shows that henna extracted in ethyl acetate exhibits better inhibition towards corrosion. The value for charge transfer resistance, (R ct) decreases as a result of increasing in the degree of protection of AA5083. Double layer capacitance, (C dl) decrease indicates that a layer was form indicating the formation of a surface film. This reflects the inhibitor does retard the corrosion rate. Both solvent extract Lawsone component which is the main constituent of Lawsonia Inermis and both also were able to inhibit AA5083 in this experiment.
Development of environmental friendly hydraulic fluid has a major influence in ecologically benig... more Development of environmental friendly hydraulic fluid has a major influence in ecologically benign environment. This future type of oil should be non-toxic, biodegradable and ecological benign. Subsequently, it becomes crucial to recognize the sustainability of such oil in maintaining a high system performance which resulting in tremendous contribution towards machinery technology. Furthermore, the development of methods to evaluate the actual performance of hydraulic fluid has been of great interest. In this project a hydraulic test rig which incorporates LabView data acquisition system (DAQ) was built to conduct endurance test where it can be operated for up to 280 bar, running continuously with several safety features. The rig was used to test the oil and other stringent parameters, running for nearly 10000 hours at the temperature of 70 ºC under constant pressure of 70 bar and pump speed of 40 Hz. Major factors in the decrease of mechanical efficiency are thermal heat, friction, aging behaviour and contamination of the plant oil. Explained in this paper are the features of the hydraulic system built to evaluate the performance of plant oils, accompanied by some results for evaluating the suitability of the usage of plant oil as hydraulic fluid. Index Term-hydraulic fluid, mechanical efficiency, plant oil, volumetric efficiency I.
The present research concerns on the study of the effects of micro–pits arrays formed on taper di... more The present research concerns on the study of the effects of micro–pits arrays formed on taper die using cold forward plane strain extrusion experiments. Each pit was of reverse pyramids configuration having 330 microns diagonal length. The pits were 860 microns apart each others. Two additive free paraffinic mineral oils with low viscosity (P2) and high viscosity (P3) were used in this experimental work. The experimental results were compared with the results obtained from the plane strain extrusion experimental works with taper die without micro–pits (NA). The experimental results focused on the extrusion load, billet surface roughness and billet grid pattern on inclination slope. From the results, the existence of the micro–pits array on the taper die surface affected the extrusion load. At the same time, the micro–pits array affected the extruded billet surface roughness after the experiments. From this experiment, we could conclude that the micro–pits formed on the taper die (P...
Determination of Mercury in Biological Sample in Muar River Estuary, West Johor, Malaysia. This s... more Determination of Mercury in Biological Sample in Muar River Estuary, West Johor, Malaysia. This study was carried out at the Estuary of Muar River, west Johor, Malaysia. Different types of biota species namely Crassostrea irredalei, Perna viridis and Anadara granosa were collected all through the torrential rainy season in November 2005. These biota species were dried and then cooked in an acid solution for Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometric (CV-AAS) analysis. CV-AAS) was used for decisive the mercury (Hg++) concentration in the collected biota species. The average Hg++ concentration in C. irredalei, P. viridis and A. granosa were 1.854 ± 1.012 µg g-1 , 0.336 ± 1.125 µg g-1 and 1.178 ± 1.182 µg g-1 respectively. These results directed that the biota especially C. irredalei and A. granosa are contaminated by Hg++ and these are not safe to be consumed for publicly used due to the total Hg++ concentration exceeding 0.5 µg g-1 according to WHO.
Friction material in a brake system plays an important role for effective and safe brake performa... more Friction material in a brake system plays an important role for effective and safe brake performance. Brake materials contain mainly Alumina and other ingredients. This research attempts to examine mechanical properties of Boron mixed brake pads. Five groups of semi-metallic composite materials were studied. Friction coefficient of Boron mixed and commercial brake pads were significantly different. Average friction coefficient of Boron mixed pads was 0.495, 0.065 higher than commercial pad. Abrupt reduction of friction coefficient which is known as fade was more significant in the commercial pad samples than in Boron mixed pads. Fade occurred in commercial pad sample at the lower temperature as first fade was at 204 o C and second was at 159 o C resulted from earlier softening and degradation of Alumina material. All Boron pads were more stable and constant than their commercial counterparts. The study shows a slight reduction of friction coefficient at a temperature of 204 o C during the first fade and 238 o C on the second for Boron mixed pads. Both commercial and Boron mixed brake pads showed normal recovery stage in that they returned to their pre-fade friction coefficient levels with little temperature reduction. Properties of Boron mixed brake pads are better than Commercial brake pads.
Corrosion is chemically induced damage to a material that results in deterioration of the materia... more Corrosion is chemically induced damage to a material that results in deterioration of the material and its properties. Ships, marinas, pipelines, offshore structures, desalination plants, and heat exchangers are some examples of systems that experienced marine corrosion. Aluminum alloy is commonly used in marine applications. The use of inhibitors is one of the practical methods for protection against corrosion. Sodium benzoate has found considerable application as a corrosion inhibitor in low concentrations. The aim of this study is to analyze corrosion behavior of Aluminum alloy AA 7618 towards tropical seawater with the presence of sodium benzoate as corrosion inhibitor aimed to use in industrial applications. Immersion test and electrochemical test were conducted to measure the corrosion. The immersion period for the Aluminum alloy was 60 days. Seawater sample was collected from South China Sea along Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. This study reports the results of weight loss (...
The concentrations of some toxic elements Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr... more The concentrations of some toxic elements Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) etc in rural groundwater in Terengganu, Malaysia were determined using most sophisticated instrument ICP-MS and GF-AAS. Most of the populations of Terengganu live in rural area and they use ground water surviving their life. Obtained results are compared with WHO and interim water quality guideline. The determination of heavy and toxic elements in drinking water was obtained by elemental analysis techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Groundwater samples were taken from different districts of Terengganu. Most importantly, ICP-MS has recently been described as a very sensitive, multielement technique. Detection limits obtained by GF-AAS for heavy and trace metals such as Cr and Pb are 1.15 and 3.21 g L-1 respectively, and detection limits obtained by ICP-MS for As, Se and Pb are 8.3, 18 and 0.22 g L-1 respectively. Obtained results showed that all samples got high concentration of lead (Pb) but does not exceed the WHO and Malaysian standards.
2009 Second International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science, 2009
The microbiological quality of rural column water at Kuala Terengganu was determined. Coliform (E... more The microbiological quality of rural column water at Kuala Terengganu was determined. Coliform (E.Coli), algae, fungi and total count of bacteria were used indicators for the hygienic quality of the Kuala Terengganu water. Membrane filter method and direct count method were applied for the purpose of detection and enumeration. Conclusions relative to the water quality status, as well as the
Recirculating aquaculture-hydroponic systems were designed to provide an artificial, controlled e... more Recirculating aquaculture-hydroponic systems were designed to provide an artificial, controlled environment that optimizes the growth of fish (or other aquatic species) and soil-less plants, complete control of water quality, the production schedule and the fish product, while conserving water resources. Nutrients removal such as inorganic nitrogen and phosphate is essential for aquaculture wastewater treatment to protect receiving waters from eutrophication as well as for potential reuse of the treated water. In this study, a prototype of an aquaponic system was built at the Freshwater Hatchery Unit on the University Malaysia Terengganu campus. The system consists of a fish culture tank, hydroponic trough, sump, sand filter and water holding tank. Hydroponic troughs were planted with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) that been used to treat wastewater from an aquaculture system stocked with African catfish. The unplanted hydroponic trough was concurrently run as a control unit. The effect of five different water flow rates was tested in order to relate nutrients removal, water quality with plant growth. The results showed that the aquaponic recirculating system removed 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (47-65%), total suspended solids (67-83%), total ammonia nitrogen (64-78%), and nitrite-nitrogen (68-89%), and demonstrated positive correlated with flow rates. Total phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen removal rates varied from 43% to 53% and 42% to 65%, respectively, and were negatively correlated with flow rates. It was found that all flow rates were efficient in nutrient removal and in maintaining the water quality parameters within the acceptable and safe limits for growth and survival of fish.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CORROSION RESISTANCE ON METAL JOINT BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF COOLING ME... more A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CORROSION RESISTANCE ON METAL JOINT BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF COOLING METHOD. WB Wan Nik 1* , R. Rosliza 2 , O. Sulaiman 1 , Y. Prawoto 3 , MFR Zulkifli 1 and D. Hui 4. ... Corresponding author's email : [email protected]. ...
The effects of raw material treatment and concentration of phosphoric acid on the characteristics... more The effects of raw material treatment and concentration of phosphoric acid on the characteristics of activated carbon were investigated. Adsorptions of Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd in activated carbon were carried out to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of selected activated carbons. It was found that treated raw material reduces inorganic element and increases Brunet Elmer Teller (BET) surface area of the activated carbon. The optimum BET surface area was achieved with following conditions; 30% phosphoric acid concentration, treated raw material, and activation temperature of 500 o C with holding time of 2 hours. The optimum BET surface area and the average pore diameter were found to be 1058 m 2 g-1 and 20.64nm, respectively. The pore size distribution of the activated carbon by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also confirmed to these conditions. Thermal stability of these samples was investigated using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The maximum thermal stability was observed up to 600 o C. Adsorption studies for activated carbon impregnated with 30% H 3 PO 4 in the application of filter system confirm the adsorbing capacity of activated carbon. In this study, it was observed 100% of Cr was adsorbed followed by Pb (99.8 %), Cd (99.5 %) and Cu (25 %).
Double-walled microspheres based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) are potential delivery syst... more Double-walled microspheres based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) are potential delivery systems for reducing a very high initial burst release of encapsulated protein and peptide drugs. In this study, double-walled microspheres made of glucose core, hydroxyl-terminated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (Glu-PLGA), and carboxyl-terminated PLGA were fabricated using a modified water-in-oil-in-oil-in-water (w 1 /o/o/w 2) emulsion solvent evaporation technique for the controlled release of a model protein, lysozyme. Microspheres size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, lysozyme in vitro release profiles, bioactivity, and structural integrity, were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that double-walled microspheres comprising of Glu-PLGA and PLGA with a mass ratio of 1:1 have a spherical shape and smooth surfaces. A statistically significant increase in the encapsulation efficiency (82.52 ± 3.28%) was achieved when 1% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 2.5% (w/v) trehalose were incorporated in the internal and external aqueous phase, respectively, during emulsification. Double-walled microspheres prepared together with excipients (PVA and trehalose) showed a better control release of lysozyme. The released lysozyme was fully bioactive, and its structural integrity was slightly affected during microspheres fabrication and in vitro release studies. Therefore, double-walled microspheres made of Glu-PLGA and PLGA together with excipients (PVA and trehalose) provide a controlled and sustained release for lysozyme.
Port development work involves laborious activities and sub sequential use of large amount of ene... more Port development work involves laborious activities and sub sequential use of large amount of energy. Modular construction has facilitate labour require, energy usage, hence carbon footage has gain approval of efficient product development in recent year. The use of such mobile equipments equally gives advantage to port to reduce port traffic, safety preservation of environment reduction in maintenance and berth allocation. Heavy seaborne traffic in port leads to the requirement of port terminal development or improvement. Port terminal involved problem related to traffic and high cost. The use of mobile floating protection facilities can offset this problem. The study involved design and modeling of a safe loading and unloading facilities to ensure the smooth flow of the work and reduction in the work delay. The berthing facility is moveable, floating structure that act as a protection for ships berthing in port. The modeling involve design of that determine the safe berthing velocity and , the berthing energy, environmental load (wind and current) and material which are the important parameters for fender selection and to ensure that it is safe to carry out its function as loading and unloading facilities. By using light weight less energy can be employ to build berth, and to conduct berthing operation, and by providing safety the system can be provided discount for environmental conservation. The result of this study hoped to improve safety and efficiency of the port operation in handling of the ships entering and leaving the port. The model is designed for prototyping physical system that can be use for experiments and commercialization.
This paper presents and discusses the wave height prediction of the Terengganu Sea. It is based o... more This paper presents and discusses the wave height prediction of the Terengganu Sea. It is based on 2008–2010 wave data collected from the study area. Rayleigh and Weibull density functions were used to model the significant wave heights (Hs). The Weibull expression is more prominent throughout the year. The Weibull scale and shape parameters of 0.69 and 1.49 respectively for the whole year can be utilized to predict the significant wave height for the study area. The results of this study will be highly useful for optimal design of ocean engineering projects.
Hourly wind-speed data recorded at University Malaysia Terengganu Renewable Energy Research Cente... more Hourly wind-speed data recorded at University Malaysia Terengganu Renewable Energy Research Center (UMT RERC) using NRG Symphonie data retriever in the Kuala Terengganu between the years 2004 and 2007. The UMT RERC station is located at 4°13.6′ N and 103°26.1′ E. All measurements in the wind observation station are recorded using the cup anemometer at a height of 23 m at mean sea level (18 m above the ground level), has been analyzed to determine monthly wind speed and energy. The monthly average wind speeds for Kuala Terengganu range from 2.00 m/s to 5.20 m/s. The yearly mean wind speed for Kuala Terengganu was obtained as 2.9 m/s and north east monsoon season (November to March) mean wind speed was 3.9 m/s for the same period. The wind power of investigated site is lowest in south west monsoon season, while it is highest in north east monsoon season as 84.60 W/m2. The highest wind probability value with 0.70 is determined in the north east monsoon season while the lowest value is ...
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