The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
ELSEBETH FREY 12 Muslim countries where journalists seem to be motivated to monitor business and ... more ELSEBETH FREY 12 Muslim countries where journalists seem to be motivated to monitor business and politics, which are qualities of the watchdog role (ibid:569f). Blumler states that, although Western factors are abound in the Worlds of Journalism Study, the examination of contextual differences means that 'an overly "Western-centered focus"' was avoided (Blumler 2017:683). For, even though the Anglo-American model of journalism 'seems to stand out as the only universal model' (Mancini 2005:78), academic as well as global winds blew in another direction, making it obvious that the model 'cannot be grafted on to any other systems' (Schudson 2005:104). Thus, Curran and Park (2000) aimed to broaden the understanding of media theory and the experiences 'outside the Anglo-American orbit' (2000:11). In addition, they write that global theory underplays the importance of nations, which they believe are influential in shaping media systems (ibid:12ff). Also De Burgh emphasizes that how journalists act depends on culture. Furthermore, globalization 'has meant a sharing of techniques, and formats and professional attitudes but also, paradoxically, globalisation has brought about an intensified awareness of the power of culture such that we cannot afford to ignore it' (2005:17). For example, examining journalistic culture in Muslim-majority countries, Muchtar et al. saw that journalists support national development and advocate for social change, 'particularly […] journalists in Bangladesh and Indonesia, Oman and Qatar, as well as Sierra Leone and Sudan' (2017:564). However, as a study from Ramaprasad and Rahman (2006) shows, it is not necessarily contradictory to believe in critical reporting and, at the same time, to endorse national-building values. Normative and empirical As Hallin and Mancini state, comparative studies are valuable but risky (2004:5). One of the many reasons for this is that using surveys and interviews to examine journalism's values and norms generates results on how journalists think, not on what they do. So, there could be a gap between expressed values and work in practice and a need to follow up with research on journalistic content. Furthermore, journalism, as well as studies of it, tends to be normative. For journalism, normativity is its legitimization (McQuail in Josephi 2005:576). Maybe due to the hegemony of the Anglo-American model, it is often argued that detached, critical journalism may lead to better democratic practices. Others have stated that a socially responsible press may lead to social harmony or that advocacy journalism can bring about change. Schudson (2003:198), for example, states 'the press by itself is not democracy and does not create democracy'-unless the state tolerates criticism of its power and permits some degree of self-government for the press (ibid:197). Merrill points to the 'cacophony of muttering worldwide about press freedom' (2009:10), ironically refer-22 ELSEBETH FREY United Nations (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights [online].
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
ELSEBETH FREY 12 Muslim countries where journalists seem to be motivated to monitor business and ... more ELSEBETH FREY 12 Muslim countries where journalists seem to be motivated to monitor business and politics, which are qualities of the watchdog role (ibid:569f). Blumler states that, although Western factors are abound in the Worlds of Journalism Study, the examination of contextual differences means that 'an overly "Western-centered focus"' was avoided (Blumler 2017:683). For, even though the Anglo-American model of journalism 'seems to stand out as the only universal model' (Mancini 2005:78), academic as well as global winds blew in another direction, making it obvious that the model 'cannot be grafted on to any other systems' (Schudson 2005:104). Thus, Curran and Park (2000) aimed to broaden the understanding of media theory and the experiences 'outside the Anglo-American orbit' (2000:11). In addition, they write that global theory underplays the importance of nations, which they believe are influential in shaping media systems (ibid:12ff). Also De Burgh emphasizes that how journalists act depends on culture. Furthermore, globalization 'has meant a sharing of techniques, and formats and professional attitudes but also, paradoxically, globalisation has brought about an intensified awareness of the power of culture such that we cannot afford to ignore it' (2005:17). For example, examining journalistic culture in Muslim-majority countries, Muchtar et al. saw that journalists support national development and advocate for social change, 'particularly […] journalists in Bangladesh and Indonesia, Oman and Qatar, as well as Sierra Leone and Sudan' (2017:564). However, as a study from Ramaprasad and Rahman (2006) shows, it is not necessarily contradictory to believe in critical reporting and, at the same time, to endorse national-building values. Normative and empirical As Hallin and Mancini state, comparative studies are valuable but risky (2004:5). One of the many reasons for this is that using surveys and interviews to examine journalism's values and norms generates results on how journalists think, not on what they do. So, there could be a gap between expressed values and work in practice and a need to follow up with research on journalistic content. Furthermore, journalism, as well as studies of it, tends to be normative. For journalism, normativity is its legitimization (McQuail in Josephi 2005:576). Maybe due to the hegemony of the Anglo-American model, it is often argued that detached, critical journalism may lead to better democratic practices. Others have stated that a socially responsible press may lead to social harmony or that advocacy journalism can bring about change. Schudson (2003:198), for example, states 'the press by itself is not democracy and does not create democracy'-unless the state tolerates criticism of its power and permits some degree of self-government for the press (ibid:197). Merrill points to the 'cacophony of muttering worldwide about press freedom' (2009:10), ironically refer-22 ELSEBETH FREY United Nations (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights [online].
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
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