This research focuses on developing a Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Information System arch... more This research focuses on developing a Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Information System architecture using the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and microservices approach. This study successfully integrated SME system services and functionalities encompassing accounting management, financial management, product analysis, stock management, invoicing, and taxation services within an SOA structure. Adopting the principles of microservices, each service was able to isolate information and ensure consistency within its scope. Using CI/CD, service mesh, and the Kubernetes platform facilitated efficient and secure code delivery and effective inter-service communication management. This research demonstrates the importance of service-oriented architecture and microservices in building a modular, flexible, and customizable SME information system that can reuse resources and reduce dependency on back-end applications. As a result, the system produced can be easily adapted and enhanced...
Penelitian ini menguji variabel perencanaan SDM dan pengembangan SDM terhadap variabel metaverse ... more Penelitian ini menguji variabel perencanaan SDM dan pengembangan SDM terhadap variabel metaverse pada Rumah Kreatif BUMN Kota Pekalongan, pelaku usaha, dan generasi milenial. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif dan kualitatif, pengolahan data menggunakan aplikasi SPSS, teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner, instrumen penelitian menggunakan skala Likert dan wawancara langsung dengan Trainer Rumah Kreatif BUMN Kota Pekalongan, Pelaku Usaha, dan generasi milenial. Teknik analisis data melalui uji validitas, reliabilitas, dan analisis regresi berganda. Populasi pada penelitian ini berjumlah 450 responden dan sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 130 responden. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan antara variabel perencanaan SDM dengan variabel metaverse dengan nilai koefisien positif sebesar 0,201 dan hubungan signifikan antara variabel pengembangan SDM dengan variabel metaverse dengan nilai koefisien positif sebesar 0,465. Selain itu terdapat hubungan signifikan antara variabel HRIS dengan variabel kepuasan kerja terhadap variabel kinerja karyawan dengan nilai F-hitung sebesar 22.995 dan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000. Dengan demikian, kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel perencanaan SDM dan pengembangan SDM dapat mendukung pengetahuan metaverse, artinya hipotesis pertama (H1) dan hipotesis kedua (H2) diterima.
Penelitian ini telah menguji varibael HRIS (sistem informasi sumber daya manusia) dan terhadap ki... more Penelitian ini telah menguji varibael HRIS (sistem informasi sumber daya manusia) dan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Kabana Textile Industries. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitaif deskriptif, olah data menggunakan aplikasi SPSS, teknik penarikan data menggunakan kuesioner dan instrumen penelitian dengan skala likert. Teknik analisis data melalui uji validitas, reliabilitas dan analisis regresi berganda dengan responden sebanyak 125 karyawan. Hasil uji validitas dan reliabilitas menunjukan bahwa penerapan variable HRIS, kepuasan kerja dan variabel kinerja karyawan valid dan reliabel. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara variabel HRIS terhadap variabel kinerja karyawan dengan nilai koefisien positif sebesar 0,515. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel HRIS mampu mendukung peningkatan kinerja karyawan pada. Kinerja karyawan dianggap sudah baik dengan adanya karyawan yang memiliki tanggungjawab atas pekerjaan yang diberikan oleh pimpinan.
Implementation of the Academic Information System (Siakad) and the Quality of Academic Services on User Satisfaction Mediated Decision Making (Case Study on 3 PTS in Pekalongan Residency Area)
Proceeding The 2nd International Conference on Innovation in Social Sciences Education and Engineering, Aug 2, 2021
Analisa Peran HRIS Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Kabana Textile Industries, 2022
Penelitian ini telah menguji varibael HRIS (sistem informasi sumber daya manusia) dan terhadap ki... more Penelitian ini telah menguji varibael HRIS (sistem informasi sumber daya manusia) dan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Kabana Textile Industries. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitaif deskriptif, olah data menggunakan aplikasi SPSS, teknik penarikan data menggunakan kuesioner dan instrumen penelitian dengan skala likert. Teknik analisis data melalui uji validitas, reliabilitas dan analisis regresi berganda dengan responden sebanyak 125 karyawan. Hasil uji validitas dan reliabilitas menunjukan bahwa penerapan variable HRIS, kepuasan kerja dan variabel kinerja karyawan valid dan reliabel. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara variabel HRIS terhadap variabel kinerja karyawan dengan nilai koefisien positif sebesar 0,515. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel HRIS mampu mendukung peningkatan kinerja karyawan pada. Kinerja karyawan dianggap sudah baik dengan adanya karyawan yang memiliki tanggungjawab atas pekerjaan yang diberikan oleh pimpinan.
The Impact of Office Layout, Work Stress and Management Information Systems on Decision Making is Mediated by Work Productivity for Millennial Generation Employees
Proceeding The First International Conference on Government Education Management and Tourism, Jan 30, 2021
PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN KERJA, KOMPENSASI DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN (Studi pada PT. Reycom Dokumen Solusi)
This study aims to determine the effect of the work environment, compensation and motivation to j... more This study aims to determine the effect of the work environment, compensation and motivation to job satisfaction and its impact on employee performance in PT. Reycom Document Solutions. The respondents of this study amounted to 115 employees with the status of contract employees who have a service life of less than five years. The sampling technique using proportional random sampling, and multiple regression analysis techniques using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). The results showed that the working environment positive and significant impact on job satisfaction and employee performance, compensation and significant positive effect on job satisfaction and employee performance, motivation positive and significant impact on job satisfaction and employee performance, job satisfaction and a significant positive effect on employee performance , these results show that job satisfaction is not mediate Work Environment, Compensation and Motivation on Employee Performance....
Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Keuangan Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri Menggunakan Delphi
Abstrak Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri belum memiliki sistem informasi keuangan yang berbasis komputer... more Abstrak Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri belum memiliki sistem informasi keuangan yang berbasis komputer untuk menunjang proses pembuatan laporan keuangan pada perusahaan, penyusunan laporan keuangan masih belum dilakuakan hanya sekedar buku harian. Belum adanya komputerisasi juga menimbulkan masalah kurang efektifnya penggunaan waktu karena banyak waktu yang terbuang bila akan dilakukan penyusunan sebuah laporan keuangan. Belum lagi adanya kemungkinan akan kesalahan perhitungan yang disebabkan karena faktor kesalahan manusia. Adapun tujuan yang akan dicapai adalah untuk membuat sebuah aplikasi keuangan Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri Menggunakan Delphi sehingga dapat menghasilkan informasi keuangan yang benar dan cepat pada saat yang dibutuhkan. Hasil dalam penelitian ini adalah transaksi penjualan dan pembelian, biaya operasional Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri dapat diketahui dengan mudah karena adanya laporan yang dapat dicetak sesuai dengan periode yang secara rutin diserahkan kepada pimpinan per...
The study tested the HRIS variable and job satisfaction on employee performance variables at PT P... more The study tested the HRIS variable and job satisfaction on employee performance variables at PT Pisma Putra Textile. The study used a descriptive and qualitative approach, data processing using the SPSS application, data collection techniques using questionnaires, research instruments using a Likert scale and direct interviews with the Head of HRD, IT division, and operational employees of PT Pisma Putra Textile. Data analysis techniques through validity, reliability, and multiple regression analysis. Respondents were 125 employees. This study shows a significant relationship between the HRIS variable and the employee performance variable with a positive coefficient value of 0.333 and a significant relationship between the job satisfaction variable and the employee performance variable with a positive coefficient value of 0.324. In addition, there is a significant relationship between the HRIS variable and the job satisfaction variable on the employee performance variable with an F-count value of 31,395 and a significance value of 0.000. Thus, the conclusion of this study shows that the HRIS variable and job satisfaction can support improving employee performance, meaning that the first hypothesis (H1) and the second hypothesis (H2) are accepted. Performance can be measured by the results of the work being close to perfect, the results of the work according to the target, effective in completing the work and the work given by the leadership is carried out with full responsibility. While the results of interviews with HRD managers at PT Pisma Putra Textile, the ability of employees to work together with teams according to their respective main tasks in completing work on time can improve employee performance.
This study aims to describe the performance of employees who are at PT. Reycom Document Solutions... more This study aims to describe the performance of employees who are at PT. Reycom Document Solutions, employee performance is still relatively low supported by research results. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, the subjects of this study are employees of PT. Reycom Document Solutions. Data collection is done by observation, interview and survey techniques. The validity of the data is done by triangulation of techniques and sources. Data analysis techniques using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results of this study show good performance because it is influenced by several factors. The influencing factors are external factors, compensation and motivation for employee performance. Managerial implications of this research are HR Placement, work discipline, production targets, job satisfaction, motivation, compensation, management systems, bonuses / incentives, health benefits, family benefits, pensions, transportation and office facilities that have not b...
International Journal of Science, Technology & Management
This research intends to determine the effect of job training and work motivation on performance ... more This research intends to determine the effect of job training and work motivation on performance at PT. Aksata Satya Pratama. To produce quality employees and good performance, companies need to pay attention to increasing knowledge by providing job training. The job training program at PT. Aksata Satya Pratama is still not optimal so that it has an impact on decreased employee performance. Respondents in this research were 40 people and used census techniques. Testing data in this research used validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test (multicollinearity test), multiple linear regression test and hypothesis testing and data analysis in this research using SPSS version 19 program. The results of the research show that job training variables have a negative value (H1 is rejected) and work motivation has a positive value (H2 is accepted). This means that the training variable has no influence on employee performance and work motivation has an influence on employee perfo...
AbstrakRiset ini memiliki maksud untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh penggunaan media daring dan mot... more AbstrakRiset ini memiliki maksud untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh penggunaan media daring dan motivasi belajar terhadap kepuasan mahasiswa pada saat pandemik Covid-19. Adanya peristiwa pandemik ini berdampak ke semua sektor salah satunya adalah pendidikan, sebelum pandemik terjadi tatap muka menjadi media dalam interaksi belajar akan tetapi saat ini beralih ke sistem dalam jaringan (daring), kegiatan daring ini berlaku seluruh tingkat pendidikan. Adapun media pembelajaran dalam jaringan sudah diterapkan sejak awal pandemik menjadi alternative dalam menyampaikan materi belajar. Dari berbagai jenis media pembelajaran yang dilakukan selama pandemik ini google classroom menjadi pilihan utama yang dipilih oleh responden. Hasil riset menunjukan bahwa variabel penggunaan media daring dan motivasi belajar memiliki nilai positif berarti semakin baik pilihan dalam penggunaan media daring dan motivasi maka mahasiswa akan merasa puas. Hasil persamaan regresi dalam riset ini adalah Y1 = 0,543 X1...
Code-switching is one of the linguistics phenomena in daily activities. The study aims at focusin... more Code-switching is one of the linguistics phenomena in daily activities. The study aims at focusing on the novices of pre-service teachers’ who use code-switching in the EFL classroom. It also explains why novices use code-switch in the learning process. The study used a qualitative approach. The data was recorded and transcribed to analyze why and how code-switching was used by nine novices in the classroom of MA NU Batang. The analysis of the classroom revealed that nine novices used code-switched in categorizing the forms of the utterances. The result shows that: (1) There are two ways in which the novices use code-switching in teaching and learning process, including form (word, phrase, and sentence) and function and condition were 132 or 55% utterances of code-switching (2) The novices use code-switching from L2 to L1 including form (word, phrase, and sentence) in learning activities. (4) The reason that the novices use code-switching in the classroom is to help the students whe...
This research focuses on developing a Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Information System arch... more This research focuses on developing a Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Information System architecture using the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and microservices approach. This study successfully integrated SME system services and functionalities encompassing accounting management, financial management, product analysis, stock management, invoicing, and taxation services within an SOA structure. Adopting the principles of microservices, each service was able to isolate information and ensure consistency within its scope. Using CI/CD, service mesh, and the Kubernetes platform facilitated efficient and secure code delivery and effective inter-service communication management. This research demonstrates the importance of service-oriented architecture and microservices in building a modular, flexible, and customizable SME information system that can reuse resources and reduce dependency on back-end applications. As a result, the system produced can be easily adapted and enhanced...
Penelitian ini menguji variabel perencanaan SDM dan pengembangan SDM terhadap variabel metaverse ... more Penelitian ini menguji variabel perencanaan SDM dan pengembangan SDM terhadap variabel metaverse pada Rumah Kreatif BUMN Kota Pekalongan, pelaku usaha, dan generasi milenial. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif dan kualitatif, pengolahan data menggunakan aplikasi SPSS, teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner, instrumen penelitian menggunakan skala Likert dan wawancara langsung dengan Trainer Rumah Kreatif BUMN Kota Pekalongan, Pelaku Usaha, dan generasi milenial. Teknik analisis data melalui uji validitas, reliabilitas, dan analisis regresi berganda. Populasi pada penelitian ini berjumlah 450 responden dan sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 130 responden. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan antara variabel perencanaan SDM dengan variabel metaverse dengan nilai koefisien positif sebesar 0,201 dan hubungan signifikan antara variabel pengembangan SDM dengan variabel metaverse dengan nilai koefisien positif sebesar 0,465. Selain itu terdapat hubungan signifikan antara variabel HRIS dengan variabel kepuasan kerja terhadap variabel kinerja karyawan dengan nilai F-hitung sebesar 22.995 dan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000. Dengan demikian, kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel perencanaan SDM dan pengembangan SDM dapat mendukung pengetahuan metaverse, artinya hipotesis pertama (H1) dan hipotesis kedua (H2) diterima.
Penelitian ini telah menguji varibael HRIS (sistem informasi sumber daya manusia) dan terhadap ki... more Penelitian ini telah menguji varibael HRIS (sistem informasi sumber daya manusia) dan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Kabana Textile Industries. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitaif deskriptif, olah data menggunakan aplikasi SPSS, teknik penarikan data menggunakan kuesioner dan instrumen penelitian dengan skala likert. Teknik analisis data melalui uji validitas, reliabilitas dan analisis regresi berganda dengan responden sebanyak 125 karyawan. Hasil uji validitas dan reliabilitas menunjukan bahwa penerapan variable HRIS, kepuasan kerja dan variabel kinerja karyawan valid dan reliabel. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara variabel HRIS terhadap variabel kinerja karyawan dengan nilai koefisien positif sebesar 0,515. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel HRIS mampu mendukung peningkatan kinerja karyawan pada. Kinerja karyawan dianggap sudah baik dengan adanya karyawan yang memiliki tanggungjawab atas pekerjaan yang diberikan oleh pimpinan.
Implementation of the Academic Information System (Siakad) and the Quality of Academic Services on User Satisfaction Mediated Decision Making (Case Study on 3 PTS in Pekalongan Residency Area)
Proceeding The 2nd International Conference on Innovation in Social Sciences Education and Engineering, Aug 2, 2021
Analisa Peran HRIS Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Kabana Textile Industries, 2022
Penelitian ini telah menguji varibael HRIS (sistem informasi sumber daya manusia) dan terhadap ki... more Penelitian ini telah menguji varibael HRIS (sistem informasi sumber daya manusia) dan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Kabana Textile Industries. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitaif deskriptif, olah data menggunakan aplikasi SPSS, teknik penarikan data menggunakan kuesioner dan instrumen penelitian dengan skala likert. Teknik analisis data melalui uji validitas, reliabilitas dan analisis regresi berganda dengan responden sebanyak 125 karyawan. Hasil uji validitas dan reliabilitas menunjukan bahwa penerapan variable HRIS, kepuasan kerja dan variabel kinerja karyawan valid dan reliabel. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara variabel HRIS terhadap variabel kinerja karyawan dengan nilai koefisien positif sebesar 0,515. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel HRIS mampu mendukung peningkatan kinerja karyawan pada. Kinerja karyawan dianggap sudah baik dengan adanya karyawan yang memiliki tanggungjawab atas pekerjaan yang diberikan oleh pimpinan.
The Impact of Office Layout, Work Stress and Management Information Systems on Decision Making is Mediated by Work Productivity for Millennial Generation Employees
Proceeding The First International Conference on Government Education Management and Tourism, Jan 30, 2021
PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN KERJA, KOMPENSASI DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN (Studi pada PT. Reycom Dokumen Solusi)
This study aims to determine the effect of the work environment, compensation and motivation to j... more This study aims to determine the effect of the work environment, compensation and motivation to job satisfaction and its impact on employee performance in PT. Reycom Document Solutions. The respondents of this study amounted to 115 employees with the status of contract employees who have a service life of less than five years. The sampling technique using proportional random sampling, and multiple regression analysis techniques using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). The results showed that the working environment positive and significant impact on job satisfaction and employee performance, compensation and significant positive effect on job satisfaction and employee performance, motivation positive and significant impact on job satisfaction and employee performance, job satisfaction and a significant positive effect on employee performance , these results show that job satisfaction is not mediate Work Environment, Compensation and Motivation on Employee Performance....
Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Keuangan Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri Menggunakan Delphi
Abstrak Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri belum memiliki sistem informasi keuangan yang berbasis komputer... more Abstrak Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri belum memiliki sistem informasi keuangan yang berbasis komputer untuk menunjang proses pembuatan laporan keuangan pada perusahaan, penyusunan laporan keuangan masih belum dilakuakan hanya sekedar buku harian. Belum adanya komputerisasi juga menimbulkan masalah kurang efektifnya penggunaan waktu karena banyak waktu yang terbuang bila akan dilakukan penyusunan sebuah laporan keuangan. Belum lagi adanya kemungkinan akan kesalahan perhitungan yang disebabkan karena faktor kesalahan manusia. Adapun tujuan yang akan dicapai adalah untuk membuat sebuah aplikasi keuangan Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri Menggunakan Delphi sehingga dapat menghasilkan informasi keuangan yang benar dan cepat pada saat yang dibutuhkan. Hasil dalam penelitian ini adalah transaksi penjualan dan pembelian, biaya operasional Sumber Rejeki Baru Weleri dapat diketahui dengan mudah karena adanya laporan yang dapat dicetak sesuai dengan periode yang secara rutin diserahkan kepada pimpinan per...
The study tested the HRIS variable and job satisfaction on employee performance variables at PT P... more The study tested the HRIS variable and job satisfaction on employee performance variables at PT Pisma Putra Textile. The study used a descriptive and qualitative approach, data processing using the SPSS application, data collection techniques using questionnaires, research instruments using a Likert scale and direct interviews with the Head of HRD, IT division, and operational employees of PT Pisma Putra Textile. Data analysis techniques through validity, reliability, and multiple regression analysis. Respondents were 125 employees. This study shows a significant relationship between the HRIS variable and the employee performance variable with a positive coefficient value of 0.333 and a significant relationship between the job satisfaction variable and the employee performance variable with a positive coefficient value of 0.324. In addition, there is a significant relationship between the HRIS variable and the job satisfaction variable on the employee performance variable with an F-count value of 31,395 and a significance value of 0.000. Thus, the conclusion of this study shows that the HRIS variable and job satisfaction can support improving employee performance, meaning that the first hypothesis (H1) and the second hypothesis (H2) are accepted. Performance can be measured by the results of the work being close to perfect, the results of the work according to the target, effective in completing the work and the work given by the leadership is carried out with full responsibility. While the results of interviews with HRD managers at PT Pisma Putra Textile, the ability of employees to work together with teams according to their respective main tasks in completing work on time can improve employee performance.
This study aims to describe the performance of employees who are at PT. Reycom Document Solutions... more This study aims to describe the performance of employees who are at PT. Reycom Document Solutions, employee performance is still relatively low supported by research results. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, the subjects of this study are employees of PT. Reycom Document Solutions. Data collection is done by observation, interview and survey techniques. The validity of the data is done by triangulation of techniques and sources. Data analysis techniques using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results of this study show good performance because it is influenced by several factors. The influencing factors are external factors, compensation and motivation for employee performance. Managerial implications of this research are HR Placement, work discipline, production targets, job satisfaction, motivation, compensation, management systems, bonuses / incentives, health benefits, family benefits, pensions, transportation and office facilities that have not b...
International Journal of Science, Technology & Management
This research intends to determine the effect of job training and work motivation on performance ... more This research intends to determine the effect of job training and work motivation on performance at PT. Aksata Satya Pratama. To produce quality employees and good performance, companies need to pay attention to increasing knowledge by providing job training. The job training program at PT. Aksata Satya Pratama is still not optimal so that it has an impact on decreased employee performance. Respondents in this research were 40 people and used census techniques. Testing data in this research used validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test (multicollinearity test), multiple linear regression test and hypothesis testing and data analysis in this research using SPSS version 19 program. The results of the research show that job training variables have a negative value (H1 is rejected) and work motivation has a positive value (H2 is accepted). This means that the training variable has no influence on employee performance and work motivation has an influence on employee perfo...
AbstrakRiset ini memiliki maksud untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh penggunaan media daring dan mot... more AbstrakRiset ini memiliki maksud untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh penggunaan media daring dan motivasi belajar terhadap kepuasan mahasiswa pada saat pandemik Covid-19. Adanya peristiwa pandemik ini berdampak ke semua sektor salah satunya adalah pendidikan, sebelum pandemik terjadi tatap muka menjadi media dalam interaksi belajar akan tetapi saat ini beralih ke sistem dalam jaringan (daring), kegiatan daring ini berlaku seluruh tingkat pendidikan. Adapun media pembelajaran dalam jaringan sudah diterapkan sejak awal pandemik menjadi alternative dalam menyampaikan materi belajar. Dari berbagai jenis media pembelajaran yang dilakukan selama pandemik ini google classroom menjadi pilihan utama yang dipilih oleh responden. Hasil riset menunjukan bahwa variabel penggunaan media daring dan motivasi belajar memiliki nilai positif berarti semakin baik pilihan dalam penggunaan media daring dan motivasi maka mahasiswa akan merasa puas. Hasil persamaan regresi dalam riset ini adalah Y1 = 0,543 X1...
Code-switching is one of the linguistics phenomena in daily activities. The study aims at focusin... more Code-switching is one of the linguistics phenomena in daily activities. The study aims at focusing on the novices of pre-service teachers’ who use code-switching in the EFL classroom. It also explains why novices use code-switch in the learning process. The study used a qualitative approach. The data was recorded and transcribed to analyze why and how code-switching was used by nine novices in the classroom of MA NU Batang. The analysis of the classroom revealed that nine novices used code-switched in categorizing the forms of the utterances. The result shows that: (1) There are two ways in which the novices use code-switching in teaching and learning process, including form (word, phrase, and sentence) and function and condition were 132 or 55% utterances of code-switching (2) The novices use code-switching from L2 to L1 including form (word, phrase, and sentence) in learning activities. (4) The reason that the novices use code-switching in the classroom is to help the students whe...
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