This work is dedicated to all the victims of Boko Haram Terrorism. Also, to the memory of my late... more This work is dedicated to all the victims of Boko Haram Terrorism. Also, to the memory of my late father Pa Joseph Yakubu Otiyabe, and to my loving mother
Several studies have emerged on examination misconduct in Nigeria, but e-cheating Online Runs Sit... more Several studies have emerged on examination misconduct in Nigeria, but e-cheating Online Runs Sites examination malpractice among secondary school students, is a new form of examination fraud yet to be given adequate attention in the literature. These echeating Online Runs Sites always have all exam papers solutions too, probably a day or two before the day of public secondary schools examinations in Nigeria. This study is provoked to address this problem in the context of its effects on students study habits, quality of secondary school examinations and gender difference. Using four selected secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos, Nigeria, a sample of 200 students were drawn from the population. A self-developed instrument was developed bothering on the two hypotheses for the study. The instrument was validated through face and construct validity while the Cronbach alpha reliability method was used to obtain a reliability correlation coefficient of 0.72. Findings from data revealed that hypothesis one has significant value of 0.034 and r level 0.943, the null hypothesis was rejected and alternative indicating is a significant relationship between e-cheating online runs sites and secondary school students study habits was retained. However, hypothesis two with male gender (N=108) and female gender (N=92) revealed a significant difference between gender difference and echeating online runs sites. The study finally recommends that the sustenance of qualitative public examination and good study culture in Nigeria calls for urgent attention to incidences of e-cheating online runs site which is becoming a complex digital issue. It is important that the stakeholders of the Nigeria education system such as teachers, parents, governments and policy makers monitor and provide policies that would help the mitigation of the negative uses of ICT among students in Nigeria.
The Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) is the major collaborative military initiative among t... more The Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) is the major collaborative military initiative among the countries of the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) saddled with the responsibility of combating Boko Haram Terrorism (BHT) within the region. Although the body seems to have achieved some successes, they have however, over the years, been involved in seemingly clandestine activities such as torture, extrajudicial execution, gender-based violence, etc., which, according to international humanitarian law, if committed during non-international armed conflict, are regarded as war crimes. This study seeks to investigate the nature and pattern of war crimes committed by some Nigerian military forces under the MNJTF in the course of Counter-Insurgency (COIN) operations against Boko Haram terrorists in northeast Nigeria between 2012 and 2019. It also investigates the implications of these travesties on victims, the war against terrorism and Nigeria in general. It analyses the various war crimes committed by the MNJTF. It also examines the measures for curbing the criminal activities of some members of the MNJTF. This study engages the following issues: what are the war crimes committed by the Nigerian soldiers under the MNJTF or why is the latter accused of gross human rights violations? What are the implications of the criminality of the MNJTF? What measures should be taken to curb the criminality of the MNJTF in northeast Nigeria? This study uses both primary and secondary sources. It anchors on Biological and Cultural Transmission Theories of criminology. The study reveals that the statutory body in charge of countering terrorism and also securing human lives, is also, like the Boko Haram terrorists, terrorising innocent civilians and promoting insecurity in northeast Nigeria. The conclusion is that the MNJTF is smudged with the brush of brutality and terrorism.
One of the most shocking horrors of Boko Haram's rampage in West Africa has been the insurgents' ... more One of the most shocking horrors of Boko Haram's rampage in West Africa has been the insurgents' ability to turn captured boys and girls into destroyers and killers. Since 2014, Boko Haram group has used hundreds of young boys and girls to terrorize northeast Nigeria and some of her northern neighbours such as Niger, Cameroon and Chad. A critical aspect of neglect in available materials on this subject is the inadequate presentation and documentation of child insurgents in Boko Haram insurgency. This study examines children's involvement in Boko Haram insurgency. Specifically it discusses the implications of child insurgents on national development.
The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historic... more The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historical event. As an international political event, the Cold War laid bare the fissures, animosities, mistrusts, misconceptions and the high-stakes brinksmanship that has been part of the international political system since the birth of the modern nation-state in 1648. As a historical event, the Cold War and its end marked an important epoch in human social, economic and political development. The beginning of the Cold War marked the introduction of a new form of social and political experiment in human relations with the international arena as its laboratory. Its end signalled the end of a potent social and political force that is still shaping the course of the political relations among states in the 21 st century. The historiography of the Cold War has been shrouded in controversy. Different factors have been given for the origins of the conflict. This work is a historical and structural analysis of the historiography of the Cold War. The work analyses the competing views of the historiography of the Cold War and creates all-encompassing and holistic historiography called the Structuralist School.
Unilateral intervention in the internal conflicts of other states all over the world has been par... more Unilateral intervention in the internal conflicts of other states all over the world has been part of superpower relations since the dawn of the modern nation-state in 1648. States that carry out such incursions usually premise their involvements on the need to maintain international peace and security on the one hand, and for humanitarian consideration at the other extreme. Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, America has intervened in various internal conflicts of other states all over the world. The usual justification has always been the need to either preserve peace within the international political system or to provide ‘humanitarian assistance.’ Rather than use multilateral mechanisms in such engagements, the United States has always preferred unilateral intervention. It is within this context that America’s role in Syria is analyzed. The emphasis of this work shows the impact of American unilateralism in Syria, the Middle East and the world at large
This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It s... more This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows that the influenza virus has been responsible for major pandemic outbreaks in the two centuries. The work shows that bacteria and viruses, especially Yersinia pestis and the influenza virus, have been responsible for the outbreaks of major pandemics in recorded history. It carries-out a compre- hensive and extensive analysis of the various impacts of historical and contemporary pandemics like the Plague of Justinian, Bu- bonic plague, Spanish flu, Cholera pandemics and also the novel COVID-19 had on the trajectory of world history. The work shows that such pandemics profoundly affects political, economic, social, religious, technological, health and educational developments in states in the post-pandemic periods. Additionally, this work com- prehensively identified the commonalities among the pandem- ic-causing diseases in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows, among othe...
The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historic... more The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historical event. As a political event, the Cold War laid bare the fissures, animosities, mistrusts, misconceptions and the high-stake brinksmanship that has been part of the international political system since the birth of the modern nation-state in 1648. As a historical event, the Cold War and its end marked an important epoch in human social, economic and political development. The beginning of the Cold War marked the introduction of a new form of social and political experiment in human relations with the international arena as its laboratory. Its end signaled the end of a potent social and political force that is still shaping the course of political relationship among states in the 21 st century. The historiography of the Cold War has been shrouded in controversy. Different factors have been given for the origins of the conflict. This work is a historical and structural analysis of the historiography of the Cold War. The work analyzes the competing views of the historiography of the Cold War and create an all-encompassing and holistic historiography called the Structuralist School.
This work analyzes the protracted conflict between the Nigerian authority and Boko Haram from the... more This work analyzes the protracted conflict between the Nigerian authority and Boko Haram from the perspectives of Karl Marx’s theory of economic determinism. It explores the financial interests of corrupt officials as a plausible explanation for unsuccessful counter-terrorism. It also argues that the major factor responsible for the intractable nature of the conflict is the material benefit that the political elites derive from its prolongation. The authors use the theory of economic determinism to vividly show how the ruling oligarchs in Nigeria have thwarted every attempt to end the conflict. Using the qualitative research methodology, the work tends to illustrate how the desire for massive and unbridled wealth accumulation drove the political and military elites in Nigeria to hinder every effort made to resolve the conflict between Nigeria and Boko Haram. In other words, the work reveals the crucial links between wealth accumulation and the prolongation of the Boko Haram conflict...
Karya ini menganalisis konflik antara Nigeria dan Boko Haram dari perspektif teori Determinisme E... more Karya ini menganalisis konflik antara Nigeria dan Boko Haram dari perspektif teori Determinisme Ekonomi Karl Marx. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berdasarkan data kepustakaan, penulis mencoba mencari ide yang dapat digunakan sebagai analisis resolusi konflik. Dia berpendapat bahwa faktor utama yang bertanggung jawab atas sifat konflik yang tidak dapat diselesaikan adalah manfaat material yang diperoleh elit politik dari perluasannya. Para penulis menggunakan teori Determinisme Ekonomi untuk menunjukkan secara rinci bagaimana oligarki yang berkuasa di Nigeria telah memperingatkan setiap upaya untuk menyelesaikan konflik. Karya tersebut menunjukkan contoh spesifik antara 2009 dan 2019 di mana oligarki yang berkuasa di Nigeria bertindak aktif untuk setiap upaya yang dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan konflik antara Nigeria dan Boko Haram karena keinginan mereka untuk tidak terbatas pada keuangan. Ini termasuk, namun tidak terbatas pada, skandal kontrak Shaldag 2010, skandal Dasuki...
Synesis: Journal for Humanities & Social Sciences, 2021
This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It s... more This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows that the influenza virus has been responsible for major pandemic outbreaks in the two centuries. The work shows that bacteria and viruses, especially Yersinia pestis and the influenza virus, have been responsible for the outbreaks of major pandemics in recorded history. It carries-out a comprehensive and extensive analysis of the various impacts of historical and contemporary pandemics like the Plague of Justinian, Bubonic plague, Spanish flu, Cholera pandemics and also the novel COVID-19 had on the trajectory of world history. The work shows that such pandemics profoundly affects political, economic, social, religious, technological, health and educational developments in states in the post-pandemic periods. Additionally, this work comprehensively identified the commonalities among the pandemic-causing diseases in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows, among other things...
Soshum: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019
The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historic... more The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historical event. As a political event, the Cold War laid bare the fissures, animosities, mistrusts, misconceptions and the high-stake brinksmanship that has been part of the international political system since the birth of the modern nation-state in 1648. As a historical event, the Cold War and its end marked an important epoch in human social, economic and political development. The beginning of the Cold War marked the introduction of a new form of social and political experiment in human relations with the international arena as its laboratory. Its end signaled the end of a potent social and political force that is still shaping the course of political relationship among states in the 21 st century. The historiography of the Cold War has been shrouded in controversy. Different factors have been given for the origins of the conflict. This work is a historical and structural analysis of the historiography of the Cold War. The work analyzes the competing views of the historiography of the Cold War and create an all-encompassing and holistic historiography called the Structuralist School.
This work is dedicated to all the victims of Boko Haram Terrorism. Also, to the memory of my late... more This work is dedicated to all the victims of Boko Haram Terrorism. Also, to the memory of my late father Pa Joseph Yakubu Otiyabe, and to my loving mother
Several studies have emerged on examination misconduct in Nigeria, but e-cheating Online Runs Sit... more Several studies have emerged on examination misconduct in Nigeria, but e-cheating Online Runs Sites examination malpractice among secondary school students, is a new form of examination fraud yet to be given adequate attention in the literature. These echeating Online Runs Sites always have all exam papers solutions too, probably a day or two before the day of public secondary schools examinations in Nigeria. This study is provoked to address this problem in the context of its effects on students study habits, quality of secondary school examinations and gender difference. Using four selected secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos, Nigeria, a sample of 200 students were drawn from the population. A self-developed instrument was developed bothering on the two hypotheses for the study. The instrument was validated through face and construct validity while the Cronbach alpha reliability method was used to obtain a reliability correlation coefficient of 0.72. Findings from data revealed that hypothesis one has significant value of 0.034 and r level 0.943, the null hypothesis was rejected and alternative indicating is a significant relationship between e-cheating online runs sites and secondary school students study habits was retained. However, hypothesis two with male gender (N=108) and female gender (N=92) revealed a significant difference between gender difference and echeating online runs sites. The study finally recommends that the sustenance of qualitative public examination and good study culture in Nigeria calls for urgent attention to incidences of e-cheating online runs site which is becoming a complex digital issue. It is important that the stakeholders of the Nigeria education system such as teachers, parents, governments and policy makers monitor and provide policies that would help the mitigation of the negative uses of ICT among students in Nigeria.
The Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) is the major collaborative military initiative among t... more The Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) is the major collaborative military initiative among the countries of the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) saddled with the responsibility of combating Boko Haram Terrorism (BHT) within the region. Although the body seems to have achieved some successes, they have however, over the years, been involved in seemingly clandestine activities such as torture, extrajudicial execution, gender-based violence, etc., which, according to international humanitarian law, if committed during non-international armed conflict, are regarded as war crimes. This study seeks to investigate the nature and pattern of war crimes committed by some Nigerian military forces under the MNJTF in the course of Counter-Insurgency (COIN) operations against Boko Haram terrorists in northeast Nigeria between 2012 and 2019. It also investigates the implications of these travesties on victims, the war against terrorism and Nigeria in general. It analyses the various war crimes committed by the MNJTF. It also examines the measures for curbing the criminal activities of some members of the MNJTF. This study engages the following issues: what are the war crimes committed by the Nigerian soldiers under the MNJTF or why is the latter accused of gross human rights violations? What are the implications of the criminality of the MNJTF? What measures should be taken to curb the criminality of the MNJTF in northeast Nigeria? This study uses both primary and secondary sources. It anchors on Biological and Cultural Transmission Theories of criminology. The study reveals that the statutory body in charge of countering terrorism and also securing human lives, is also, like the Boko Haram terrorists, terrorising innocent civilians and promoting insecurity in northeast Nigeria. The conclusion is that the MNJTF is smudged with the brush of brutality and terrorism.
One of the most shocking horrors of Boko Haram's rampage in West Africa has been the insurgents' ... more One of the most shocking horrors of Boko Haram's rampage in West Africa has been the insurgents' ability to turn captured boys and girls into destroyers and killers. Since 2014, Boko Haram group has used hundreds of young boys and girls to terrorize northeast Nigeria and some of her northern neighbours such as Niger, Cameroon and Chad. A critical aspect of neglect in available materials on this subject is the inadequate presentation and documentation of child insurgents in Boko Haram insurgency. This study examines children's involvement in Boko Haram insurgency. Specifically it discusses the implications of child insurgents on national development.
The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historic... more The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historical event. As an international political event, the Cold War laid bare the fissures, animosities, mistrusts, misconceptions and the high-stakes brinksmanship that has been part of the international political system since the birth of the modern nation-state in 1648. As a historical event, the Cold War and its end marked an important epoch in human social, economic and political development. The beginning of the Cold War marked the introduction of a new form of social and political experiment in human relations with the international arena as its laboratory. Its end signalled the end of a potent social and political force that is still shaping the course of the political relations among states in the 21 st century. The historiography of the Cold War has been shrouded in controversy. Different factors have been given for the origins of the conflict. This work is a historical and structural analysis of the historiography of the Cold War. The work analyses the competing views of the historiography of the Cold War and creates all-encompassing and holistic historiography called the Structuralist School.
Unilateral intervention in the internal conflicts of other states all over the world has been par... more Unilateral intervention in the internal conflicts of other states all over the world has been part of superpower relations since the dawn of the modern nation-state in 1648. States that carry out such incursions usually premise their involvements on the need to maintain international peace and security on the one hand, and for humanitarian consideration at the other extreme. Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, America has intervened in various internal conflicts of other states all over the world. The usual justification has always been the need to either preserve peace within the international political system or to provide ‘humanitarian assistance.’ Rather than use multilateral mechanisms in such engagements, the United States has always preferred unilateral intervention. It is within this context that America’s role in Syria is analyzed. The emphasis of this work shows the impact of American unilateralism in Syria, the Middle East and the world at large
This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It s... more This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows that the influenza virus has been responsible for major pandemic outbreaks in the two centuries. The work shows that bacteria and viruses, especially Yersinia pestis and the influenza virus, have been responsible for the outbreaks of major pandemics in recorded history. It carries-out a compre- hensive and extensive analysis of the various impacts of historical and contemporary pandemics like the Plague of Justinian, Bu- bonic plague, Spanish flu, Cholera pandemics and also the novel COVID-19 had on the trajectory of world history. The work shows that such pandemics profoundly affects political, economic, social, religious, technological, health and educational developments in states in the post-pandemic periods. Additionally, this work com- prehensively identified the commonalities among the pandem- ic-causing diseases in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows, among othe...
The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historic... more The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historical event. As a political event, the Cold War laid bare the fissures, animosities, mistrusts, misconceptions and the high-stake brinksmanship that has been part of the international political system since the birth of the modern nation-state in 1648. As a historical event, the Cold War and its end marked an important epoch in human social, economic and political development. The beginning of the Cold War marked the introduction of a new form of social and political experiment in human relations with the international arena as its laboratory. Its end signaled the end of a potent social and political force that is still shaping the course of political relationship among states in the 21 st century. The historiography of the Cold War has been shrouded in controversy. Different factors have been given for the origins of the conflict. This work is a historical and structural analysis of the historiography of the Cold War. The work analyzes the competing views of the historiography of the Cold War and create an all-encompassing and holistic historiography called the Structuralist School.
This work analyzes the protracted conflict between the Nigerian authority and Boko Haram from the... more This work analyzes the protracted conflict between the Nigerian authority and Boko Haram from the perspectives of Karl Marx’s theory of economic determinism. It explores the financial interests of corrupt officials as a plausible explanation for unsuccessful counter-terrorism. It also argues that the major factor responsible for the intractable nature of the conflict is the material benefit that the political elites derive from its prolongation. The authors use the theory of economic determinism to vividly show how the ruling oligarchs in Nigeria have thwarted every attempt to end the conflict. Using the qualitative research methodology, the work tends to illustrate how the desire for massive and unbridled wealth accumulation drove the political and military elites in Nigeria to hinder every effort made to resolve the conflict between Nigeria and Boko Haram. In other words, the work reveals the crucial links between wealth accumulation and the prolongation of the Boko Haram conflict...
Karya ini menganalisis konflik antara Nigeria dan Boko Haram dari perspektif teori Determinisme E... more Karya ini menganalisis konflik antara Nigeria dan Boko Haram dari perspektif teori Determinisme Ekonomi Karl Marx. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berdasarkan data kepustakaan, penulis mencoba mencari ide yang dapat digunakan sebagai analisis resolusi konflik. Dia berpendapat bahwa faktor utama yang bertanggung jawab atas sifat konflik yang tidak dapat diselesaikan adalah manfaat material yang diperoleh elit politik dari perluasannya. Para penulis menggunakan teori Determinisme Ekonomi untuk menunjukkan secara rinci bagaimana oligarki yang berkuasa di Nigeria telah memperingatkan setiap upaya untuk menyelesaikan konflik. Karya tersebut menunjukkan contoh spesifik antara 2009 dan 2019 di mana oligarki yang berkuasa di Nigeria bertindak aktif untuk setiap upaya yang dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan konflik antara Nigeria dan Boko Haram karena keinginan mereka untuk tidak terbatas pada keuangan. Ini termasuk, namun tidak terbatas pada, skandal kontrak Shaldag 2010, skandal Dasuki...
Synesis: Journal for Humanities & Social Sciences, 2021
This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It s... more This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows that the influenza virus has been responsible for major pandemic outbreaks in the two centuries. The work shows that bacteria and viruses, especially Yersinia pestis and the influenza virus, have been responsible for the outbreaks of major pandemics in recorded history. It carries-out a comprehensive and extensive analysis of the various impacts of historical and contemporary pandemics like the Plague of Justinian, Bubonic plague, Spanish flu, Cholera pandemics and also the novel COVID-19 had on the trajectory of world history. The work shows that such pandemics profoundly affects political, economic, social, religious, technological, health and educational developments in states in the post-pandemic periods. Additionally, this work comprehensively identified the commonalities among the pandemic-causing diseases in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows, among other things...
Soshum: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019
The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historic... more The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an international political and historical event. As a political event, the Cold War laid bare the fissures, animosities, mistrusts, misconceptions and the high-stake brinksmanship that has been part of the international political system since the birth of the modern nation-state in 1648. As a historical event, the Cold War and its end marked an important epoch in human social, economic and political development. The beginning of the Cold War marked the introduction of a new form of social and political experiment in human relations with the international arena as its laboratory. Its end signaled the end of a potent social and political force that is still shaping the course of political relationship among states in the 21 st century. The historiography of the Cold War has been shrouded in controversy. Different factors have been given for the origins of the conflict. This work is a historical and structural analysis of the historiography of the Cold War. The work analyzes the competing views of the historiography of the Cold War and create an all-encompassing and holistic historiography called the Structuralist School.
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