ERN: Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) (Topic), 2018
This study covers 45 investee companies that were funded by PE firms during the period from June,... more This study covers 45 investee companies that were funded by PE firms during the period from June, 2000 to December, 2015. We have followed the Long-Nickels PME method, to estimate IRR and evaluate the performance of PE investment compared to market index. We found that, India is showing an increasing trend in the number of PE deals as well as the total amount invested through this route of investment, year over year. The post listing average returns have been mostly higher for the PE investors compared to the returns generated by shareholders. But surprisingly, these returns are on a decreasing trend. This can be attributed to increase in competition in the PE industry, leading to erosion of abnormal returns. The value added by the PE investors, to their investee companies, does not seem to be sustainable for long term because the post-listing shareholder returns have been consistently reducing and have been less than the PE investor’s returns.
Dodging Vehicle Theft is making buzz in present auto industry. Outline and advancement of a robbe... more Dodging Vehicle Theft is making buzz in present auto industry. Outline and advancement of a robbery control framework for an auto, can be attained to by making utilization of GPS highlight of cellular telephone. The created framework makes utilization of a cell telephone that is installed in the vehicle with an interfacing to Engine Control Module (ECM) through Control Area Network (CAN) Bus, which is thus, conveyed to the ECM. The vehicle being stolen can be ceased by utilizing GPS highlight of cell telephone and this data is utilized by the holder of the vehicle for future handling. The holder sends the message to the versatile which is implanted in the vehicle which has stolen which thusly controls the vehicles motor by locking the working of the motor promptly. The created framework acknowledge the message and telecasted to the Vehicle Network through CAN Bus. The motor can be opened just by the manager of the vehicle by sending the message once more. The objective behind the ou...
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2021
Graphical Flow chart depicting the methods, preparing, and characterizing, by histological, and s... more Graphical Flow chart depicting the methods, preparing, and characterizing, by histological, and scanning electron microscopy, of wet (PW-HAM) and dry (PD-HAM)of wound healing dressing, and preparation of nanoparticles (HAMP ZnO NP); and application of HAM wound dressing.
Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing lists in... more Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing lists in Annex I the stunning interventions currently allowed in the EU, together with the related conditions under which those interventions can be implemented. The regulation allows the Commission to amend Annex I, listing additional stunning interventions, provided they ensure a level of animal welare at least equivalent to that ensured by the one already approved. EFSA was requested to perform such assessment with regard to the implementation of the low atmospheric pressure stunning (LAPS) system on broiler chickens. The ad hoc Working Group (WG) set up by EFSA performed the assessment in three main steps, i.e. checking the data provided against the criteria laid down in the EFSA Guidance (EFSA AHAW Panel, 2013); running an extensive literature search, followed by data extraction and performing a judgemental ranking exercise based on expert opinion. As main outcome, the LAPS intervention was found to be able to provide a level of animal welfare not lower than that provided by at least one of the currently allowed methods. The overall assessment of EFSA is valid ONLY under the technical conditions described in the submission and for broiler chickens, intended for human consumption, weighting less than 4 kg. Deviations from these conditions might have different consequences for animal welfare which were not assessed in this exercise. The LAPS method may, in addition to commercial slaughter, be suitable for depopulation, respecting the technical conditions defined in the present conclusions. The WG considers that a revision of the present version of the EFSA Guidance could be beneficial.
International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research, 2019
Most probably the web applications are developed from the sides of web systems and these objects ... more Most probably the web applications are developed from the sides of web systems and these objects are extensible and high acquirable. Therefore the cloud offers the creativity of approaching boundless pool of storage with computing the network methods and their practices can be ascendible in position where as cloud computing creates computer system methods mainly in storage and computing the power in obtainable, accessible demand without direct active control by the user. Effective employee attendance management system provides any organization to enlarge over all corporate performance and to execute the specific goals for the organization. Physical attendance time checking makes more expensive of time consuming and the paper work of the companies. Human activities may result in faults so, this affects the productivity of the organization, although some existing systems will have some failures in real time attendance monitoring like flexibility and data base storage size. Further organizing the new techniques for the employee attendance cloud based systems that are integrated with NFC technology called as time attendance management system (TAMS). In this system the applications offers multiple company accounts in which each of the user can have his/her own account and containing the application with several important performances such as entering and leaving hours, real time upgrading information, and access to produce the reports. It also provides online portal service for many companies users without any special software to install and it always allocates more adaptable data storage.
The opinion provides advice relating to the design of field trials to test the performance of a v... more The opinion provides advice relating to the design of field trials to test the performance of a vaccine for bovine tuberculosis (bTB), along with a test to Detect Infected among Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). The objective of cattle vaccination is to use the vaccine in combination with presently applied control measures within the EU as an aid towards bTB eradication. The ideal field trials for the DIVA test will follow the OIE guidelines for test validation. Any deviations from the ideal trial design in relation to DIVA test performance should be justified, and the bias that may subsequently be introduced should be accounted for. The ideal field trial design for vaccination performance should implement a double-blind randomised test scenario, and allow for known risk factors in the field situation. Any deviations from the ideal trial design in relation to vaccine performance should also be justified and bias that may subsequently be introduced should be accounted for. Relevant risk factors and possible confounders that should be taken into consideration in the design of field trials are described in this opinion. The safety of a candidate vaccine is guaranteed in the registration of a vaccine medication by a competent authority. The field trials will need to fulfil these requirements to prove that the use of this vaccine in the field is safe for both public health and the environment. Some additional remarks regarding the safety of this specific vaccine are included in this opinion.
The EFSA"s Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opin... more The EFSA"s Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of a low atmosphere pressure system (LAPS) for stunning poultry. Four documents were provided by the European Commission (EC) as the basis for an assessment of the extent to which the LAPS is able to provide a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the current allowed methods for stunning poultry. The LAPS is described as rendering poultry unconscious by gradually reducing oxygen tension in the atmosphere leading to progressive hypoxia in the birds. In order to be allowed in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure 1) absence of pain, distress and suffering until the onset of unconsciousness, and 2) that the animal remains unconscious until death. The submitted studies were peer-reviewed by the AHAW Panel as outlined in its "Guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning intervention regarding animal protection at the time of killing". It is unclear from the submitted documents whether the rate of decompression used in LAPS induces unconsciousness and death without causing avoidable pain and suffering in poultry. The assessed studies did not pass the eligibility assessment and, therefore, no further assessment was undertaken.
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare was aske... more Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on welfare aspect of the main systems of stunning and killing of farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the EU. A semi-quantitative risk assessment approach was used to rank the risks of poor welfare associated with the different commercially applied stunning / killing methods for seabass and seabream and to identify areas of concern, as well as to provide guidance for future research. The risk assessment was based on expert opinion, due to the limited amount of quantitative data and published peer reviewed data on the effects of the hazards associated with the killing of seabass and seabream. Pre-slaughter stages, immediately before killing, which had a direct impact on welfare were included in the risk assessment. Stunning and killing methods such as electrical stunning and the use of gas mixtures that are not commercially used in Europe were also described but not included in the risk assessment. The three methods assessed were: asphyxia in air; live chilling on ice; and live chilling in ice water slurry, the latter being the most commonly used method in the EU. The pre-slaughter stages considered were common to all killing methods: i) Feed withdrawal; ii) Crowding; and iii) Removal from water. Hazards associated with pre-slaughter procedures lead to high adverse effects on fish welfare. The most important hazards in the pre-slaughter phase were: i) Very high density in the crowding; ii) Long period of crowding; and iii) exposure to air. High magnitude of the adverse effects was observed for repeated catching as the effect on residual fish that were not killed was considered to be very severe. Pre-slaughter management practices which keep crowding duration short and ensure a low crowding density level help to reduce distress induced by crowding. Crowding should be synchronised with subsequent slaughter stages so that fish are not crowded for longer than necessary. Measures such as oxygenation or water renewal should be used to minimize deterioration of water quality. Exposure to air should be reduced to the minimum possible time. Research is needed to develop pre-slaughter and slaughter methods that avoid air exposure. Management and marketing practices should be implemented to avoid repeated exposure of the fish population to crowding, netting and prolonged feed withdrawal, and a recovery period should be allowed. According to the farming system, location and species appropriate preslaughter procedures and equipments should be identified.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal He... more Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of VEE to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of VEE according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to VEE. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, it is inconclusive whether VEE is eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no full consensus on the criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, since it is inconclusive whether VEE can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, the assessment on compliance of VEE with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV to the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1), and which animal species can be considered to be listed for VEE according to Article 8(3) of the AHL is also inconclusive.
The use of liquid carbon dioxide (CO(2)) was evaluated as a means of culling a flock of five-week... more The use of liquid carbon dioxide (CO(2)) was evaluated as a means of culling a flock of five-week-old pullets in situ. It took five minutes and 20 seconds for sufficient liquid CO(2) to be injected (3.24 tonnes) to achieve the target concentration of 45 per cent CO(2). Although very low ambient temperatures were recorded (below -80°C) during gassing, on the basis of postmortem reports and other data it is inferred that the birds died within minutes of exposure to the gas and before experiencing the extremely low temperatures recorded in the house.
BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that is an important cause of infect... more BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that is an important cause of infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lymphoid malignancies, and in those receiving corticosteroid therapy. The spectrum of diseases caused by C neoformans ranges from pulmonary infection to disseminated disease frequently involving the central nervous system, and occasionally skin and bone. Other extrapulmonary and extraneural sites of infection are less common. Cryptococcal peritonitis is an unusual entity, which is most often encountered in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing ambulatory dialysis. CASE REPORT: We present a case of cryptococcal peritonitis which developed in a patient with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis. As little is know about the relationship between cirrhosis and cryptococcosis, we further reviewed the literature of this unusual but life-threatening relationship. DISCUSSION: Severe liver disease has not been fully recognized as a predis...
In most of the developed countries, excluding the United States of America, it is a statutory req... more In most of the developed countries, excluding the United States of America, it is a statutory requirement that all animals including poultry slaughtered for human consumption are rendered immediately unconscious (stunning) and they remain so until death supervenes through blood loss (slaughter). The duration of unconsciousness induced by a stunning procedure must be longer than the sum of time that
The Quick Switching Sampling System by attributes was devised by Romboski (1969). He has studied ... more The Quick Switching Sampling System by attributes was devised by Romboski (1969). He has studied a new system, comprising normal and tightened plans, called a Quick Switching System (n; cT, cN)[(n, cN) and (n, cT) are normal and tightened single ...
Electrical waterbath stunning is the most common method used to stun poultry under commercial con... more Electrical waterbath stunning is the most common method used to stun poultry under commercial conditions. The voltage supplied to a multiple bird waterbath stunner must be adequate to deliver the required minimum current to each bird. High frequency (> 300 Hz) electrical waterbath stunning needs further investigation to determine its efficiency. It should always be followed by a prompt neck cutting procedure where all the major blood vessels in the neck are severed. Irrespective of the waveform or frequency of the currents employed, constant current stunners should be installed under commercial conditions to ensure that the minimum currents are delivered to individual birds in waterbath stunners. Head only electrical stunning of poultry is being investigated in detail and there is scope for commercial development. Important features include (a) a constant current capable of delivering a preset current, (b) a bird restraining conveyor and head presentation devices enabling the stu...
Various forms of containerised gas killing systems have been used to slaughter large numbers of p... more Various forms of containerised gas killing systems have been used to slaughter large numbers of poultry on farms during outbreaks of notifiable diseases. However, none of the systems have been fully evaluated to assess bird welfare, operators’ health and safety and biosecurity during operation. In addition, standard operating procedures associated with containerised gas killing systems are lacking in the literature. Therefore, a research and development project was initiated by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in the UK with the primary objective being to develop humane systems for culling poultry on farm and to produce operating procedures based on sound scientific principles. A series of studies have been conducted to achieve the objective and relevant observations and operating procedures are reviewed in this paper.
A requirement under humane slaughter regulation is that stunning methods should induce immediate ... more A requirement under humane slaughter regulation is that stunning methods should induce immediate loss of consciousness and sensibility. If the onset of unconsciousness is not immediate, the induction of unconsciousness with a stunning method should not cause in animals avoidable anxiety, fear, pain, distress or suffering. The duration of unconsciousness induced by a stunning procedure must be longer than the sum of time that lapses between the end of stun and the time to onset of death. Since the effect of a stunning method is momentary, the onus of preventing resumption of consciousness thereafter relies on the efficiency of slaughter procedure; i.e. the prompt and accurate severance of blood vessels supplying oxygenated blood to the brain. Electrical water baths and gas or controlled atmospheres are commonly used for stunning poultry under commercial conditions. The electrical waveforms (sine wave alternating current or pulsed direct current) and frequencies (Hz) employed to stun poultry and the amount of current applied to individual birds in a water bath stunner widely varies. Rationalisation of electrical variables is urgently warranted. Varieties of gas mixtures have been proposed or used for stunning or killing poultry in crates or conveyors however the bird welfare implications have not been communicated effectively to facilitate progress. This review deals with the efficacy of electrical variables used in the water baths and of slaughter methods, and the relative merits of different gas mixtures used for stunning or killing broilers.
The reactions of turkeys to the presence of either 90 per cent argon in air (anoxia), 72 per cent... more The reactions of turkeys to the presence of either 90 per cent argon in air (anoxia), 72 per cent carbon dioxide in air or a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air with 3 per cent residual oxygen were tested. The majority of the turkeys did not avoid a feeding chamber containing either argon or the mixture of carbon dioxide and argon, but 50 per cent of the turkeys avoided a feeding chamber containing 72 per cent carbon dioxide in air. It is concluded that from the point of view of welfare, either 90 per cent argon in air or a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air, would be preferable to a high concentration of carbon dioxide for stunning/killing turkeys.
ERN: Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) (Topic), 2018
This study covers 45 investee companies that were funded by PE firms during the period from June,... more This study covers 45 investee companies that were funded by PE firms during the period from June, 2000 to December, 2015. We have followed the Long-Nickels PME method, to estimate IRR and evaluate the performance of PE investment compared to market index. We found that, India is showing an increasing trend in the number of PE deals as well as the total amount invested through this route of investment, year over year. The post listing average returns have been mostly higher for the PE investors compared to the returns generated by shareholders. But surprisingly, these returns are on a decreasing trend. This can be attributed to increase in competition in the PE industry, leading to erosion of abnormal returns. The value added by the PE investors, to their investee companies, does not seem to be sustainable for long term because the post-listing shareholder returns have been consistently reducing and have been less than the PE investor’s returns.
Dodging Vehicle Theft is making buzz in present auto industry. Outline and advancement of a robbe... more Dodging Vehicle Theft is making buzz in present auto industry. Outline and advancement of a robbery control framework for an auto, can be attained to by making utilization of GPS highlight of cellular telephone. The created framework makes utilization of a cell telephone that is installed in the vehicle with an interfacing to Engine Control Module (ECM) through Control Area Network (CAN) Bus, which is thus, conveyed to the ECM. The vehicle being stolen can be ceased by utilizing GPS highlight of cell telephone and this data is utilized by the holder of the vehicle for future handling. The holder sends the message to the versatile which is implanted in the vehicle which has stolen which thusly controls the vehicles motor by locking the working of the motor promptly. The created framework acknowledge the message and telecasted to the Vehicle Network through CAN Bus. The motor can be opened just by the manager of the vehicle by sending the message once more. The objective behind the ou...
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2021
Graphical Flow chart depicting the methods, preparing, and characterizing, by histological, and s... more Graphical Flow chart depicting the methods, preparing, and characterizing, by histological, and scanning electron microscopy, of wet (PW-HAM) and dry (PD-HAM)of wound healing dressing, and preparation of nanoparticles (HAMP ZnO NP); and application of HAM wound dressing.
Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing lists in... more Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing lists in Annex I the stunning interventions currently allowed in the EU, together with the related conditions under which those interventions can be implemented. The regulation allows the Commission to amend Annex I, listing additional stunning interventions, provided they ensure a level of animal welare at least equivalent to that ensured by the one already approved. EFSA was requested to perform such assessment with regard to the implementation of the low atmospheric pressure stunning (LAPS) system on broiler chickens. The ad hoc Working Group (WG) set up by EFSA performed the assessment in three main steps, i.e. checking the data provided against the criteria laid down in the EFSA Guidance (EFSA AHAW Panel, 2013); running an extensive literature search, followed by data extraction and performing a judgemental ranking exercise based on expert opinion. As main outcome, the LAPS intervention was found to be able to provide a level of animal welfare not lower than that provided by at least one of the currently allowed methods. The overall assessment of EFSA is valid ONLY under the technical conditions described in the submission and for broiler chickens, intended for human consumption, weighting less than 4 kg. Deviations from these conditions might have different consequences for animal welfare which were not assessed in this exercise. The LAPS method may, in addition to commercial slaughter, be suitable for depopulation, respecting the technical conditions defined in the present conclusions. The WG considers that a revision of the present version of the EFSA Guidance could be beneficial.
International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research, 2019
Most probably the web applications are developed from the sides of web systems and these objects ... more Most probably the web applications are developed from the sides of web systems and these objects are extensible and high acquirable. Therefore the cloud offers the creativity of approaching boundless pool of storage with computing the network methods and their practices can be ascendible in position where as cloud computing creates computer system methods mainly in storage and computing the power in obtainable, accessible demand without direct active control by the user. Effective employee attendance management system provides any organization to enlarge over all corporate performance and to execute the specific goals for the organization. Physical attendance time checking makes more expensive of time consuming and the paper work of the companies. Human activities may result in faults so, this affects the productivity of the organization, although some existing systems will have some failures in real time attendance monitoring like flexibility and data base storage size. Further organizing the new techniques for the employee attendance cloud based systems that are integrated with NFC technology called as time attendance management system (TAMS). In this system the applications offers multiple company accounts in which each of the user can have his/her own account and containing the application with several important performances such as entering and leaving hours, real time upgrading information, and access to produce the reports. It also provides online portal service for many companies users without any special software to install and it always allocates more adaptable data storage.
The opinion provides advice relating to the design of field trials to test the performance of a v... more The opinion provides advice relating to the design of field trials to test the performance of a vaccine for bovine tuberculosis (bTB), along with a test to Detect Infected among Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). The objective of cattle vaccination is to use the vaccine in combination with presently applied control measures within the EU as an aid towards bTB eradication. The ideal field trials for the DIVA test will follow the OIE guidelines for test validation. Any deviations from the ideal trial design in relation to DIVA test performance should be justified, and the bias that may subsequently be introduced should be accounted for. The ideal field trial design for vaccination performance should implement a double-blind randomised test scenario, and allow for known risk factors in the field situation. Any deviations from the ideal trial design in relation to vaccine performance should also be justified and bias that may subsequently be introduced should be accounted for. Relevant risk factors and possible confounders that should be taken into consideration in the design of field trials are described in this opinion. The safety of a candidate vaccine is guaranteed in the registration of a vaccine medication by a competent authority. The field trials will need to fulfil these requirements to prove that the use of this vaccine in the field is safe for both public health and the environment. Some additional remarks regarding the safety of this specific vaccine are included in this opinion.
The EFSA"s Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opin... more The EFSA"s Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of a low atmosphere pressure system (LAPS) for stunning poultry. Four documents were provided by the European Commission (EC) as the basis for an assessment of the extent to which the LAPS is able to provide a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the current allowed methods for stunning poultry. The LAPS is described as rendering poultry unconscious by gradually reducing oxygen tension in the atmosphere leading to progressive hypoxia in the birds. In order to be allowed in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure 1) absence of pain, distress and suffering until the onset of unconsciousness, and 2) that the animal remains unconscious until death. The submitted studies were peer-reviewed by the AHAW Panel as outlined in its "Guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning intervention regarding animal protection at the time of killing". It is unclear from the submitted documents whether the rate of decompression used in LAPS induces unconsciousness and death without causing avoidable pain and suffering in poultry. The assessed studies did not pass the eligibility assessment and, therefore, no further assessment was undertaken.
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare was aske... more Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on welfare aspect of the main systems of stunning and killing of farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the EU. A semi-quantitative risk assessment approach was used to rank the risks of poor welfare associated with the different commercially applied stunning / killing methods for seabass and seabream and to identify areas of concern, as well as to provide guidance for future research. The risk assessment was based on expert opinion, due to the limited amount of quantitative data and published peer reviewed data on the effects of the hazards associated with the killing of seabass and seabream. Pre-slaughter stages, immediately before killing, which had a direct impact on welfare were included in the risk assessment. Stunning and killing methods such as electrical stunning and the use of gas mixtures that are not commercially used in Europe were also described but not included in the risk assessment. The three methods assessed were: asphyxia in air; live chilling on ice; and live chilling in ice water slurry, the latter being the most commonly used method in the EU. The pre-slaughter stages considered were common to all killing methods: i) Feed withdrawal; ii) Crowding; and iii) Removal from water. Hazards associated with pre-slaughter procedures lead to high adverse effects on fish welfare. The most important hazards in the pre-slaughter phase were: i) Very high density in the crowding; ii) Long period of crowding; and iii) exposure to air. High magnitude of the adverse effects was observed for repeated catching as the effect on residual fish that were not killed was considered to be very severe. Pre-slaughter management practices which keep crowding duration short and ensure a low crowding density level help to reduce distress induced by crowding. Crowding should be synchronised with subsequent slaughter stages so that fish are not crowded for longer than necessary. Measures such as oxygenation or water renewal should be used to minimize deterioration of water quality. Exposure to air should be reduced to the minimum possible time. Research is needed to develop pre-slaughter and slaughter methods that avoid air exposure. Management and marketing practices should be implemented to avoid repeated exposure of the fish population to crowding, netting and prolonged feed withdrawal, and a recovery period should be allowed. According to the farming system, location and species appropriate preslaughter procedures and equipments should be identified.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal He... more Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of VEE to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of VEE according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to VEE. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, it is inconclusive whether VEE is eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no full consensus on the criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, since it is inconclusive whether VEE can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, the assessment on compliance of VEE with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV to the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1), and which animal species can be considered to be listed for VEE according to Article 8(3) of the AHL is also inconclusive.
The use of liquid carbon dioxide (CO(2)) was evaluated as a means of culling a flock of five-week... more The use of liquid carbon dioxide (CO(2)) was evaluated as a means of culling a flock of five-week-old pullets in situ. It took five minutes and 20 seconds for sufficient liquid CO(2) to be injected (3.24 tonnes) to achieve the target concentration of 45 per cent CO(2). Although very low ambient temperatures were recorded (below -80°C) during gassing, on the basis of postmortem reports and other data it is inferred that the birds died within minutes of exposure to the gas and before experiencing the extremely low temperatures recorded in the house.
BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that is an important cause of infect... more BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that is an important cause of infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lymphoid malignancies, and in those receiving corticosteroid therapy. The spectrum of diseases caused by C neoformans ranges from pulmonary infection to disseminated disease frequently involving the central nervous system, and occasionally skin and bone. Other extrapulmonary and extraneural sites of infection are less common. Cryptococcal peritonitis is an unusual entity, which is most often encountered in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing ambulatory dialysis. CASE REPORT: We present a case of cryptococcal peritonitis which developed in a patient with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis. As little is know about the relationship between cirrhosis and cryptococcosis, we further reviewed the literature of this unusual but life-threatening relationship. DISCUSSION: Severe liver disease has not been fully recognized as a predis...
In most of the developed countries, excluding the United States of America, it is a statutory req... more In most of the developed countries, excluding the United States of America, it is a statutory requirement that all animals including poultry slaughtered for human consumption are rendered immediately unconscious (stunning) and they remain so until death supervenes through blood loss (slaughter). The duration of unconsciousness induced by a stunning procedure must be longer than the sum of time that
The Quick Switching Sampling System by attributes was devised by Romboski (1969). He has studied ... more The Quick Switching Sampling System by attributes was devised by Romboski (1969). He has studied a new system, comprising normal and tightened plans, called a Quick Switching System (n; cT, cN)[(n, cN) and (n, cT) are normal and tightened single ...
Electrical waterbath stunning is the most common method used to stun poultry under commercial con... more Electrical waterbath stunning is the most common method used to stun poultry under commercial conditions. The voltage supplied to a multiple bird waterbath stunner must be adequate to deliver the required minimum current to each bird. High frequency (> 300 Hz) electrical waterbath stunning needs further investigation to determine its efficiency. It should always be followed by a prompt neck cutting procedure where all the major blood vessels in the neck are severed. Irrespective of the waveform or frequency of the currents employed, constant current stunners should be installed under commercial conditions to ensure that the minimum currents are delivered to individual birds in waterbath stunners. Head only electrical stunning of poultry is being investigated in detail and there is scope for commercial development. Important features include (a) a constant current capable of delivering a preset current, (b) a bird restraining conveyor and head presentation devices enabling the stu...
Various forms of containerised gas killing systems have been used to slaughter large numbers of p... more Various forms of containerised gas killing systems have been used to slaughter large numbers of poultry on farms during outbreaks of notifiable diseases. However, none of the systems have been fully evaluated to assess bird welfare, operators’ health and safety and biosecurity during operation. In addition, standard operating procedures associated with containerised gas killing systems are lacking in the literature. Therefore, a research and development project was initiated by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in the UK with the primary objective being to develop humane systems for culling poultry on farm and to produce operating procedures based on sound scientific principles. A series of studies have been conducted to achieve the objective and relevant observations and operating procedures are reviewed in this paper.
A requirement under humane slaughter regulation is that stunning methods should induce immediate ... more A requirement under humane slaughter regulation is that stunning methods should induce immediate loss of consciousness and sensibility. If the onset of unconsciousness is not immediate, the induction of unconsciousness with a stunning method should not cause in animals avoidable anxiety, fear, pain, distress or suffering. The duration of unconsciousness induced by a stunning procedure must be longer than the sum of time that lapses between the end of stun and the time to onset of death. Since the effect of a stunning method is momentary, the onus of preventing resumption of consciousness thereafter relies on the efficiency of slaughter procedure; i.e. the prompt and accurate severance of blood vessels supplying oxygenated blood to the brain. Electrical water baths and gas or controlled atmospheres are commonly used for stunning poultry under commercial conditions. The electrical waveforms (sine wave alternating current or pulsed direct current) and frequencies (Hz) employed to stun poultry and the amount of current applied to individual birds in a water bath stunner widely varies. Rationalisation of electrical variables is urgently warranted. Varieties of gas mixtures have been proposed or used for stunning or killing poultry in crates or conveyors however the bird welfare implications have not been communicated effectively to facilitate progress. This review deals with the efficacy of electrical variables used in the water baths and of slaughter methods, and the relative merits of different gas mixtures used for stunning or killing broilers.
The reactions of turkeys to the presence of either 90 per cent argon in air (anoxia), 72 per cent... more The reactions of turkeys to the presence of either 90 per cent argon in air (anoxia), 72 per cent carbon dioxide in air or a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air with 3 per cent residual oxygen were tested. The majority of the turkeys did not avoid a feeding chamber containing either argon or the mixture of carbon dioxide and argon, but 50 per cent of the turkeys avoided a feeding chamber containing 72 per cent carbon dioxide in air. It is concluded that from the point of view of welfare, either 90 per cent argon in air or a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air, would be preferable to a high concentration of carbon dioxide for stunning/killing turkeys.
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