Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2016
In India, an orthopedician sees many patients commonly with a complaint of bone pain and other pa... more In India, an orthopedician sees many patients commonly with a complaint of bone pain and other pathological bone fracture during his/her daily clinical consulting. ‘Osteoporosis’ is the cause for bone mineral loss. It affects postmenopausal women and aged population of both sexes. Many of these people are found to be asymptomatic. A simple reliable screening device is required in a hospital to identify an individual with low areal bone mineral density (aBMD, g cm−2) with good accuracy. So that, a suitable therapeutic intervention can be initiated to prevent further loss in aBMD. The dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone densitometer, a ‘gold’ standard device, used to measure aBMD) at the hip, spine, and forearm. In India, DXA bone densitometer is found to be costly and is restricted only in urban cities. On the other hand, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) bone densitometer is cost effective, and is widely available. Even now, the cost of QUS is not affordable by many hospitals in rural parts of India. The aim of this study was to screen subjects of both sexes, aged 50 years and above in a hospital for osteoporosis using a low cost, portable constructed prototype of QUS bones densitometer with a good accuracy. The prototype of the device was constructed using a pair of wideband, flat, composite US transducers (diameter = 10 mm) operating at a central frequency equal to 0.5 MHz. The following US parameters were measured accurately at one-third length of ulna bone using the digital storage oscilloscope (DSO): (i) Ultrasonic transmit time (∆T, µsec) and (ii) Ultrasonic attenuation (∆V in volt). The device was calibrated with a step bone phantom of known BMD (g cm−2) values. A total number of 98 women and men, aged 50 years and above were screened for the disorder in a hospital. In each subject, the QUS parameters were measured at right side ulna bone region under standard conditions using the prototype bone densitometer. In each subject, the ulna aBMD was estimated with good accuracy using the measured ΔV by the prototype bone densitometer. All the obtained data were analyzed statistically. In the total women screened, aged 50 years and above (n = 49; mean ± SD age = 57.8 ± 9.8 years) using the prototype bone densitometer, it was found that 57.1, 20.4, and 22.4 % of the screened women were found to be having osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal, respectively. On the other hand, in the total men screened, aged 50 years and above (n = 49; mean ± SD age = 60.8 ± 11.5 years), it was found that 36.7, 28.6, and 34.7 % of the men were found to be having osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal, respectively. Also, it was observed that, in osteoporotic women, the percentage difference in the mean value of estimated BMD (g cm−2) compared to normal was greater (71.8 %), when compared to the same measured in osteoporotic men counterpart (59.1 %). The designed prototype US bone densitometer can be used to screen an individual who is at risk for future osteoporosis, with good accuracy.
‘Osteoporosis’ is highly prevalent in India and in other parts of the world. The aged population ... more ‘Osteoporosis’ is highly prevalent in India and in other parts of the world. The aged population of both sexes is at higher risk for the disorder. In India, the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone densitometer, which is considered as the ‘gold’ standard to measure bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip, spine, and forearm is costly and not widely available. On the other hand, ultrasound (US) based bone densitometer is low cost, and is widely available. The accuracy of the device varies widely between the manufactures. The aim of this study was to design and construct a prototype of US forearm bone densitometer to measure BMD with good sensitivity compared to peripheral (p) DXA as standard. The prototype of the device was constructed using a pair of wideband, flat, composite US transducers (diameter=10mm) operating at a central frequency equal to 0.5MHz. The following US parameters were measured accurately at one third length of ulna bone using the digital storage oscilloscope (DSO): i). Ultrasonic transmit time (ΔT, μsec); and ii).Ultrasonic attenuation (ΔV in volt). The device was validated with a bone phantom with the known BMD value supplied by the pDXA manufacturer. A total number of 40 women, and men, aged 30 years and below, as well as aged 45 years and above were studied. In each subject, both forearm BMD (g/cm2) by pDXA and US parameters of the ulna bone by the prototype bone densitometer was measured at standard conditions. All the obtained data were analyzed statistically. It was found that, in total women studied (n=20), the forearm BMD by DXA was correlated statistically significantly with both the measured ΔT and ΔV values by the prototype bone densitometer. On the other hand, in total men studied (n=20), the forearm BMD by pDXA was correlated statistically significantly only with measured ΔT value by the prototype bone densitometer. Also, it was found that, in old age women group (n=10), the calculated percentage difference in the mean values of US parameters was greater statistically significant than the corresponding BMD value when compared to young women’s group (n=10). On the other hand, in old age men group (n=10), the calculated percentage difference in the mean values of both US parameters and BMD value were not statistically significant, when compared to the corresponding values of young women’s group (n=10). The prototype device can be useful in the evaluation of the disease with good accuracy.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2016
In India, an orthopedician sees many patients commonly with a complaint of bone pain and other pa... more In India, an orthopedician sees many patients commonly with a complaint of bone pain and other pathological bone fracture during his/her daily clinical consulting. ‘Osteoporosis’ is the cause for bone mineral loss. It affects postmenopausal women and aged population of both sexes. Many of these people are found to be asymptomatic. A simple reliable screening device is required in a hospital to identify an individual with low areal bone mineral density (aBMD, g cm−2) with good accuracy. So that, a suitable therapeutic intervention can be initiated to prevent further loss in aBMD. The dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone densitometer, a ‘gold’ standard device, used to measure aBMD) at the hip, spine, and forearm. In India, DXA bone densitometer is found to be costly and is restricted only in urban cities. On the other hand, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) bone densitometer is cost effective, and is widely available. Even now, the cost of QUS is not affordable by many hospitals in rural parts of India. The aim of this study was to screen subjects of both sexes, aged 50 years and above in a hospital for osteoporosis using a low cost, portable constructed prototype of QUS bones densitometer with a good accuracy. The prototype of the device was constructed using a pair of wideband, flat, composite US transducers (diameter = 10 mm) operating at a central frequency equal to 0.5 MHz. The following US parameters were measured accurately at one-third length of ulna bone using the digital storage oscilloscope (DSO): (i) Ultrasonic transmit time (∆T, µsec) and (ii) Ultrasonic attenuation (∆V in volt). The device was calibrated with a step bone phantom of known BMD (g cm−2) values. A total number of 98 women and men, aged 50 years and above were screened for the disorder in a hospital. In each subject, the QUS parameters were measured at right side ulna bone region under standard conditions using the prototype bone densitometer. In each subject, the ulna aBMD was estimated with good accuracy using the measured ΔV by the prototype bone densitometer. All the obtained data were analyzed statistically. In the total women screened, aged 50 years and above (n = 49; mean ± SD age = 57.8 ± 9.8 years) using the prototype bone densitometer, it was found that 57.1, 20.4, and 22.4 % of the screened women were found to be having osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal, respectively. On the other hand, in the total men screened, aged 50 years and above (n = 49; mean ± SD age = 60.8 ± 11.5 years), it was found that 36.7, 28.6, and 34.7 % of the men were found to be having osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal, respectively. Also, it was observed that, in osteoporotic women, the percentage difference in the mean value of estimated BMD (g cm−2) compared to normal was greater (71.8 %), when compared to the same measured in osteoporotic men counterpart (59.1 %). The designed prototype US bone densitometer can be used to screen an individual who is at risk for future osteoporosis, with good accuracy.
‘Osteoporosis’ is highly prevalent in India and in other parts of the world. The aged population ... more ‘Osteoporosis’ is highly prevalent in India and in other parts of the world. The aged population of both sexes is at higher risk for the disorder. In India, the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone densitometer, which is considered as the ‘gold’ standard to measure bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip, spine, and forearm is costly and not widely available. On the other hand, ultrasound (US) based bone densitometer is low cost, and is widely available. The accuracy of the device varies widely between the manufactures. The aim of this study was to design and construct a prototype of US forearm bone densitometer to measure BMD with good sensitivity compared to peripheral (p) DXA as standard. The prototype of the device was constructed using a pair of wideband, flat, composite US transducers (diameter=10mm) operating at a central frequency equal to 0.5MHz. The following US parameters were measured accurately at one third length of ulna bone using the digital storage oscilloscope (DSO): i). Ultrasonic transmit time (ΔT, μsec); and ii).Ultrasonic attenuation (ΔV in volt). The device was validated with a bone phantom with the known BMD value supplied by the pDXA manufacturer. A total number of 40 women, and men, aged 30 years and below, as well as aged 45 years and above were studied. In each subject, both forearm BMD (g/cm2) by pDXA and US parameters of the ulna bone by the prototype bone densitometer was measured at standard conditions. All the obtained data were analyzed statistically. It was found that, in total women studied (n=20), the forearm BMD by DXA was correlated statistically significantly with both the measured ΔT and ΔV values by the prototype bone densitometer. On the other hand, in total men studied (n=20), the forearm BMD by pDXA was correlated statistically significantly only with measured ΔT value by the prototype bone densitometer. Also, it was found that, in old age women group (n=10), the calculated percentage difference in the mean values of US parameters was greater statistically significant than the corresponding BMD value when compared to young women’s group (n=10). On the other hand, in old age men group (n=10), the calculated percentage difference in the mean values of both US parameters and BMD value were not statistically significant, when compared to the corresponding values of young women’s group (n=10). The prototype device can be useful in the evaluation of the disease with good accuracy.
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