FROM CONFLICT TO CRIME. Exploring Criminality in the Past, 2022
Kniha prináša najnovší výskum slovenskej a českej historiografie na široké spektrum tém týkajúcic... more Kniha prináša najnovší výskum slovenskej a českej historiografie na široké spektrum tém týkajúcich sa kriminality, súdnictva i disciplinácie. Skúma fungovanie súdnej praxe i konkrétne kriminálne prípady na úrovni rôznych súdnych inštancií, akými boli mestá, stolice, odvolací súd (Apelačný súd pre české mestá) i štatariálne súdy, ktoré zriaďovali panovníci ako mimoriadny právny prostriedok na potrestanie aktérov šľachtických, konfesionálnych či sedliackych nepokojov a povstaní. Niekoľko štúdií je zameraných i na oblasť nižšej súdnej právomoci na rôznych inštitucionálnych mikroúrovniach, na ktorých boli konflikty a prehrešky riešené v prvopočiatkoch. Patrili medzi ne sociálno-profesijné a cirkevné organizácie (cechy, reformovaná cirkev), špeciálne súdy pre baníkov (Dištriktuálny banský súd) a úrady s policajnými právomocami pre chránené územia (vinohrady, lesy). Obsiahnuté sú aj vybrané otázky právnej klasifikácie a teórie, príklady využitia matrík ako prameňa pri skúmaní kriminality, analýza sociálneho pozadia páchateľov, špecifické typy deliktov v období osmanského susedstva, význam a symbolika zneucťujúcich trestov a problematika žien v úlohe páchateliek i obetí.
Od zločinu k trestu. Vývoj stoličného súdnictva na Liptove v 18. storočí (The development of county judiciary in the region of Liptov in the 18th century), 2019
The aim of this book has been to outline the criminal court of the Liptov county as for the
fina... more The aim of this book has been to outline the criminal court of the Liptov county as for the financial costs related to its operation and court trial procedures by using archival documents of the Liptov county, mainly the county court. The book focuses on changes that occurred in the Liptov county judiciary during the 18th century as well as individual types of crime and its development in the 18th century based on analyses of court files.
The clothing of criminals in the 18th century did not differ significantly from the clothing of t... more The clothing of criminals in the 18th century did not differ significantly from the clothing of the people around them, which is hardly surprising, as they came from their ranks. However, we can see in their clothing a reflection of their professional or social status. For example, it is evident from the clothing of most robbers that they came from a shepherd’s environment. In their clothing, we find components that have been explicitly designated as shepherd’s or were often found on shepherd’s clothing. Various forms of individual decoration are found on trousers and headgear, such as cloth ribbons and beads in particular, and also seashells.
As for other categories of criminal, identifying a pattern for such a small number of cases is complicated. However, in general, their clothing contained mostly elements typical of their status or profession. Still, it is clear that even the clothes of the lower social groups were not uniform.
The aim of the proposed text was to analyse the decades-long accepted
information about the imp... more The aim of the proposed text was to analyse the decades-long accepted
information about the imprisonment of the robber Juraj Jánošík in the
Vranovo manor house in Palúdzka (now part of the town Liptovský
Mikuláš). The Slovak romantic poet Samo Chalupka was the first to put
forward this theory, which was a story told in his family for generations.
However, the court practice in the Liptov county, as well as in the town
of Svätý Mikuláš shows that the possibility of imprisoning a robber in
Vranovo is improbable. The county courts had been held in the town for
years before, so the county had to have a background here. In addition, the
town prison has been documented in Svätý Mikuláš since the end of the
17th century, The county could also use it, and in the later period we have
proof of this.
Spravodlivosť pre všetkých.../Igazságot mindenkinek... , 2020
In the past there were few palces in Liptov region, which were used as the place where the law wa... more In the past there were few palces in Liptov region, which were used as the place where the law was exercised. First of all there were court buildings, that means town halls or county houses. Nemecká Ľupča, Ružomberok and Hybe were towns which had their own town hall. In other towns, the town council had their meetings in mayor's house. In the middle ages the county house was by the St. Mary church in Svätá Mara village. In 1712 county bought the building on the main square in Svätý Mikuláš. This building was used untill 1793, when the new county house was finished. County courts were held also in Nemecká Ľupča and Ružomberok The offenders were held in prison. We dont know exactly where this prisons where located, but according to archival documents they were in Svätý Mikuláš, Hybe, Ružomberok, Bobrovec, Vrbica and Sielnica. Execution sites were used for capital punishments. According to archival documents and names of the local places we know about five execution sites: gallows Šibeničky near the town of Vrbica, gallows in Nemecká Ľupča, gallows in Ružomberok and Trnovec. A disposable execution site was built near the village of Dúbrava. Pillories were used in case of humiliating punishments. We know about four pillories in Liptov county. All of them were located in the main square. They were in Ružomberok, Nemecká Ľupča, Svätý Mikuláš and Trnovec. The last one preserved to this day. Churches, town squares or houses of a local knackers were used as a places for punishments too. Az előadás Liptó vármegye területén található helyszínekkel foglalkozik, ahol az igazságszolgáltatást és bűntetésvégrehajtást gyakorolták a középkorban és újkorban. Azokra a helyszínekre fókuszál ahol megtalálhatóak voltak vagy még mindig megtalálhatóak az akasztófák, bitófák, pellengérek, bírósági termek és más erre a célra létrehozott épitmények (mint pl. a templomok, amelyek elótt végrehajtották a büntetéseket, stb.). Azt az időszakot térképezi fel, amelyben ezek a helyszínek a bűntetés céljaira voltak felhaszndlva, illetve az azon építmények sorsát, amelyek már elvesztették addigi szerepüket.
Daniel Speer, vo svojom diele Uhorský Simplicissimus, opísal liptovských zemanov síce ako vzdelan... more Daniel Speer, vo svojom diele Uhorský Simplicissimus, opísal liptovských zemanov síce ako vzdelaných, zdvorilých a pohostinných ľudí, ktorí sa však, napriek svojmu vyššiemu stavu, živili remeslami a poľnohospodárstvom." Ako skutočne žili títo ľudia v časoch Speeraav ďalšom období? Na nasledujúcich riadkoch sa budem snažiť predstaviť spôsob bývania liptovských zemanov v dobe 17. a prvej polovice 18. storočia. Vychádzať pri tom budem najmä z archívnych dokumentov z fondu Liptovskej stolice, konkrétne zo súpisov majetku, prípadne dokumentov z delieb alebo oceňovaní majetkov. Liptovské zemianstvo, ktoré bolo prevažne slovenského pôvodu, sa počas protihabsburských stavovských povstaní dostalo do kontaktu s povstaleckými vojakmi, často prichádzajúcimi z maďarského jazykového prostredia. Pod ich vplyvom si príslušníci niektorých rodov pomaďarčili mená, aj keď v predchádzajúcom období si ich písali po slovensky. Bolo tak napríklad v prípade rodu Svätojánsky, ktorého členovia sa začali podpisovať ako Szentiványi, Palúdzsky (resp. Palúcky) ako Palugyai, Podturniansky ako Pottornyay, Okoličiansky ako Okolicsányi alebo Kubínsky ako Kubínyi." Napriek tomu príslušníci miestneho zemianstva v 17. a 18. storočí medzi sebou komunikovali takmer výhradne v slovenčine, pričom maďarský jazyk poväčšine ani dobre neovládali." Počet týchto zemanov predstavoval viac ako 1 000 osôb." Podľa súpisu liptovskej šľachty z roku 1636 tu totiž žilo viac ako 50 šľachtických rodov.
Všetky práva vyhradené. Nijakú časť tejto publikácie nemožno reprodukovať, kopírovať, uchovávať a... more Všetky práva vyhradené. Nijakú časť tejto publikácie nemožno reprodukovať, kopírovať, uchovávať ani prenášať prostredníctvom nijakých médií bez predchádzajúceho písomného súhlasu autorov.
Formy a proměny diplomatické produkce v novověku III. Diplomatika a proměny kulturní krajiny v novověku (1500-1945), 2019
In Ružomberok, the logging has been overseen by several town employees, such as secretary of fore... more In Ružomberok, the logging has been overseen by several town employees, such as secretary of forest treasury, forest inspector and rangers. Rearly there were also sub-rangers. I tried to fully illustrate the state of the town forests based on the most extensive report from a forest inspector from 1822. In the report, the forests are divided into three divisions. It implies that the majority of the mentioned locations were in protection, but in many of them illegal logging was taking place. We can find only limited notes on locations with legal logging, or locations damaged by strong wind. A serious issue concerning the Ružombetok forests was the illegal logging. People would de it on Sunday or at night, when the guarding rangers werent in the forests. Another significant issue concerning forests was the tree bark peeling. This was done mainly by shepherds, who used the bark as roof covering on their huts. The tree bark would also peel off for different reasons. This kind of damage could lead to drying out, so the magistrate would order to chop them down urgently. In a small way, we can register forest damage caused by strong wind or wild animals (mainly bears). Apart from forests, the forest inspectors were also in charge of guarding the town fields and meadows. When the fields were under their surveillance, people weren't allowed to graze their cattle on them. The guarded field would be marked by small branches. Die Holznutzung in Rosenberg/Ružomberok beaufsichtigten einige Stadtangestellte wie ein Waldkassenwart, Waldinspektor und Wildheger. Selten erschienen auch Forster. Auf möglichst komplexe Art und Weise wird im vorliegenden Beitrag angestrebt, den Stand der Stadtwälder auf Grund des umfassendsten Berichts des Waldinspektors aus dem Jahr 1822 darzustellen. Im Bericht waren die Wälder in drei Divisionen geteilt. Aus dem Bericht geht hervor, dass die meisten von der erwähnten Lokalitäten geschützt wurden, aber in vielen von ihnen erfolgte eine illegale Holznutzung. Nur in kleinem Maße wird an die Lokalitäten mit legaler Holznutzung, eventuell an die durch starken Wind beschädigten Lokalitäten erinnert. Ein ernsthaftes Problem der Rosenberger Wälder war so die illegale Holznutzung. Die Menschen begingen sie oft sonntags oder nachts, wenn in Wäldern keine Wache haltenden Heger waren. Ein weiteres wichtiges Problem der Wälder war das Entrinden der Bäume. Dies machten vor allem die Schäfer, welche die Rinde als Dachbedeckung für ihre Almhütten nutzten. Die Bäume konnten auch aus anderen Gründen entrindet werden. So beschädigte Bäume konnten nämlich schnell austrocknen, und so ordnete der Magistrat gewöhnlich ihre schnelle Abholzung an. In kleinem Maße erinnert man sich noch an die Waldbeschädigung, die durch starken Wind oder von Wildtieren (vor allem Baren) verursacht wurde. Neben den Wäldern waren die Waldinspektoren auch für die Aufsicht über die Waldblößen und -schläge verantwortlich. Die Waldblößen wurden gewöhnlich auch geschützt. Damals durften die Ortsbewohner hier keine Tiere weiden lassen. Die geschützten Waldblößen wurden mit Zweigen (sog. „chvojky“) markiert.
Českí jaskyniari, ochranári a turisti na Slovensku v období 1. československej republiky, 2019
Jan Václav Kašpar was a famous Czech mineralogist and geochemist. He worked at the Charles Univer... more Jan Václav Kašpar was a famous Czech mineralogist and geochemist. He worked at the Charles University, in the National Museum in Prague and later at the Technical University in Prague. Especially in the interwar period his activity was focused on the research of caves of the Slovak Karst, especially the Domica Cave, where he discovered the mineral brushite. It was the first recorded occurrence of this mineral in Czechoslovakia. During his work in the Domica cave, Vojtech Benický, its administrator, significantly helped him. Kašpar was a member of the Karst Commission of the Czechoslovak Tourists Club, which carried out research in Slovak caves, but also built a museum at the Domica Cave. During the war his contacts with Slovakia were interrupted, but during the post-war period he carried out several researches in the Demänovská Cave of Freedom and the Domica Cave.
Pohromy, katastrofy a nešťastia v dejinách našich miest, 2019
The fire caused a lot of damages in cities and towns of the region of
Liptov. And since the majo... more The fire caused a lot of damages in cities and towns of the region of Liptov. And since the majority of fires was caused by human, magistrates were trying to avoid it by various regulations. Usual punishment for carelessness in the handling of fire was 12 guldens. From all cases of arson the highest number is unintentional arson. Usually magistrates were punishing it by mulct or whipping. Punishments for intentional arson were more stritc. If court found person guilty, he was facing the death penalty. Smoking was widespread during modern times, which has been behind many of the fires. Magistrates were fighting against this by using the regulations.
The article documents the history of the Tatranský spolok turistický/Tatra Tourist Association (T... more The article documents the history of the Tatranský spolok turistický/Tatra Tourist Association (TST) from its foundation, through development, functioning and activities, to problems, the gradual extinction and incorporation into the Klub československých turistov/Club of Czechoslovak Tourists (KČST). It also focuses on the most prominent personalities and club representatives.
Religious crimes in 18th Century were the second most widespread crimes in Liptov county. It incl... more Religious crimes in 18th Century were the second most widespread crimes in Liptov county. It includes apostasy from the catholic church, raising children in the spirit of protestantism and less occurred crimes as blasphemy, sacrilege and witchcraft. However, the religious crimes in this period were very irregular. There have been periods with complete absence of these cases and periods when there were more cases discussed at the Court. The judges have decided on the basis of the legal articles summarized in the Corpus Juris Hungarici statute. Whether it was the Royal Decree, the Tripartitum by Stephen Verbőczy, or the Latin translation of the Austrian legal collection Praxis criminalis.
The subject of the article is the person of Miloš Janoška. Born in the Jasenova village in the Or... more The subject of the article is the person of Miloš Janoška. Born in the Jasenova village in the Orava region in 1884. His father was the evangelical priest and later general bishop Juraj Janoška. In 1895 the whole family moved to Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš. Janoška studied at the Evangelical Lyceum in Banská Bystrica and Sopron, where he also attended an institute for education of teachers. In 1904 he started to work as a teacher in the village Pivnica but in the following year he held a teaching position in Štrba. In 1919 he became a school inspector for the Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš district and next year also a manager of the state schools in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš. He worked in education until his early retirement. In addition he deserved much development of tourism. In 1911 he wrote the book The Guide to the Tatras (Sprievodca po Tatrách), in 1919 he co-founded the Tatra Tourist Association and in 1921 also the tourist magazine Krásy Slovenska (Beauties of Slovakia). In addition, he actively participated in the life of several associations (Sokol, the Association of Demänovské Caves, The Singing Choir of Slovak Teachers ...), he was the author of the textbooks, the translator. During the world war II he joined the resistance. He died in 1963.
The high estamount of guilds in Liptov region grew in cities and towns as Nemecká Ľupča, Ružomber... more The high estamount of guilds in Liptov region grew in cities and towns as Nemecká Ľupča, Ružomberok, Svätý Mikuláš and Hybe, which guild regulations interfered with the privacy of its members. Single articles regulated working hours, determined the religious and funeral customs, demeanor or dress, prohibited participation in village dances and contacts with executioners or vagrants. Some regulations interfered in the married life of members. If someone violated article, he could be punished in different ways, for example by fines, imprisonment, lash or excluded fromt he guild.
The article investigates the evolution of insults in the Liptov towns between the 16th and 18th c... more The article investigates the evolution of insults in the Liptov towns between the 16th and 18th centuries. At the same time it also deal with the ways in which the Liptov municipal courts resolved these insults. In particular, it addresses the insults to the guilds, the nobility and the municipality. This work is mainly based on the records from the municipal councils of the towns of Liptovský Mikuláš, Nemecká Ľupča, Ružomberok, Hybe, Liptovská Sielnica, Liptovský Trnovec and Bobrovec.
Majetkové a hospodářské trestné činy včera a dnes, 2016
The aim of the work is to show on the examples of the thefts, which dealt
Liptov county court in... more The aim of the work is to show on the examples of the thefts, which dealt Liptov county court in the 18th century, who participated in the theft, how individual theft took place and how county court were punishing these acts. the work 1s based on archival matenal, namely communal files, coming from activities of the Liptov county court. Through testmomes, interrogations and judgments work points to few facts, which have been found. Among thieves were peasants, to a lesser extent servants, vagrants, shepherds, gypsies and noblemen. They were stealing mostly solo and only in one village or thereabouts. Organized groups appears in a mmonity of cases. Among the stolen items most prevalent food, clothing, cloths and money, to a lesser extent were stolen various tools, anumals and other things. the most common punishment for thieves was whipping. Expulsion from the county, prison, burning sign on the forehead, death or other punishment aren't used to so often.
Trestné činy proti životu a zdraví včera a dnes, 2015
Publikace neprošla jazykovou korekturou. Za jazykovou stránku [sou zodpovédní jednotliví autori p... more Publikace neprošla jazykovou korekturou. Za jazykovou stránku [sou zodpovédní jednotliví autori príspévkú, stejné tak i za poskytnutí príslušné licence k otišténi fotografií. Publikace progla recenznim fizenim.
The aim of the chapter is to describe diversity of punishments which Liptov county court imposed ... more The aim of the chapter is to describe diversity of punishments which Liptov county court imposed for vice crimes in 18th century. The most numerous in reviewed period were in Liptov observed infanticidium and lechery, less numerous were incest and adultery and rarely was observed zoophilia, bigamy, prostitution and rape. The punishments were the following: For less serious crimes as for example lechery or adultery court used flogging an whipping, fines or short-time jail. More serious crimes as incest and zoophilia were punished by few years in jail or by death (most often execution as decollation by a sword). Punishments could be combined or complemented for example with expulsion from the territory of county.
Spoločnosť, kultúra a každodennosť v dejinách Slovenska, 2012
The study deals with the specific type of the criminal
activities — vice criminality. This categ... more The study deals with the specific type of the criminal activities — vice criminality. This category includes delinquencies like lechery, adultery, prostitution, zoophilia or incest. The paper focuses on the 18th century Liptov region, specifically on model towns of Liptovský Mikuláš, Ružomberok and Hybe. Retained agenda of the mentioned towns is used as a main source.
FROM CONFLICT TO CRIME. Exploring Criminality in the Past, 2022
Kniha prináša najnovší výskum slovenskej a českej historiografie na široké spektrum tém týkajúcic... more Kniha prináša najnovší výskum slovenskej a českej historiografie na široké spektrum tém týkajúcich sa kriminality, súdnictva i disciplinácie. Skúma fungovanie súdnej praxe i konkrétne kriminálne prípady na úrovni rôznych súdnych inštancií, akými boli mestá, stolice, odvolací súd (Apelačný súd pre české mestá) i štatariálne súdy, ktoré zriaďovali panovníci ako mimoriadny právny prostriedok na potrestanie aktérov šľachtických, konfesionálnych či sedliackych nepokojov a povstaní. Niekoľko štúdií je zameraných i na oblasť nižšej súdnej právomoci na rôznych inštitucionálnych mikroúrovniach, na ktorých boli konflikty a prehrešky riešené v prvopočiatkoch. Patrili medzi ne sociálno-profesijné a cirkevné organizácie (cechy, reformovaná cirkev), špeciálne súdy pre baníkov (Dištriktuálny banský súd) a úrady s policajnými právomocami pre chránené územia (vinohrady, lesy). Obsiahnuté sú aj vybrané otázky právnej klasifikácie a teórie, príklady využitia matrík ako prameňa pri skúmaní kriminality, analýza sociálneho pozadia páchateľov, špecifické typy deliktov v období osmanského susedstva, význam a symbolika zneucťujúcich trestov a problematika žien v úlohe páchateliek i obetí.
Od zločinu k trestu. Vývoj stoličného súdnictva na Liptove v 18. storočí (The development of county judiciary in the region of Liptov in the 18th century), 2019
The aim of this book has been to outline the criminal court of the Liptov county as for the
fina... more The aim of this book has been to outline the criminal court of the Liptov county as for the financial costs related to its operation and court trial procedures by using archival documents of the Liptov county, mainly the county court. The book focuses on changes that occurred in the Liptov county judiciary during the 18th century as well as individual types of crime and its development in the 18th century based on analyses of court files.
The clothing of criminals in the 18th century did not differ significantly from the clothing of t... more The clothing of criminals in the 18th century did not differ significantly from the clothing of the people around them, which is hardly surprising, as they came from their ranks. However, we can see in their clothing a reflection of their professional or social status. For example, it is evident from the clothing of most robbers that they came from a shepherd’s environment. In their clothing, we find components that have been explicitly designated as shepherd’s or were often found on shepherd’s clothing. Various forms of individual decoration are found on trousers and headgear, such as cloth ribbons and beads in particular, and also seashells.
As for other categories of criminal, identifying a pattern for such a small number of cases is complicated. However, in general, their clothing contained mostly elements typical of their status or profession. Still, it is clear that even the clothes of the lower social groups were not uniform.
The aim of the proposed text was to analyse the decades-long accepted
information about the imp... more The aim of the proposed text was to analyse the decades-long accepted
information about the imprisonment of the robber Juraj Jánošík in the
Vranovo manor house in Palúdzka (now part of the town Liptovský
Mikuláš). The Slovak romantic poet Samo Chalupka was the first to put
forward this theory, which was a story told in his family for generations.
However, the court practice in the Liptov county, as well as in the town
of Svätý Mikuláš shows that the possibility of imprisoning a robber in
Vranovo is improbable. The county courts had been held in the town for
years before, so the county had to have a background here. In addition, the
town prison has been documented in Svätý Mikuláš since the end of the
17th century, The county could also use it, and in the later period we have
proof of this.
Spravodlivosť pre všetkých.../Igazságot mindenkinek... , 2020
In the past there were few palces in Liptov region, which were used as the place where the law wa... more In the past there were few palces in Liptov region, which were used as the place where the law was exercised. First of all there were court buildings, that means town halls or county houses. Nemecká Ľupča, Ružomberok and Hybe were towns which had their own town hall. In other towns, the town council had their meetings in mayor's house. In the middle ages the county house was by the St. Mary church in Svätá Mara village. In 1712 county bought the building on the main square in Svätý Mikuláš. This building was used untill 1793, when the new county house was finished. County courts were held also in Nemecká Ľupča and Ružomberok The offenders were held in prison. We dont know exactly where this prisons where located, but according to archival documents they were in Svätý Mikuláš, Hybe, Ružomberok, Bobrovec, Vrbica and Sielnica. Execution sites were used for capital punishments. According to archival documents and names of the local places we know about five execution sites: gallows Šibeničky near the town of Vrbica, gallows in Nemecká Ľupča, gallows in Ružomberok and Trnovec. A disposable execution site was built near the village of Dúbrava. Pillories were used in case of humiliating punishments. We know about four pillories in Liptov county. All of them were located in the main square. They were in Ružomberok, Nemecká Ľupča, Svätý Mikuláš and Trnovec. The last one preserved to this day. Churches, town squares or houses of a local knackers were used as a places for punishments too. Az előadás Liptó vármegye területén található helyszínekkel foglalkozik, ahol az igazságszolgáltatást és bűntetésvégrehajtást gyakorolták a középkorban és újkorban. Azokra a helyszínekre fókuszál ahol megtalálhatóak voltak vagy még mindig megtalálhatóak az akasztófák, bitófák, pellengérek, bírósági termek és más erre a célra létrehozott épitmények (mint pl. a templomok, amelyek elótt végrehajtották a büntetéseket, stb.). Azt az időszakot térképezi fel, amelyben ezek a helyszínek a bűntetés céljaira voltak felhaszndlva, illetve az azon építmények sorsát, amelyek már elvesztették addigi szerepüket.
Daniel Speer, vo svojom diele Uhorský Simplicissimus, opísal liptovských zemanov síce ako vzdelan... more Daniel Speer, vo svojom diele Uhorský Simplicissimus, opísal liptovských zemanov síce ako vzdelaných, zdvorilých a pohostinných ľudí, ktorí sa však, napriek svojmu vyššiemu stavu, živili remeslami a poľnohospodárstvom." Ako skutočne žili títo ľudia v časoch Speeraav ďalšom období? Na nasledujúcich riadkoch sa budem snažiť predstaviť spôsob bývania liptovských zemanov v dobe 17. a prvej polovice 18. storočia. Vychádzať pri tom budem najmä z archívnych dokumentov z fondu Liptovskej stolice, konkrétne zo súpisov majetku, prípadne dokumentov z delieb alebo oceňovaní majetkov. Liptovské zemianstvo, ktoré bolo prevažne slovenského pôvodu, sa počas protihabsburských stavovských povstaní dostalo do kontaktu s povstaleckými vojakmi, často prichádzajúcimi z maďarského jazykového prostredia. Pod ich vplyvom si príslušníci niektorých rodov pomaďarčili mená, aj keď v predchádzajúcom období si ich písali po slovensky. Bolo tak napríklad v prípade rodu Svätojánsky, ktorého členovia sa začali podpisovať ako Szentiványi, Palúdzsky (resp. Palúcky) ako Palugyai, Podturniansky ako Pottornyay, Okoličiansky ako Okolicsányi alebo Kubínsky ako Kubínyi." Napriek tomu príslušníci miestneho zemianstva v 17. a 18. storočí medzi sebou komunikovali takmer výhradne v slovenčine, pričom maďarský jazyk poväčšine ani dobre neovládali." Počet týchto zemanov predstavoval viac ako 1 000 osôb." Podľa súpisu liptovskej šľachty z roku 1636 tu totiž žilo viac ako 50 šľachtických rodov.
Všetky práva vyhradené. Nijakú časť tejto publikácie nemožno reprodukovať, kopírovať, uchovávať a... more Všetky práva vyhradené. Nijakú časť tejto publikácie nemožno reprodukovať, kopírovať, uchovávať ani prenášať prostredníctvom nijakých médií bez predchádzajúceho písomného súhlasu autorov.
Formy a proměny diplomatické produkce v novověku III. Diplomatika a proměny kulturní krajiny v novověku (1500-1945), 2019
In Ružomberok, the logging has been overseen by several town employees, such as secretary of fore... more In Ružomberok, the logging has been overseen by several town employees, such as secretary of forest treasury, forest inspector and rangers. Rearly there were also sub-rangers. I tried to fully illustrate the state of the town forests based on the most extensive report from a forest inspector from 1822. In the report, the forests are divided into three divisions. It implies that the majority of the mentioned locations were in protection, but in many of them illegal logging was taking place. We can find only limited notes on locations with legal logging, or locations damaged by strong wind. A serious issue concerning the Ružombetok forests was the illegal logging. People would de it on Sunday or at night, when the guarding rangers werent in the forests. Another significant issue concerning forests was the tree bark peeling. This was done mainly by shepherds, who used the bark as roof covering on their huts. The tree bark would also peel off for different reasons. This kind of damage could lead to drying out, so the magistrate would order to chop them down urgently. In a small way, we can register forest damage caused by strong wind or wild animals (mainly bears). Apart from forests, the forest inspectors were also in charge of guarding the town fields and meadows. When the fields were under their surveillance, people weren't allowed to graze their cattle on them. The guarded field would be marked by small branches. Die Holznutzung in Rosenberg/Ružomberok beaufsichtigten einige Stadtangestellte wie ein Waldkassenwart, Waldinspektor und Wildheger. Selten erschienen auch Forster. Auf möglichst komplexe Art und Weise wird im vorliegenden Beitrag angestrebt, den Stand der Stadtwälder auf Grund des umfassendsten Berichts des Waldinspektors aus dem Jahr 1822 darzustellen. Im Bericht waren die Wälder in drei Divisionen geteilt. Aus dem Bericht geht hervor, dass die meisten von der erwähnten Lokalitäten geschützt wurden, aber in vielen von ihnen erfolgte eine illegale Holznutzung. Nur in kleinem Maße wird an die Lokalitäten mit legaler Holznutzung, eventuell an die durch starken Wind beschädigten Lokalitäten erinnert. Ein ernsthaftes Problem der Rosenberger Wälder war so die illegale Holznutzung. Die Menschen begingen sie oft sonntags oder nachts, wenn in Wäldern keine Wache haltenden Heger waren. Ein weiteres wichtiges Problem der Wälder war das Entrinden der Bäume. Dies machten vor allem die Schäfer, welche die Rinde als Dachbedeckung für ihre Almhütten nutzten. Die Bäume konnten auch aus anderen Gründen entrindet werden. So beschädigte Bäume konnten nämlich schnell austrocknen, und so ordnete der Magistrat gewöhnlich ihre schnelle Abholzung an. In kleinem Maße erinnert man sich noch an die Waldbeschädigung, die durch starken Wind oder von Wildtieren (vor allem Baren) verursacht wurde. Neben den Wäldern waren die Waldinspektoren auch für die Aufsicht über die Waldblößen und -schläge verantwortlich. Die Waldblößen wurden gewöhnlich auch geschützt. Damals durften die Ortsbewohner hier keine Tiere weiden lassen. Die geschützten Waldblößen wurden mit Zweigen (sog. „chvojky“) markiert.
Českí jaskyniari, ochranári a turisti na Slovensku v období 1. československej republiky, 2019
Jan Václav Kašpar was a famous Czech mineralogist and geochemist. He worked at the Charles Univer... more Jan Václav Kašpar was a famous Czech mineralogist and geochemist. He worked at the Charles University, in the National Museum in Prague and later at the Technical University in Prague. Especially in the interwar period his activity was focused on the research of caves of the Slovak Karst, especially the Domica Cave, where he discovered the mineral brushite. It was the first recorded occurrence of this mineral in Czechoslovakia. During his work in the Domica cave, Vojtech Benický, its administrator, significantly helped him. Kašpar was a member of the Karst Commission of the Czechoslovak Tourists Club, which carried out research in Slovak caves, but also built a museum at the Domica Cave. During the war his contacts with Slovakia were interrupted, but during the post-war period he carried out several researches in the Demänovská Cave of Freedom and the Domica Cave.
Pohromy, katastrofy a nešťastia v dejinách našich miest, 2019
The fire caused a lot of damages in cities and towns of the region of
Liptov. And since the majo... more The fire caused a lot of damages in cities and towns of the region of Liptov. And since the majority of fires was caused by human, magistrates were trying to avoid it by various regulations. Usual punishment for carelessness in the handling of fire was 12 guldens. From all cases of arson the highest number is unintentional arson. Usually magistrates were punishing it by mulct or whipping. Punishments for intentional arson were more stritc. If court found person guilty, he was facing the death penalty. Smoking was widespread during modern times, which has been behind many of the fires. Magistrates were fighting against this by using the regulations.
The article documents the history of the Tatranský spolok turistický/Tatra Tourist Association (T... more The article documents the history of the Tatranský spolok turistický/Tatra Tourist Association (TST) from its foundation, through development, functioning and activities, to problems, the gradual extinction and incorporation into the Klub československých turistov/Club of Czechoslovak Tourists (KČST). It also focuses on the most prominent personalities and club representatives.
Religious crimes in 18th Century were the second most widespread crimes in Liptov county. It incl... more Religious crimes in 18th Century were the second most widespread crimes in Liptov county. It includes apostasy from the catholic church, raising children in the spirit of protestantism and less occurred crimes as blasphemy, sacrilege and witchcraft. However, the religious crimes in this period were very irregular. There have been periods with complete absence of these cases and periods when there were more cases discussed at the Court. The judges have decided on the basis of the legal articles summarized in the Corpus Juris Hungarici statute. Whether it was the Royal Decree, the Tripartitum by Stephen Verbőczy, or the Latin translation of the Austrian legal collection Praxis criminalis.
The subject of the article is the person of Miloš Janoška. Born in the Jasenova village in the Or... more The subject of the article is the person of Miloš Janoška. Born in the Jasenova village in the Orava region in 1884. His father was the evangelical priest and later general bishop Juraj Janoška. In 1895 the whole family moved to Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš. Janoška studied at the Evangelical Lyceum in Banská Bystrica and Sopron, where he also attended an institute for education of teachers. In 1904 he started to work as a teacher in the village Pivnica but in the following year he held a teaching position in Štrba. In 1919 he became a school inspector for the Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš district and next year also a manager of the state schools in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš. He worked in education until his early retirement. In addition he deserved much development of tourism. In 1911 he wrote the book The Guide to the Tatras (Sprievodca po Tatrách), in 1919 he co-founded the Tatra Tourist Association and in 1921 also the tourist magazine Krásy Slovenska (Beauties of Slovakia). In addition, he actively participated in the life of several associations (Sokol, the Association of Demänovské Caves, The Singing Choir of Slovak Teachers ...), he was the author of the textbooks, the translator. During the world war II he joined the resistance. He died in 1963.
The high estamount of guilds in Liptov region grew in cities and towns as Nemecká Ľupča, Ružomber... more The high estamount of guilds in Liptov region grew in cities and towns as Nemecká Ľupča, Ružomberok, Svätý Mikuláš and Hybe, which guild regulations interfered with the privacy of its members. Single articles regulated working hours, determined the religious and funeral customs, demeanor or dress, prohibited participation in village dances and contacts with executioners or vagrants. Some regulations interfered in the married life of members. If someone violated article, he could be punished in different ways, for example by fines, imprisonment, lash or excluded fromt he guild.
The article investigates the evolution of insults in the Liptov towns between the 16th and 18th c... more The article investigates the evolution of insults in the Liptov towns between the 16th and 18th centuries. At the same time it also deal with the ways in which the Liptov municipal courts resolved these insults. In particular, it addresses the insults to the guilds, the nobility and the municipality. This work is mainly based on the records from the municipal councils of the towns of Liptovský Mikuláš, Nemecká Ľupča, Ružomberok, Hybe, Liptovská Sielnica, Liptovský Trnovec and Bobrovec.
Majetkové a hospodářské trestné činy včera a dnes, 2016
The aim of the work is to show on the examples of the thefts, which dealt
Liptov county court in... more The aim of the work is to show on the examples of the thefts, which dealt Liptov county court in the 18th century, who participated in the theft, how individual theft took place and how county court were punishing these acts. the work 1s based on archival matenal, namely communal files, coming from activities of the Liptov county court. Through testmomes, interrogations and judgments work points to few facts, which have been found. Among thieves were peasants, to a lesser extent servants, vagrants, shepherds, gypsies and noblemen. They were stealing mostly solo and only in one village or thereabouts. Organized groups appears in a mmonity of cases. Among the stolen items most prevalent food, clothing, cloths and money, to a lesser extent were stolen various tools, anumals and other things. the most common punishment for thieves was whipping. Expulsion from the county, prison, burning sign on the forehead, death or other punishment aren't used to so often.
Trestné činy proti životu a zdraví včera a dnes, 2015
Publikace neprošla jazykovou korekturou. Za jazykovou stránku [sou zodpovédní jednotliví autori p... more Publikace neprošla jazykovou korekturou. Za jazykovou stránku [sou zodpovédní jednotliví autori príspévkú, stejné tak i za poskytnutí príslušné licence k otišténi fotografií. Publikace progla recenznim fizenim.
The aim of the chapter is to describe diversity of punishments which Liptov county court imposed ... more The aim of the chapter is to describe diversity of punishments which Liptov county court imposed for vice crimes in 18th century. The most numerous in reviewed period were in Liptov observed infanticidium and lechery, less numerous were incest and adultery and rarely was observed zoophilia, bigamy, prostitution and rape. The punishments were the following: For less serious crimes as for example lechery or adultery court used flogging an whipping, fines or short-time jail. More serious crimes as incest and zoophilia were punished by few years in jail or by death (most often execution as decollation by a sword). Punishments could be combined or complemented for example with expulsion from the territory of county.
Spoločnosť, kultúra a každodennosť v dejinách Slovenska, 2012
The study deals with the specific type of the criminal
activities — vice criminality. This categ... more The study deals with the specific type of the criminal activities — vice criminality. This category includes delinquencies like lechery, adultery, prostitution, zoophilia or incest. The paper focuses on the 18th century Liptov region, specifically on model towns of Liptovský Mikuláš, Ružomberok and Hybe. Retained agenda of the mentioned towns is used as a main source.
Acheiropoiétai-The images not-made-by-human-hand of the Christian Orient until the half of the 8t... more Acheiropoiétai-The images not-made-by-human-hand of the Christian Orient until the half of the 8th century MATE! GOGOLA 00... cccceceeeceeececceeeceeeeeeeeseeeeeecseneseeeteteseeeeeseeseperenteeteeaaea 17 Brunschwicks and their life in Dolná Krupá (A research probe into the issue) RADOSLAVA RISTOVSKA ..........o0ooornonirnnovrnnoro no vans ton netrnno nt nr ria 49 The marriage strategy of the Pálffy family from Červený Kameň (Bibersburg/Vôrôskô) in 19th and the first half of the 20th century
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financial costs related to its operation and court trial procedures by using archival documents of the Liptov county, mainly the county court. The book focuses on changes that occurred in the Liptov county judiciary during the 18th century as well as individual types of crime and its development in the 18th century based on analyses of court files.
Papers by Miroslav Nemec
As for other categories of criminal, identifying a pattern for such a small number of cases is complicated. However, in general, their clothing contained mostly elements typical of their status or profession. Still, it is clear that even the clothes of the lower social groups were not uniform.
information about the imprisonment of the robber Juraj Jánošík in the
Vranovo manor house in Palúdzka (now part of the town Liptovský
Mikuláš). The Slovak romantic poet Samo Chalupka was the first to put
forward this theory, which was a story told in his family for generations.
However, the court practice in the Liptov county, as well as in the town
of Svätý Mikuláš shows that the possibility of imprisoning a robber in
Vranovo is improbable. The county courts had been held in the town for
years before, so the county had to have a background here. In addition, the
town prison has been documented in Svätý Mikuláš since the end of the
17th century, The county could also use it, and in the later period we have
proof of this.
The offenders were held in prison. We dont know exactly where this prisons where located, but according to archival documents they were in Svätý Mikuláš, Hybe, Ružomberok, Bobrovec, Vrbica and Sielnica.
Execution sites were used for capital punishments. According to archival documents and names of the local places we know about five execution sites: gallows Šibeničky near the town of Vrbica, gallows in Nemecká Ľupča, gallows in Ružomberok and Trnovec. A disposable execution site was built near the village of Dúbrava.
Pillories were used in case of humiliating punishments. We know about four pillories in Liptov county. All of them were located in the main square. They were in Ružomberok, Nemecká Ľupča, Svätý Mikuláš and Trnovec. The last one preserved to this day.
Churches, town squares or houses of a local knackers were used as a places for punishments too.
Az előadás Liptó vármegye területén található helyszínekkel foglalkozik, ahol az igazságszolgáltatást és bűntetésvégrehajtást gyakorolták a középkorban és újkorban. Azokra a helyszínekre fókuszál ahol megtalálhatóak voltak vagy még mindig megtalálhatóak az akasztófák, bitófák, pellengérek, bírósági termek és más erre a célra létrehozott épitmények (mint pl. a templomok, amelyek elótt végrehajtották a büntetéseket, stb.). Azt az időszakot térképezi fel, amelyben ezek a helyszínek a bűntetés céljaira voltak felhaszndlva, illetve az azon építmények sorsát, amelyek már elvesztették addigi szerepüket.
I tried to fully illustrate the state of the town forests based on the most extensive report from a forest inspector from 1822. In the report, the forests are divided into three divisions. It implies that the majority of the mentioned locations were in protection, but in many of them illegal logging was taking place. We can find only limited notes on locations with legal logging, or locations damaged by strong wind.
A serious issue concerning the Ružombetok forests was the illegal logging. People would de it on Sunday or at night, when the guarding rangers werent in the forests.
Another significant issue concerning forests was the tree bark peeling. This was done mainly by shepherds, who used the bark as roof covering on their huts. The tree bark would also peel off for different reasons. This kind of damage could lead to drying out, so the magistrate would order to chop them down urgently.
In a small way, we can register forest damage caused by strong wind or wild animals (mainly bears).
Apart from forests, the forest inspectors were also in charge of guarding the town fields and meadows. When the fields were under their surveillance, people weren't allowed to graze their cattle on them. The guarded field would be marked by small branches.
Die Holznutzung in Rosenberg/Ružomberok beaufsichtigten einige Stadtangestellte wie ein Waldkassenwart, Waldinspektor und Wildheger. Selten erschienen auch Forster.
Auf möglichst komplexe Art und Weise wird im vorliegenden Beitrag angestrebt, den Stand der Stadtwälder auf Grund des umfassendsten Berichts des Waldinspektors aus dem Jahr 1822 darzustellen. Im
Bericht waren die Wälder in drei Divisionen geteilt. Aus dem Bericht
geht hervor, dass die meisten von der erwähnten Lokalitäten geschützt
wurden, aber in vielen von ihnen erfolgte eine illegale Holznutzung.
Nur in kleinem Maße wird an die Lokalitäten mit legaler Holznutzung,
eventuell an die durch starken Wind beschädigten Lokalitäten erinnert.
Ein ernsthaftes Problem der Rosenberger Wälder war so die illegale Holznutzung. Die Menschen begingen sie oft sonntags oder nachts,
wenn in Wäldern keine Wache haltenden Heger waren.
Ein weiteres wichtiges Problem der Wälder war das Entrinden der
Bäume. Dies machten vor allem die Schäfer, welche die Rinde als Dachbedeckung für ihre Almhütten nutzten. Die Bäume konnten auch aus anderen Gründen entrindet werden. So beschädigte Bäume konnten
nämlich schnell austrocknen, und so ordnete der Magistrat gewöhnlich
ihre schnelle Abholzung an.
In kleinem Maße erinnert man sich noch an die Waldbeschädigung, die durch starken Wind oder von Wildtieren (vor allem Baren) verursacht wurde.
Neben den Wäldern waren die Waldinspektoren auch für die Aufsicht über die Waldblößen und -schläge verantwortlich. Die Waldblößen
wurden gewöhnlich auch geschützt. Damals durften die Ortsbewohner
hier keine Tiere weiden lassen. Die geschützten Waldblößen wurden
mit Zweigen (sog. „chvojky“) markiert.
period his activity was focused on the research of caves of the Slovak Karst, especially the Domica Cave, where he discovered the mineral brushite. It was the first recorded occurrence of this mineral in Czechoslovakia. During his work in the Domica cave, Vojtech Benický, its administrator, significantly helped him. Kašpar was a member of the Karst Commission of the Czechoslovak Tourists Club, which carried out research in Slovak caves, but also built a museum at the Domica Cave. During the war his contacts with Slovakia were interrupted, but during the post-war period he carried out several researches in the Demänovská Cave of Freedom and the Domica Cave.
Liptov. And since the majority of fires was caused by human, magistrates were trying to avoid it by various regulations. Usual
punishment for carelessness in the handling of fire was 12 guldens.
From all cases of arson the highest number is unintentional arson.
Usually magistrates were punishing it by mulct or whipping.
Punishments for intentional arson were more stritc. If court found
person guilty, he was facing the death penalty. Smoking was
widespread during modern times, which has been behind many of the
fires. Magistrates were fighting against this by using the regulations.
extinction and incorporation into the Klub československých turistov/Club of Czechoslovak Tourists (KČST). It also focuses on the most prominent personalities and club representatives.
However, the religious crimes in this period were very irregular. There have been periods with complete absence of these cases and periods when there were more cases discussed at the Court.
The judges have decided on the basis of the legal articles summarized in the Corpus Juris Hungarici statute. Whether it was the Royal Decree, the Tripartitum by Stephen Verbőczy, or the Latin translation of the Austrian legal collection Praxis criminalis.
Evangelical Lyceum in Banská Bystrica and Sopron, where he also attended an institute for education of teachers. In 1904 he started to work as a teacher in the village Pivnica but in the following year he held a teaching position in Štrba. In 1919 he became a school inspector for the Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš district and next year also a manager of the state schools in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš. He worked in education until his early retirement. In addition he deserved much development of tourism. In 1911 he wrote the book The Guide to the Tatras (Sprievodca po Tatrách), in 1919 he co-founded the Tatra Tourist Association and in 1921 also the tourist magazine Krásy Slovenska (Beauties of Slovakia). In addition, he actively participated in the life of several associations (Sokol, the Association of Demänovské Caves, The Singing Choir
of Slovak Teachers ...), he was the author of the textbooks, the translator. During the world war II he joined the resistance. He died in 1963.
Liptov county court in the 18th century, who participated in the theft, how
individual theft took place and how county court were punishing these acts.
the work 1s based on archival matenal, namely communal files, coming from
activities of the Liptov county court. Through testmomes, interrogations and
judgments work points to few facts, which have been found. Among thieves
were peasants, to a lesser extent servants, vagrants, shepherds, gypsies and
noblemen. They were stealing mostly solo and only in one village or thereabouts. Organized groups appears in a mmonity of cases. Among the stolen
items most prevalent food, clothing, cloths and money, to a lesser extent were
stolen various tools, anumals and other things. the most common punishment
for thieves was whipping. Expulsion from the county, prison, burning sign
on the forehead, death or other punishment aren't used to so often.
The punishments were the following: For less serious crimes as for example lechery or adultery court used flogging an whipping, fines or short-time jail. More serious crimes as incest and zoophilia were punished by few years in jail or by death (most often execution as decollation by a sword). Punishments could be combined or complemented for example with expulsion from the territory of county.
activities — vice criminality. This category includes delinquencies
like lechery, adultery, prostitution, zoophilia or incest. The paper
focuses on the 18th century Liptov region, specifically on model towns of Liptovský Mikuláš, Ružomberok and Hybe. Retained
agenda of the mentioned towns is used as a main source.
financial costs related to its operation and court trial procedures by using archival documents of the Liptov county, mainly the county court. The book focuses on changes that occurred in the Liptov county judiciary during the 18th century as well as individual types of crime and its development in the 18th century based on analyses of court files.
As for other categories of criminal, identifying a pattern for such a small number of cases is complicated. However, in general, their clothing contained mostly elements typical of their status or profession. Still, it is clear that even the clothes of the lower social groups were not uniform.
information about the imprisonment of the robber Juraj Jánošík in the
Vranovo manor house in Palúdzka (now part of the town Liptovský
Mikuláš). The Slovak romantic poet Samo Chalupka was the first to put
forward this theory, which was a story told in his family for generations.
However, the court practice in the Liptov county, as well as in the town
of Svätý Mikuláš shows that the possibility of imprisoning a robber in
Vranovo is improbable. The county courts had been held in the town for
years before, so the county had to have a background here. In addition, the
town prison has been documented in Svätý Mikuláš since the end of the
17th century, The county could also use it, and in the later period we have
proof of this.
The offenders were held in prison. We dont know exactly where this prisons where located, but according to archival documents they were in Svätý Mikuláš, Hybe, Ružomberok, Bobrovec, Vrbica and Sielnica.
Execution sites were used for capital punishments. According to archival documents and names of the local places we know about five execution sites: gallows Šibeničky near the town of Vrbica, gallows in Nemecká Ľupča, gallows in Ružomberok and Trnovec. A disposable execution site was built near the village of Dúbrava.
Pillories were used in case of humiliating punishments. We know about four pillories in Liptov county. All of them were located in the main square. They were in Ružomberok, Nemecká Ľupča, Svätý Mikuláš and Trnovec. The last one preserved to this day.
Churches, town squares or houses of a local knackers were used as a places for punishments too.
Az előadás Liptó vármegye területén található helyszínekkel foglalkozik, ahol az igazságszolgáltatást és bűntetésvégrehajtást gyakorolták a középkorban és újkorban. Azokra a helyszínekre fókuszál ahol megtalálhatóak voltak vagy még mindig megtalálhatóak az akasztófák, bitófák, pellengérek, bírósági termek és más erre a célra létrehozott épitmények (mint pl. a templomok, amelyek elótt végrehajtották a büntetéseket, stb.). Azt az időszakot térképezi fel, amelyben ezek a helyszínek a bűntetés céljaira voltak felhaszndlva, illetve az azon építmények sorsát, amelyek már elvesztették addigi szerepüket.
I tried to fully illustrate the state of the town forests based on the most extensive report from a forest inspector from 1822. In the report, the forests are divided into three divisions. It implies that the majority of the mentioned locations were in protection, but in many of them illegal logging was taking place. We can find only limited notes on locations with legal logging, or locations damaged by strong wind.
A serious issue concerning the Ružombetok forests was the illegal logging. People would de it on Sunday or at night, when the guarding rangers werent in the forests.
Another significant issue concerning forests was the tree bark peeling. This was done mainly by shepherds, who used the bark as roof covering on their huts. The tree bark would also peel off for different reasons. This kind of damage could lead to drying out, so the magistrate would order to chop them down urgently.
In a small way, we can register forest damage caused by strong wind or wild animals (mainly bears).
Apart from forests, the forest inspectors were also in charge of guarding the town fields and meadows. When the fields were under their surveillance, people weren't allowed to graze their cattle on them. The guarded field would be marked by small branches.
Die Holznutzung in Rosenberg/Ružomberok beaufsichtigten einige Stadtangestellte wie ein Waldkassenwart, Waldinspektor und Wildheger. Selten erschienen auch Forster.
Auf möglichst komplexe Art und Weise wird im vorliegenden Beitrag angestrebt, den Stand der Stadtwälder auf Grund des umfassendsten Berichts des Waldinspektors aus dem Jahr 1822 darzustellen. Im
Bericht waren die Wälder in drei Divisionen geteilt. Aus dem Bericht
geht hervor, dass die meisten von der erwähnten Lokalitäten geschützt
wurden, aber in vielen von ihnen erfolgte eine illegale Holznutzung.
Nur in kleinem Maße wird an die Lokalitäten mit legaler Holznutzung,
eventuell an die durch starken Wind beschädigten Lokalitäten erinnert.
Ein ernsthaftes Problem der Rosenberger Wälder war so die illegale Holznutzung. Die Menschen begingen sie oft sonntags oder nachts,
wenn in Wäldern keine Wache haltenden Heger waren.
Ein weiteres wichtiges Problem der Wälder war das Entrinden der
Bäume. Dies machten vor allem die Schäfer, welche die Rinde als Dachbedeckung für ihre Almhütten nutzten. Die Bäume konnten auch aus anderen Gründen entrindet werden. So beschädigte Bäume konnten
nämlich schnell austrocknen, und so ordnete der Magistrat gewöhnlich
ihre schnelle Abholzung an.
In kleinem Maße erinnert man sich noch an die Waldbeschädigung, die durch starken Wind oder von Wildtieren (vor allem Baren) verursacht wurde.
Neben den Wäldern waren die Waldinspektoren auch für die Aufsicht über die Waldblößen und -schläge verantwortlich. Die Waldblößen
wurden gewöhnlich auch geschützt. Damals durften die Ortsbewohner
hier keine Tiere weiden lassen. Die geschützten Waldblößen wurden
mit Zweigen (sog. „chvojky“) markiert.
period his activity was focused on the research of caves of the Slovak Karst, especially the Domica Cave, where he discovered the mineral brushite. It was the first recorded occurrence of this mineral in Czechoslovakia. During his work in the Domica cave, Vojtech Benický, its administrator, significantly helped him. Kašpar was a member of the Karst Commission of the Czechoslovak Tourists Club, which carried out research in Slovak caves, but also built a museum at the Domica Cave. During the war his contacts with Slovakia were interrupted, but during the post-war period he carried out several researches in the Demänovská Cave of Freedom and the Domica Cave.
Liptov. And since the majority of fires was caused by human, magistrates were trying to avoid it by various regulations. Usual
punishment for carelessness in the handling of fire was 12 guldens.
From all cases of arson the highest number is unintentional arson.
Usually magistrates were punishing it by mulct or whipping.
Punishments for intentional arson were more stritc. If court found
person guilty, he was facing the death penalty. Smoking was
widespread during modern times, which has been behind many of the
fires. Magistrates were fighting against this by using the regulations.
extinction and incorporation into the Klub československých turistov/Club of Czechoslovak Tourists (KČST). It also focuses on the most prominent personalities and club representatives.
However, the religious crimes in this period were very irregular. There have been periods with complete absence of these cases and periods when there were more cases discussed at the Court.
The judges have decided on the basis of the legal articles summarized in the Corpus Juris Hungarici statute. Whether it was the Royal Decree, the Tripartitum by Stephen Verbőczy, or the Latin translation of the Austrian legal collection Praxis criminalis.
Evangelical Lyceum in Banská Bystrica and Sopron, where he also attended an institute for education of teachers. In 1904 he started to work as a teacher in the village Pivnica but in the following year he held a teaching position in Štrba. In 1919 he became a school inspector for the Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš district and next year also a manager of the state schools in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš. He worked in education until his early retirement. In addition he deserved much development of tourism. In 1911 he wrote the book The Guide to the Tatras (Sprievodca po Tatrách), in 1919 he co-founded the Tatra Tourist Association and in 1921 also the tourist magazine Krásy Slovenska (Beauties of Slovakia). In addition, he actively participated in the life of several associations (Sokol, the Association of Demänovské Caves, The Singing Choir
of Slovak Teachers ...), he was the author of the textbooks, the translator. During the world war II he joined the resistance. He died in 1963.
Liptov county court in the 18th century, who participated in the theft, how
individual theft took place and how county court were punishing these acts.
the work 1s based on archival matenal, namely communal files, coming from
activities of the Liptov county court. Through testmomes, interrogations and
judgments work points to few facts, which have been found. Among thieves
were peasants, to a lesser extent servants, vagrants, shepherds, gypsies and
noblemen. They were stealing mostly solo and only in one village or thereabouts. Organized groups appears in a mmonity of cases. Among the stolen
items most prevalent food, clothing, cloths and money, to a lesser extent were
stolen various tools, anumals and other things. the most common punishment
for thieves was whipping. Expulsion from the county, prison, burning sign
on the forehead, death or other punishment aren't used to so often.
The punishments were the following: For less serious crimes as for example lechery or adultery court used flogging an whipping, fines or short-time jail. More serious crimes as incest and zoophilia were punished by few years in jail or by death (most often execution as decollation by a sword). Punishments could be combined or complemented for example with expulsion from the territory of county.
activities — vice criminality. This category includes delinquencies
like lechery, adultery, prostitution, zoophilia or incest. The paper
focuses on the 18th century Liptov region, specifically on model towns of Liptovský Mikuláš, Ružomberok and Hybe. Retained
agenda of the mentioned towns is used as a main source.